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1、2016-2017年高三英语培优补差学案二Gongli/2016/11/14阅读理解之主旨大意题一、 阅读技巧“tips”（一） 题型特点 考查学生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度和在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题,标题或目的设题。（二） 题干表现形式1. What would be the best title of the passage? 2. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?3. What is the passage mainly about? 4. What do
2、es the text mainly talk about?5. What is the (main) purpose of this article?6. The purpose of the passage is _ . 7. Whats the topic of the article? 8. What is the main idea of the passage? 9. The passage is intended to _. （三） 应试技巧1. 主旨大意题属于归纳概括题。找准文章的主题句是关键。“主题句定位法”是一种行之有效的方法。在答题时，我们可以： 读首句抓大意；读尾句抓大
3、意；读首尾段抓大意2. 无明显主题句时高频信息词 一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。Exercises.Text 1People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer
4、 vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink.主题句在_Text 2Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer t
5、o be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. 主题句在_Text 3Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten (咬) by snakes. “It was seeing people with snake bites (伤口) that led me
6、 to this career,” he said.In 1963, after his army service, Shu entered a medical school and later became a doctor of Chinese medicine. As part of his studies he had to work in the mountains. There he often heard of people who had their arms and legs cut off after a snake bite in order to save their
7、lives.“I was greatly upset by the story of an old farmer I met. It was a very hot afternoon. The old man was pulling grass in his fields when he felt a pain in his left hand. He at once realized he had been bitten by a poisonous snake. In no time he wrapped a cloth tightly around his arm to stop the
8、 poison spreading to his heart. Rushing home he shouted Bring me the knife! Minutes later the man lost his arm forever.”“The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes,” Shu said.主题句在_Text 4Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a
9、 tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out
10、.主题句在_Text 5A new eight-kilometer road is under construction that links the port area with motorway system As part of the project, two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city, The two tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface and are 12 meters wide, providi
11、ng for two lanes of traffic in each direction. In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel. The lighting is at the top of the tunnel, The wall is made up of four main elements, which include a waterp
12、roofing covering and, on the inside of the tunnel, a concrete lining. Each tunnel is roughly round and the lower part of the tunnel is somewhat flat. along the length of the tunnel. The fire main is at the side of the tunnel and at the level of the road surface. Other systems in the tunnel will incl
13、ude emergency phones. The passage is mainly about _. A. the construction of a road B. the design of a road C. the construction of two railways D. the design of two tunnels 4.注意标志词文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。如：1)关注一些表强调转折关系的连词but,yet,however,infact,indeed等 2)关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词：on the whole, inbrief/short,a
14、bove all, after all, allinall,in conclusion,in a word, in short, as a result, therefore, thus等 3)如果主题句有show, indicate和suggest等词，重点看其后的宾语从句。（四）错误干扰项选项的特点： 以偏概全。只是文中某个具体事实或细节，或是一句没有展开论述的评论。 主观臆断。读者往往根据自己的常识或从文中某些（不完全）的信息片面退出的结论而忽视了作者的见解。 无关信息。既在文章中没有提到或找不到语言依据的信息。Exercises.Text 6Lung cancer is the wor
15、st cancer killer in America . About 160,440 Americans die each year from it. More than 87 percent of lung cancers are smoking related, according to the Lung Cancer Organization.The main idea of the passage is _.A. Lung cancer is the No.1 cancer killer B. Smoking is a bad habitC. LCO advises people t
16、o stop smokingD. Why did people die of Lung cancer?Text 7Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can
17、 give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it? What is the main idea ?A. Smoking can cause cancer. B. Smoking is a terrible killer C. Smoking
18、 is harmful to our health. D. An experiment on smoking. 练习一：A JINTAN, JIANGSU: The 20 students 18 boys and 2 girls had a thousand reasons to be proud of themselves. They had just climbed their way to the top rung(阶梯)out of 4 million students taking part in the Fifth National Hua Luogeng Gold Cup Mat
19、hematics Contest (竞赛)on Tuesday evening. The 20 gold medal winners are all primary and middle school students under the age of 14. Many of the problems are of college level and these pupils can figure them out. It is just unbelievable! said a teacher from Guangdong province. Named after Chinas most
20、famous mathematician, Hua Luogeng, the contest started in 1986, one year after his death. In less than 10 years, it has been recognized by the State Education Commission(国家教委) as the countrys biggest and best contest of its kind.This news story is mainly about _.A. when the contest started B. how th
21、e contest got its nameC. the 20 pupils who have won gold medals in the contestD. the 5th National Hua Luogeng Gold Cup Mathematics Contest练习二 Fat on human beings is distributed in different ways. Some fat people have a large stomach and no waistlinewhich makes them look round, rather like apples. Ot
22、hers are fatter below the waist, which makes them appear pear-shaped. There are two types of fat: external fat (fat under the skin) and internal fat (fat inside the body wall). Doctors, who have been examining the relationship between health and fatness, have found that the pears have less internal
23、fat, but the apples have more internal fat than external fat. This seems to be what causes the health problems. The best treatment for fatness is to reduce the internal fat. But unfortunately it seems that dieting (节食) simply makes an apple-shaped person into a smaller apple and a pear-shaped person
24、 into a smaller pear. At the moment there is no known way of reducing the internal rather than external fat.The text is mainly about _.A. fatness and health B. ways to lose weigh C. peoples figures D. distribution of fat练习三 In 1901, H.G. Wells, an English writer, wrote a book describing a trip to th
25、e moon. When the explorers (探险者) landed on the moon, they discovered that the moon was full of underground cities. They expressed their surprise to the moon people they met. In turn, the moon peopleexpressed their surprise. Why, they asked, are you traveling to outer space when you dont even use you
26、r inner space? H.G. Wells could only imagine travel to the moon. In 1969, human beings really did land on the moon. People today know that there are no underground cities on the moon. How ever, the question that the moon people asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are se
27、riously thinking about it. Underground systems are already in place. Many cities have underground car parks. In some cities, such as Tokyo, Seoul and Montreal, there are large underground shopping areas. The Chunnel, a tunnel(隧道) connecting England and France, is now complete. But what about undergr
28、ound cities? Japans Taisei Corporation is designing a network of underground system, called Alice Cities. The designers imagine using surface space for public parks and using underground space for flats, offices, shopping, and so on. A solar dome(太阳能穹顶) would cover the whole city. Supporters of unde
29、rground development say that building down rather than building up is a good way to use the earths space. The surface, they say, can be used for farms, parks, gardens, and wilderness. H.G. Wells moon people would agree. Would you?What would be the best title for the text?A. Alice Citiescities of the
30、 future B. Space travel with H.G. WellsC. Enjoy living underground D. Building down, not up练习四 Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes. It was seeing people with snake bites that led me to this career, he said. In 1963, after his army service, Shu entered a medical school and lat
31、er became a doctor of Chinese medicine. As part of his studies he had to work in the mountains. There he often heard of people who had their arms and legs cut off after a snake bite in order to save their lives. I was greatly upset by the story of an old farmer I met. It was a very hot afternoon. Th
32、e old man was pulling grass in his fields when he felt a pain in his left hand. He at once realized he had been bitten by a poisonous snake. In no time he wrapped a cloth tightly around his arm to stop the poison spreading to his heart. Rushing home he shouted Bring me the knife! Minutes later the m
33、an lost his arm forever. The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes,Shu said.The best headline for this newspaper article is _.A. Astonishing Medicine B. Farmer Loses Arms C. Dangerous Bites D. Snake Doctor练习五 James Cleveland Owens was the son
34、 of a farmer and the grandson of black slaves. His family moved to Cleveland when he was 9. There, a school teacher asked the youth his name. J.C., he replied. She thought he had said Jesse, and he had a new name. Owens ran his first race at age 13. After high school, he went to Ohio State Universit
35、y. He had to work part time so as to pay for his education. As a second-year student, in the Big Ten games in 1935, he set even more records than he would in the Olympic Games a year later. A week before the Big Ten meet, Owens accidentally fell down a flight of stairs. His back hurt so much that he
36、 could not exercise all week, and he had to be helped in and out of the car that drove him to the meet. He refused to listen to the suggestions that he give up and said he would try, event by event. He did try, and the results are in the record book. The stage was set for Owens victory at the Olympi
37、c Games in Berlin the next year, and his success would come to be regarded as not only athletic(体育的)but also political. Hitler did not congratulate any of the African-American winners. It was all right with me, he said years later. I didnt go to Berlin to shake hands with him, anyway. Having returne
38、d from Berlin. He received no telephone call from the president of his own country, either. In fact, he was not honored by the United States until 1976, four years before his death. Owens Olympic victories made little difference to him. He earned his living by looking after a school playground, and
39、accepted money to race against cars, trucks, motorcycles, and dogs. Sure, it bothered (烦扰)me, he said later. But at least it was an honest living. I had to eat. In time, however, his gold medals (奖牌) changed his life. They have kept me alive over the years, he once said. Time has stood still for me.
40、 That golden moment dies hard.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?A. Jesse Owens, a Great American AthleteB. Golden Moment a Life-time StruggleC. Making a Living as a Sportsman D. How to Be a Successful Athlete?限时阅读词数：364 标准时间：6分钟 一People do not analyze every problem they meet. S
41、ometimes they try to remember a solution from the last time they had a similar problem. They often accept the opinions or ideas of other people. Other times they begin to act without thinking. They try to find a solution by trial and error. However, when all these methods fail, the person with a pro
42、blem has to start analyzing. There are six stages in analyzing a problem.First the person must recognize that there is a problem. For example, Sams bicycle is broken, and he cannot read it to class as he usually does. Sam must see that there is a problem with his bicycle.Next the thinker must define
43、 the problem. Before Sam can repair his bicycle, he must find out the reason why it does not work. For instance, he must determine if the problem is with the gears, the brakes, or the frame. He must make his problem more specific.Now the person must look for information that will make the problem cl
44、earer and lead to possible solutions. For instance, suppose Sam decided that his bike does not work because there is something wrong with the gear wheels. At this time, he can look in his bicycle repair book and read about gears. He can talk to his friends at the bike shop. He can look at his gears
45、carefully.After studying the problem, the person should have several suggestions for a possible solution. Take Sam as an illustration. His suggestions might be: put oil on the gear wheels; buy new gear wheels and replace the old ones; tighten or loosen the gear wheels.Eventually one suggestion seems
46、 to be the solution to the problem. Sometimes the final idea comes very suddenly because the thinker suddenly sees something new or sees something in a new way. Sam, for example, suddenly sees that there is a piece of chewing gum between the gear wheels. He immediately realizes the solution to his problem: he must clean the gear wheels.Finally the solution is tested. Sam cleans the gear wheels and finds that afterwards his bicycle works perfectly. In short , he has solved the problem. What is the best title for this passage?A. Six Stages for Rep