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1、Unit21. have to 与 musthave to侧重客观上的必须，译为“不得不”must侧重于个人意志和主观上的必须must没有时态的变化，而have to有时态的变化在否认结构中，dont have to 表示“不必”，mustnt 表示“禁止”。句子：吉姆得待在家里照顾妹妹。Jim stay at home and for his little sister.2. 关于hardadj.困难的；坚硬的；努力的 adv.努力地，费力地；大量地短语：努力学习句子：回答这些问题很困难。.冰像岩石一样坚硬。The ice is rocks.这些石头太硬了。, 雨下得很大。.这个老人在费力呼
2、吸。The old man is breathing .3. like作为介词像，后接名词，代词或动词的ing形式belike多指性格，品质方面相像，也可指外貌或外表上的相像look like看起来像，侧重外表相像e.g. What is your sister like?你姐姐怎么样？ /你姐姐长什么样？She is kind. /She is a beautiful girl with long hair.e.g. What does your sister look like?你姐姐长什么样？She is tall and slim.句子：那就像听音乐一样。4. few, a few ;
3、 little, a little 区别The number of 与 a number of 区另UThe number of的数量 The number of the students in our class is fifty.A number of 许多,大量 修饰可数名词复数 A number of students are running on the playground.How many students are there in your school ?20. spend, take, cost, pay 用法区别Spend主语是spendon；spenddoing sth
4、.My brother spends a lot of money on/buying books.Pay主语是pay for sth.; pay sb. for sth.How much money did you pay for the food?Take主语常是It takes sb. some time to do sth.It takes us an hour to practice playing basketball every day.Cost主语是The skirt cost me 300 yuan.21. have+一段时间+off休息（一段时间），放（一段时间的假）寒假他
5、们将休息三个星期。They will the winter holiday.22. another+数词+可数名词复数=数词+more+可数名词复数我还需要2本书。I need .=1 need also keep writing in English about my daily life.1) keep(on)doing sth,持续做某事keep sb./sth.doing sth,让某人一直做某事2) daily adj.日常的，相当于 everydayHe writes for the daily newspaper.他为那家日报撰稿。区分：everyday 与 every dayd
6、aily普通用词，特指每天发生一次的，也可指按日计的。everyday 一般日常用词，指日常发生的、无须特别关心的。every day （分开写）意为“每天”，在句中作状语。As we all know, its not polite to keep others for a long time.A. waitB. waitedC. to waitD. waitinglook through浏览，快速查看Before you answer these questions, you5 d better look through them first.If you want to know mor
7、e about space, please the book A brief History of Time.A. Look through B. look around C. look after D. look down uponHow long; how soon; how often 区另（IHow long多长时间；物体多长提问时间段，用for或since引出的时间短语（从句）回答How soon多久多用于将来时，用“in+一段时间”回答How often多久一次提问动作发生的频率你在那待了多久？ 大约2周。这条河多长？大约15千米。他们要多久回来？他们2周后回来。你多久回家一次？一
8、周一次。25. quite 和 veryquitequite+a （n） +adj.+可数名词单一个相当不错的男孩:他很喜欢数学。数；修饰动词时放在动词之前verya+very+adj.+可数名词单数；一个很不错的男孩：very much修饰动词，一般句末他很喜欢数学。Grammar如何比拟数量的多少a. 可用morethan结构表示”比多”b.可用fewer/lessthan结构表示“比少”，fewer后接可数名词复数，less后接不可数名词丹尼尔学的科目比我少。Daniel studies.她在衣服上花的钱比你少。She三者或三者以上数量的比拟The most最多，后面可数不可数名词都可以
9、a. The fewest/least表示最少，前者修饰可数名词复数，后者修饰不可数名词在我们班鲍勃得分最多。Bob got in our class.在我们三个人中，安迪喝的橙汁最少。Andy drank of us three.Bob knows how to cut the cost of the project.T m sure he can do the work with money and people.A. less; less B. fewer ; more C. more ; fewer D. less; fewer副词的比拟级和最高级的构成1 . 一般单音节词和少数以er
10、,ow结尾的双音节词，比拟级在后面加-er,最高级在后面加est ; （1）单音节词如：smallsmallersmallest shorLshorteLshortesttalHtallertallest great-greater-greatest（2）双音节词如：clever-cleverer-cleverest narrownarrowernarrowest.以不发音e结尾的单音节词，比拟在原级后加-r,最高级在原级后加-st ;如：largelargelargest nicenicer-nicest ableabler-ablest.在重读闭音节（即：辅音+元音+辅音）中，先双写末尾的
11、辅音字母，比拟级加最高级加est ;如：bigbiggerbiggest hot-*hotter-*hottest fat-*fatter-*fattest.以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的双音节词，把y改为i,比拟级加er,最高级加est ;如：easyeasier-easiest heavyheavier-heaviestbusy - busier-busiesthappy - happierhappiest2 .其他双音节词和多音节词，比拟级在前面加more,最高级在前面加most ;如：beautifuHmore beautifuHmost beautifuldifferent-*more
12、different-most differenteasily-*more easily-most easily注意：（1）形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词the,副词最高级前可不用.例句： The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.（2）形容词most前面没有the,不表示最高级的含义，只表示“非常”.It is a most important problem.=lt is a very important problem.3 .有少数形容词、副词的比拟级和最高级是不规那么的，必须熟记.如：good-better-best wellbetter
13、bestbadworseworst ilHworse-*worstold-*older/elder-*oldest/eldestmany/much-moremost littleless-leastfar -further/farther- furthest/farthest副词比拟等级的用法1. A+副词的比拟级+than BHe works harder than you (d。助动词代替v.).2. Sb. likes A better than B.和 B 比起来更喜欢 A She likes dancing better than B.3. Which/who -like bette
14、r, A or B? Which sport do you like better, football or basketball ?4. 副词比拟级前可加much, a lot, far, even, a little等修饰成分来加强语气。Tony jumps much higher than Jim.副词的最高级副词的最高级后通常有一定的比拟范围，后跟of all -, of-Jn-, among等短语。副词最高级前面的 the可以省去。Amy writes the most carefully in our class.You are speaking too fast. Can you
15、 speak a little ?A. more slowly B. most slowly C. more loudly D. most loudlyEmma looked after her pet dog of all her friends.A. careful B. most careful C. more carefully D. the most carefullyIn the piano contest, my brother didn t play well and I did .A. very well B. much better C. very good D. even
16、 worse小练习词汇运用There are a few differences between American and (Britain) English.1. The little girl practices (play) the piano for two hours every two days.2. If you (not be) careful, you won t be able to answer the question correctly.3. Who has the (few) comic books among you four?4. Millie and Simo
17、n (discuss) how to design the advertisement at the moment.5. We will do everything we can do to finish (discuss) the problem in half an hour.6. There are at (little) thirty people at the bus stop now.7. Which team (win) the basketball game last week ?8. My brother did even (bad) . He did (bad) of al
18、l the students in our class.10. I read an article完成句子(write) by a girl from the USA yesterday.1 . My uncle left the cinema when the movie was nearly over.(同义句)My uncle left the cinemaof the film.2 . Sandy dances best of all the girls at her school.Sandy dancesgirls at her school.3 .约翰比丹尼尔学的课程少，所以他的空
19、闲时间比丹尼尔多。Daniel, so he hasslowly when we do theJohn studiesDaniel.4 .、当我们做自己不喜欢的事情时，时间似乎过得更慢一些。Time things we dislike.5.他很懒惰，是他们班里读书最少的。in his class.He is lazy andfew没有几个，几乎没有表示否认意义修饰可数名词复数a few有几个，有一些表示肯定意义little很少，几乎没有表示否认意义修饰小可数名词a little少量，一点儿表示很定意义句子：房间里几乎没有人。There are in the room.在美国，我有几个朋友。玻璃
20、杯里几乎没有水。There5 s in the glass.她懂一点儿英语。The physics problem is too hard, so students can work it out.A. little B. few C. a little D. a few拓展：quite a few意为vacation n.假期(c./u.)多用于美式英语，英式英语常用holiday短语：在度假 去度假度假 寒/暑假句子:你的假期怎么样？5. fall n.秋天;瀑布(c.)句子：瀑布多美啊！6. practise vi.练习,操练 vt后接-ing形式e.g. My sister pract
21、ises playing the piano every day.拓展：practice名词“实践，练习”常作不可数名词，美式英语中亦可以作动词你如果想学好英语，就需要大量的练习。7. French adj.法国的；法国人的；法语的 n.法语；法国人法国：句子：我喜欢法国葡萄酒。I like wine.这个年轻人来自法国。The young man is from .8. Learning foreign languages is fun.动名词(短语)作主语单个的动名词（短语）作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式句子：在阳光下看书对你的眼睛不好.is bad for your eyes.跑步
22、是每天锻炼的一个好方式。a good way every day.拓展：有些动名词（短语）作主语的句子可以改为it作形式主语，动词不定式作真正主语的句子Taking a walk after supper is good for our health.（同义句转换）foreign adj.外国的 在句中作定语或表语学习一门外语不容易。拓展：foreigner n. (c.)外国人Are there any foreigners in your city?9. borrow, lend 与 keepborrow对主语而后是借入，指从别人或别处借东西，为非延续性动词borrow sth. from
23、 sb./spl.从某人/某处借某物lend对主语而言是借出，指把自己的东西借给别人，为非延续性动词Lend sb. sth.=lend sth. to sb.将某物借给某人keep“持有”，指借用某物一段时间，为延续性动词Keep sth. for some time 借用某物一段时间句子：他从图书馆借了一本词典。昨天我把我的自行车借给他了。这本书你可以借一周。10. usual adj.平常的，通常的;unusual adj.不同寻常的短语：像往常一样; 一个平常的问题;不寻常的一天关于end n.末端，尽头，末尾at the end of在 的末尾/尽头；in the end 最后，终于
24、=at last=finally这个月末我们要举行一次测试。We will have a test .在街道的尽头有一家医院。There is a hospital 最后他做出了这道题目。He worked out the problem 拓展：by the end of到末为止：用于表示时间的场合，往往有不迟于的意味We are to complete the task by the end of the year. 年底之前我们必须完成此项任务。11. discuss vt.讨论， 议论 discuss sth. discuss sth. with sb.句子：你们为何不和你们的老师讨论一
25、下呢？拓展：discussion n.讨论have a discussion about sth.就某事进行讨论seem连系动词“似乎；好像；看来”，常用以下结构：a. seem（系动词）+形容词二二seem to be+adj.好像，似乎e.g.: He seems very angry.这本书似乎非常有趣。The book interesting.b. seem+名词e.g.: He seems a nice manc. seem to do sth意为“似乎做某事，好像做某事”e.g.: It seems to rain.他好像要离开了。d. It seems that+从句 意为“看起
26、来好像e.g.: It seemed that he was very happy.似乎你是对的。12. offer vt.主动提出，自愿给予offer的主要用法：a. offer sth.提供某物他给我们的假期提了一个好的计划。He a good plan our holiday.b. offer sb. sth. = offer sth. to sb.主动给某人提供某物他端给我一杯酒。He a glass of wine.c. offer to do sth.主动提出做某事汤姆主动提出开车送我们去公共汽车站。Tom the bus station.17 .win vt,赢得，赢，获胜 过去
27、式： 名词： （获胜者c.）宾语常是比赛、战争或奖赏等词语 如：race, match, game, competition, war, prize短语：赢得比赛e.g. He won 5 $ in the lottery.他在冲浪比赛中获得第一名。Hein the surfing competition.Some battles you win, some battles you lose.胜败乃兵家常事。拓展：beat 过去式：beat 过去分词：beaten宾语是比赛、竞争的对手，即指人或队伍的名词或代词。We beat the strongest team in the footbal
28、l match this time.18 . farther 与 furtherfarther只表示距离上“更远，较远”furtherfurther指在距离方面“更远，较远”时可与farther互换，还可表示抽象意义，指程度上“更多，更进一步，更深一层”她太累了以至于不能再往前走了。She is 你如果需要更进一步的帮助，请给我们打 。, please phone us.很多父母送孩子去国外深造。Many parents their children foreign countries.Armstrong collected Moon rocks to take back to the Ear
29、th for (far) research.19 .比拟级+than any other+单数名词“比其他任何一个都 ”，该结构形式上是比拟级，实际上，是最高级的含义。后面可以用。f或in短语表示比较范围。e.g. Tom swims faster than any other boy of the ten. (=Tom swims fastest of the ten boys.)注意：“比拟级+than the other +名词复数”可替换“比拟级+than any other+单数名词”The Changjiang River is the longest river in China.（同义句）