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1、ContentsPreface3Introduction4State of single windows5Benefits5Pain points7Potential use-cases with blockchain10Challenges11Use-cases11Guidelines for operationalizing use-cases15Next steps19Appendix20Acknowledgements21 World Economic Forum2019- All rights reservedNo part of this publication may be re
2、produced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system.The views expressed are those of certain participants in the discussion, and do not necessarily retlect the views of all participants or of the World Economic
3、 Forum.auu ion, io - co。- nrvunnon World Economic Forum2019- All rights reservedNo part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system.The views expressed are those of certain
4、participants in the discussion, and do not necessarily retlect the views of all participants or of the World Economic Forum.auu ion, io - co。- nrvunnonEndnotes22This white paper has been published by the World Economic Forum as a contribution to a project, insight area or interaction. The findings,
5、interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are a result of a collaborative process facilitated and endorsed by the World Economic Forum, but whose results do not necessarily represent the views of the World Economic Forum, nor the entirety of its Members, Partners or other stakeholders.Challen
6、gesBefore going furtherto assess blockchains value added, it is important to consider some challenges in analysing blockchains potential in single windows.First, data on blockchains impact is still very limited: Piloting and testing is needed to understand blockchairfs full potential. Governments ha
7、ve been adopting digital single windows and paperless trade over the past 30 years, and by now there are significant amounts of data and analysis data on the impacts of digitization of single windows, trade documents and payments. However, no systematic data currently exists on blockchains impacts:
8、We essentially know the digitization premia” but we still cannot, in a similar, rigorous way, capture the “blockchain premia in border clearance.27 However, blockchain pilots in trade and other domains are compelling enough to suggest that it could have significant new value and thus merits explorin
9、g and piloting.Secondly, it is premature to determine blockchains unique potential with regard to other technologies in border clearance. This report does not claim that other digital technologies could not solve many of the pain points in single windows: Digital documents, payments and data sharing
10、 via application programming interfaces (APIs) have already done a great deal of good. Many developing countries would score enormous gains ifthey implemented single windows as successfully as Singapore, Korea or Mexico have done. This report is not a battle of technologies“ intended to compare tech
11、nologies side-by-side or seek to persuade governments that blockchain is a superior technology. The evidence is still much too limited to make such claims, since blockchain technology (like manyothertechnologies) is maturing, and fierce debates persist.What can be said is that blockchain is not a si
12、lver bullet that cures all ills in world trade -what it can and cannot do well can be defined only through further testing and piloting. Many governments that have been successful in automating their border processes - such as the United Kingdom, Korea, Singapore, Mexico and the United States-are to
13、day the most avid experimenters with blockchain in customs and single windows, precisely to assess the technologys potential in offering new efficiencies and capabilities. Also, many leading logistics companies and banks are exploring blockchain for streamlining theiroperations.This report seeks to
14、help governments consider where and how to apply blockchain in border clearance, and to operationalize blockchain use-cases in single windows.Use-casesTable 3 and the following discussion lay out several potential use-cases to address selected pain points in single windows for which blockchain could
15、 be a particularly useful solution, along with further complementary technologies and policy measures.Table 3: Single windows use-cases and blockchains potentialMain pain pointSelected reasonsUse-caseBlockchains potentialAlternative/ complementary technologies and actionsLimited interoperabilityNati
16、onal single windows disconnected from each otherInteroperability and data share among two or more national single windowslIcmprove all national single windows visibility nto supply chains, ability to manage risks ind recognize patterns and conduct pre- irrival processing;share data on Authorized Eco
17、nomic Operator certifications/As skstrubuted databaseBig data and Al; harmonization of national documentation requirements, agreements to share data across bordersBorder agencies that focm part of a single window operate in isolationInteroperability and coordination of actions among agencies making
18、up the single windowImprove all border agencies ability to share data and coordinate actions, gain 360-degree visibility of transactions and manage risks, improve user experienceDistr ubuted databaseInter-agency collaboration and APIs to share data： big data and AlLimited traceability of shipmentsLi
19、mited sharing of data across the trade network among border agencies and the private sectorEnd-to-end visibility into shipments and supply chainsEnable more complete data on shipments and supply chains and audit trails on traders by bringing together single windows and/ or private-sector trade inter
20、mediaries on a common blockchain with immutable streams of dataDistrubutod databaseImnxilabiltyInternet of things applications; agreements to share data with private sector and acrossborders; machine learning to detect anomalous patterns in dataInefficient manual processesInefficiencies in making an
21、d reconciling customs duty and fee paymentsAutomation of processes to make and reconcile duty and fee paymentsiXutomate payments and their reconciliation; iccelerate revenue collectionSBSmart contractsAuditabittyRobotic process automation; deferred duly payments; information-rich electronic payments
22、Limited trustworthiness and portability of identities and dataLimited trustworthiness of data entered on single windowsImproved reliability of data entered on single windowsMake data entered into single windows immutable and unauthorized modification to the data traceable aa0Ostrutxjted databaseAucM
23、aWHyImmutatoiltyData standards; data- security protocols; Al to detect fraudulent and erroneous data entriesCompanies are unabte to access and use their identities and data included in single windowsAuthentication of identities and portability of identities and data across service providers, includi
24、ng for commercial purposes (e.g. access trade finance)tProvide single window users with a unique dentity and enable users to apportion relevant )arts of their identities and transactional data o third-party service providers a a OuliderWtyAudtaMItyImmutaWltyDevelopment of a unique ID such as Global
25、Trade Identity (GTID); government regulations to encourage or demand portability of dataPillars for blockchain in single windows: electronic signatures and transactions laws, solid IT Infrastructures, mobile-enabled interfacesInteroperability among national single windows. Interconnected, interopera
26、ble national single windows would have various benefits. They could enhance national border agencies oversight of traders and transactions; help countries tackle fraud, such as the undervaluation of shipments by the importing countrys customs; and reduce the number of data entries and document submi
27、ssions from exporters and importers. Governments adopting blockchain to connect their single windows would need to integrate processes within their own single windows, build trust with each other, standardize data elements,28align blockchain implementations with their respective cross-border data- t
28、ransfer regulations and establish robust collaboration with the private sector.29One novel solution is Infocomm Media Authority of Singapores effort to develop an interoperability framework, TradeTrust, for the secure exchange of electronic trade documents in cross-border trade.30 Piloting can help
29、countries work together while discovering mutual benefits. For example, with IDBs support, Latin American customs agencies have successfully piloted a blockchain schemeto share data from their respective AEO programmes (Box 2).Interoperability among border agencies that form part of a single window.
30、 One of the main pain points facing single windows is the friction in sharing data among trade agencies that form part of that window. Blockchain can make a significant difference in this setting: Used in a way analogous to Google Drive, blockchain can enable the myriad trade agencies to access the
31、same data at the same time, gain greater visibility of shipments and manage such critical issues as food safety and intellectual property compliance while reducing staff time spent on reconciling agencies respective databases. It could also be used to drive interoperability between a single window a
32、nd PCS. However, operationalizing data-sharing among agencies will take serious political leadership for agencies to work together - yet this work is already being done.For example, the UK government has piloted a blockchain scheme to share data and coordinate actions among the countrys 28 border ag
33、encies.31 A recent proof of concept established that blockchain can be used to securely share the results of sensitive risk checks involved with granting firms AEO status.32End-to-end visibility of shipments and supply chains. As changes are made on the blockchain, new blocks are added over time, fo
34、rming a chain of data that can serve as an audit trail for border agencies to detect fraud and suspicious patterns, manage AEO certifications and possibly also establish new categories of trust, such as trusted e-trader programmes for small firms that have a solid track record of compliant trade tra
35、nsactions but which do not necessarily qualify for traditional AEO status.34 The end-to-end visibility will be even greater as a larger set of players in the trade networks, such as lines and logistics firms, adopt blockchain. More generally, blockchain could help agencies move from a transactional
36、(shipment-based) risk-management approach to an entity-based approach, thereby enabling audit trails of companies and allowing companies themselves to better reuse their data included in single windows.Box 2: CADENA: Blockchain in AEO mutual recognition agreements in Latin AmericaDuring 2018, the ID
37、B, together with the customs administrations of Mexico, Peru, Costa Rica and Chile, and with technical support from Microsoft, designed a solution using blockchain technology called CADENA v.O.lt facilitates the sharing of the data associated with Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) certificates amon
38、g customs administrations as specified in their mutual recognition agreements (MRA). While AEO programmes enable companies to facilitate their trade and save time and money in their trade transactions, CADENA helps to secure and facilitate supply chains globally.CADENA has been designed, first, to f
39、ind a solution to a customs and border management challenge - the sharing of cross-border data - and secondly, to enable customs to learn about blockchain in order to consider possible further use-cases. Blockchain enables different national customs authorities to access the same verified, tamper-pr
40、oof and real-time data. This ensures that traders can receive MRA benefits both at the countries of origin and destination of their exports as soon as they are granted their AEO certification.During the pilot project, customs validated the benefits of the technology for sharing cross-border data, pr
41、oviding timely information about the level of compliance of traders to feed risk-management systems. Furthermore, they found that CADENA could next be expanded to automate the entire AEO certification process, and to other customs functionalities that require engagement with different stakeholders,
42、both public and private.To build on the findings made during CADENA and to incorporate new developments in blockchain technology in 2018, a new phase is proposed to develop CADENA v.1 during 2019. CADENA v.1 will scale to other countries, such as Colombia, and will benefit from the synergies of LACC
43、hain (see Box 5) to address further issues related to governance, administration, data privacy, sustainability and scalability.Automation of workflows and customs duty and fee payments. Smart contracts can be built on a blockchain to do x when y happens and thus automate what, in many cases, are sti
44、ll manual processes involving costly intermediaries. Smart contracts could be applied in single windows to automate customs fee, duty and tax payments. For example, smart contracts could trigger advance payment from the importer when customs authorities have completed pre-arrival processes for the i
45、mporters consignment. Automating payments would reduce importers shoe-leather costs of making payments and presenting paper-based proofs that payments had been made and reduce customs payment reconciliation costs. It could possibly also reduce legal disputes and litigation costs and increase trust a
46、nd confidence in the supply chain.Improved trustworthiness of data entered into single windows. Once entered into blockchain, the data cannot be modified. Data records on all entries and transactionsWindows of Opportunity: Facilitating Trade with Biockchain Technology 13are timestamped and any chang
47、es and additions will be visible on the chain to all stakeholders, as the one and only version of the “truth”. As such, blockchain can improve the trustworthiness of data entered into single windows and used by border agencies. Granted, like any database, blockchain is only as useful as the data inc
48、luded in it; the veracity and quality of data can be increasingly assessed with Al-driven tools - and by making machines rather than humans impute data on ledgers when possible.35 Blockchains security is also still debated. The companies developing blockchain technologies are strongly encouraged to
49、improve blockchains security. Much ultimately depends on the security architecture built around blockchain implementations.Authentication of identities and portability of identities and data across service providers, including for commercial purposes. Blockchain can help users to authenticate and control their identities and data. Blockchain-based identities can be “self-sovereign, administ