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1、-南京信息工程大学大气科学专业英语复习资料-第 5 页课文长难句回顾Various criteria have been devised for dividing the atmosphere into layers. This division can be based on the nature of the vertical temperature profile, on the gaseous composition of the air at different altitudes, and the effect of the atmosphere on aircraft at di
2、fferent altitudes, etc.人们设计了各种标准来将大气分层。这种划分可以根据垂直温度剖面的性质、不同高度的空气的气体组成、不同高度的空气对飞机的影响等。The oceans take up large amounts of CO2, about half the amount released by fossil fuel combustion. It is expected that this fraction will diminish with the passing decades whereas the total mass of CO2 released will
3、 increase, at least through the early part of the next century.海洋吸收了大量的二氧化碳，大约是化石燃料燃烧释放量的一半。预计在过去的几十年里，二氧化碳的排放量将会减少，而二氧化碳的总量将会增加，至少在下个世纪初期是如此。Ozone (O3), another important, highly variable gas, occurs mostly at upper altitudes, but it is also found in urban localities having a great deal of industry
4、 and automotive traffic and a generous supply of sunshine.臭氧(O3)是另一种重要的高度可变的气体，主要生成在海拔较高的地方，但在城市地区也有大量的工业和汽车交通，以及大量的阳光也经常被发现。Man is reversing millions of years of natural evolution by putting into the atmosphere carbon that had been sequestered over the ages as fossil fuels. 人类正通过向大气中排放化石能源燃烧产生的碳，从而
5、逆转了数百万年的自然进化。More of the suns radiation is visible light, which passes through the atmosphere largely undeterred. When the radiation strikes the earth, it warms the surface, which then radiates the heat as infrared radiation. However, atmospheric CO2, water vapor, and some other gases absorb the inf
6、rared radiation rather than allow it to pass undeterredly through the atmosphere to space. Because the atmosphere traps the heat and warms the earth in a manner somewhat analogous to the glass panels of a greenhouse, this phenomenon is generally known as the “greenhouse effect”.大部分的太阳辐射是可见光，它们穿过大气时几
7、乎没有被阻止。当辐射撞击地球时，它会使地表变暖，然后地面通过红外辐射来辐射热量。然而，大气中的二氧化碳、水蒸气和其他一些气体吸收了红外辐射，而不是让它通过大气进入太空。由于大气吸收热量并使地球变暖的方式有点类似于温室的玻璃面板，这种现象通常被称为“温室效应”。An increase in surface temperatures would melt snow on land and floating ice and thereby allow the earth to absorb energy that would otherwise be reflected back into spac
8、e. 地表温度的上升会融化陆地上的雪和浮冰，从而使地球吸收那些原本会被反射回太空的能量。The worlds climate depends largely on circulation patterns by which the atmosphere and the oceans transport heat from warm to cold regions. As a result, any significant change in the difference between equatorial and polar temperatures could dramatically a
9、ffect climatic patterns. 世界的气候在很大程度上取决于大气和海洋将热量从温暖地区输送到寒冷地区的环流模式。因此，赤道和极地气温差异的任何重大变化都可能对气候模式产生重大影响。A more immediate concern is that the projected global warming could raise the sea as much as one meter in the next century by heating ocean water, which would then expand, and by causing mountain glaci
10、ers and parts of ice sheets in West Antarctica, East Antarctica, and Greenland to melt or slide into the oceans.一个更加紧迫的问题是,预计在下个世纪全球变暖通过加热海水将导致海平面升高1米之多,并且这将扩大,并导致南极洲西部地区,东部地区和格陵兰岛的高山冰川和部分冰盖融化或滑入海洋。The term “monsoon” is most often applied to the seasonal reversals of wind direction along the shores
11、of the Indian Ocean, especially in the Arabian Sea, that blow from the southwest during one half of the year and from the northeast during the other.“季风” 一词最常用于印度洋, 特别是在阿拉伯海沿岸的风向季节性转变, 一年中一半时间吹西南风, 另一半时间则吹东北风。While the monsoon appears to have a well-defined annual cycle, closer inspection shows that
12、 the monsoon varies substantially and that within the cycles a significant substructure exists that becomes evident as the intensity of the monsoon rains wax and wane through the wet season.尽管季风表现为有一个明确定义的年际周期，但近一步的观察表明，季风变化很大，并且在周期内存在一个明显的亚结构，在雨季季风降雨强度有明显的盈余和亏损，证明了这一事实。A variable of the monsoon sys
13、tem of considerable importance is the timing of the commencement of the set. This, the so-called onset of the monsoon, is usually sudden with the weather changing abruptly from the premonsoon heat, to the weather disturbances, storms, and intense rainfall of an active period.季风爆发的开始时间被认为是季风系统中的一个重要变
14、量。这也被称为“季风爆发”，通常伴随着天气的急剧从季风前的增温转变为活跃时期的天气尺度扰动、风暴和强降水。Relationships between the Indian monsoon rainfall and the Southern Oscillation were established by Walker in the beginning of this century and versions of them have been used since for operational forecasting of monsoon rainfall. 在本世纪初，沃克建立了印度季风降雨
15、与南方涛动之间的关系，并自这个版本提出以来就被运用于季风降雨的业务预报中。The summer monsoon rainfall data used in this study is the area weighted average of the percentage departure for each of the 31 subdivisions of India, and is referred to as the whole Indian monsoon rainfall anomaly. 本研究中所使用的夏季季风雨量数据是印度31个分区中每个地区所占百分比的加权平均值，代表整个印度
16、季风雨量异常。The most remarkable of Walkers results was his discovery of the control that the Southern Oscillation seemingly exerted upon subsequent events and in particular of the fact that the index for the Southern Oscillation as a whole for the summer quarter June-August, had a correlation coefficient
17、 of 0.8 with the same index for the following winter-quarter, though only of 0.2 with the previous winter quarter.沃克最引人注目的成果是他发现的南方涛动似乎施加在随后事件上的调控机制特别是将整个夏季作为一个整体的南方涛动指数和接下来的冬季的南方涛动指数有的相关系数，而与前一个冬天相关系数只有这一事实。Tropical and monsoon flows are dominated by the thermally forced planetary scale Hadley and
18、Walker type circulations for which the primary energy source is the latent heat of condensation.热带和季风环流被行星尺度的Hadley 和 Walker型环流热强迫所主导，主要的能量来源是凝结的潜热。Solar heating can produce thermal low-pressure areas over the land which can further deepen due to latent-heating if the dynamical circulation is favora
19、ble for moisture convergence. 太阳加热能在陆面上产生热低压，如果动力环流有利于水汽辐合，潜热加热将导致热低压进一步发展。While it is indeed true that the rain producing disturbances form only when the structure of the large-scale flow (i.e., horizontal and vertical gradients of wind, temperature, and moisture) is favorable, the changes in the l
20、arge-scale flow itself appear to be primarily related to planetary-scale boundary forcing manifested as tropical heat sources and to orographic barriers.尽管，只有当大尺度的环流结构是有利时(如水平或垂直风梯度、温度、湿度)，降水产生的扰动才能形成被认为是毫无疑问是正确的。但是大尺度环流的改变本身又表现为和如为热带热源和地形屏障的行星尺度边界强迫首要联系。Richardson developed a set of partial differe
21、ntial equations for predicting pressure, temperature, horizontal and vertical velocity and moisture taking into account radiation, the effects of cloud, and precipitation, eddy motion, friction, topography and exchanges of energy between the ground and the atmosphere which even included variations d
22、ue to vegetation and state of ground.理查森开发了一套偏微分方程预测压力, 温度, 水平和垂直速度和湿度，这套方程考虑到辐射, 云的影响, 降水, 涡动, 摩擦, 地形和地面和大气层之间的能量交换, 甚至包括由于植被和地面状态而引起的变化。His model contained 5 layers and the horizontal grid was about 200 km although pressure, temperature and humidity alternated with momentum in the horizontal, maki
23、ng an effective grid length of 400 km.他的模型包含5层, 并且水平网格大约是200公里, 虽然水平的压力、温度和水汽通量的有效网格长度是400公里。The concept of a non-divergent level in midtroposphere where the absolute vorticity would be conserved, together with the filtering out of troublesome gravity waves from the vorticity equations by the geostr
24、ophic approximation, led to the computation of the first barotropic forecast.中纬度无辐散层的概念是在该层中绝对涡度是守恒的，同时通过准地转近似的涡度方程滤去了棘手的重力波，完成了第一次的正压预报计算。Baroclinicity was introduced by two different approaches; the superimposition of several barotropic layers on the one hand and the adaptation of development theo
25、ry on the other. 两种不同的方法引入斜压性;一是几个正压层的叠加，二是对发展理论的适应。Problems relating to the divergence of the geostrophic wind were overcome by the use of a stream function and empirical methods were developed for counteracting the spurious retrogression of the long waves.通过运用流函数和为了抵消长波不真实后退而发展起来的经验性方法解决了和地转风散度相关的
26、问题。It is of interest to note that Cressman and Hubert (1957) showed that systematic errors caused by the divergence of the geostrophic wind could be almost eliminated by the use of a stream function and that it was essential to remove those errors before other errors in the treatment of baroclinic d
27、evelopment and non-adiabatic effects could be isolated and resolved.值得注意的是Cressman 和 Hubert 表明通过使用流函数能基本消除由地转风散度引起的系统性误差，并且在分离和解决斜压发展和非绝热效应处理时的其他误差之前，有必要消除那些误差厄尔尼诺-南方涛动：El Nino-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)准两年振荡： Quasi-biennial oscillation大气阻塞： atmospheric blocking天气尺度扰动： weather disturbances季风爆发：onset
28、 of the monsoon动力学不稳定: dynamic instability水平温度梯度: horizontal temperature gradient大尺度环流: large-scale circulation大气成分与结构: Atmospheric composition and structure温室效应: Greenhouse Effect太阳辐射:solar radiation红外辐射: infrared radiation全球变暖:global warming正反馈:positive feedback凝结潜热:latent heat of condensation水汽辐合:water vapour convergence数值天气预报:Numerical Weather Prediction偏微分方程:partial differential equation正压的、斜压的:barotropic , baroclinic原始方程:original equation相对涡度:relative vorticity地转风:geostrophic wind非绝热加热: non-adiabatic heating垂直速度: vertical velocity