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1、学 案 装 订 线 英语语法主谓一致自主学习导学案 【学习目标】1. 扎实掌握英语主谓一致各种类型的用法，提升自己的理解力。2. 自主学习，合作探究；学会分析与总结的方法，并能学以致用。3. 激情投入，疯狂记忆，体验学习的快乐。【使用说明及学法指导】1. 教师引领学生积极动脑思考，结合所学知识自主构建关于主谓一致的知识体系。2. 探究总结疑难点并学以致用。 3.完成时间40分钟。【分层说明】A层全部掌握本学案内容B层掌握带及内容C层掌握带内容 【主谓一致】一基本概念：所谓主谓一致是指主语与谓语动词之间,即主语的人称与单复数形式决定着谓语动词对应的形式。1. Both Jack and Tim
2、_( be )diving.2. Neither Jack nor Tim _( be ) walking.3. All of them _( be ) diving.4. None of them _(know) how to teach English.5. His family _( be ) all music lovers. 6. The cattle _( be ) eating grass on the hill.二、主谓一致的基本用法：主谓一致的四大原则：1. 语法一致原则，即主语单复数形式与谓语要一致。2. 意义一致原则，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致 。3.
3、就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的主语。4. 代词的指代一致原则，代词的指代一致是指句中的代词应该在人称、数、性等方面与所指的词保持一致。主谓一致语法形式一致（一）谓语动词一定用要用单数的主语情况： 1)单数主语，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如： Tom is a good student. 汤姆是个好学生。 2)主语是不可数名词，用动词单数。但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。eg：There _ ( be )much water in the bottle. Ten thousand tons of coal _( be ) produced last ye
4、ar. 去年生产了一万吨煤。3) 单个动词不定式、动名词短语作主语，谓语动词要用单数形式。eg：Helping others _ ( be ) her great happiness. 4)主语从句及“疑问副词/代词 + 不定式” 作主语，谓语动词用单数。Eg: When and where we will hold the meeting _ ( be ) unknown. 我们何时何地举行会议还不知道。How to work out the problem _ ( be ) very easy. Whether theyll go _ ( depend ) on the weather.
5、5) much , little , a little, only a little, quite a little, a great deal of, an amount of只能修饰不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。Eg: A large amount of (A great deal of) damage _ ( do ) in a very short time.(二)、谓语动词一定用要用复数的主语情况 1) 复数主语，谓语动词用复数。eg：They often play football on the playground. 2) 由两部分构成的物体的名词，如glasses, shoes,
6、 trousers, chopsticks, scissors, pants, jeans, gloves 等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。eg： My glasses _ ( be )on the desk. 我的眼镜在书桌上。【注意】如果这类名词前用了a pair of等表示数量的名词，则谓语动词的单复数形式往往取决于表示数量的名词的单复数形式。Eg： Here _ ( be ) some new pairs of shoes. My new pair of socks _ ( be ) on the bed. 3)用and或bothand连接的名词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语以及主语从句作主
7、语，谓语动词用复数形式。Eg：What I think and what I seek _ ( have )been fairly reflected in my paper. 我所思考的与我所寻求的都在这个论文中表达了出来。【注意】并列主语如果只有一个冠词，那么指的是同一人、同一事物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数。有一些由and连接的固定组合,作为一个整体理解，谓语动词也用单数。bread and butter 奶油面包 fork and knife 一副刀叉, eg：The poet and writer _ ( have ) come. The poet and the writer _ (
8、 have) come. Bread and butter _ ( be ) his usual breakfast. 他经常以黄油面包当早餐。 Both bread and butter _ ( be )sold out in that shop. 商店里的面包与黄油都卖光了。(两个事物) 【注意1】用and连接的单数主语，前面有each, every, no, many a, more than a/one 等修饰时，谓语动词要用单数形式。eg： Every boy and girl _ ( be ) treated in the same way. 每个男孩与女孩都是以同样的方式对待的。
9、 Many a boy and many a girl _ ( have ) seen it. 很多男孩与女孩都见过这个。 In our country every boy and every girl _ ( have )the right to receive education. 在我们的国家，每个男孩与女孩都有受教育的权利。 No boy and no girl likes it. 男孩与女孩都不喜欢它。【注意2 】each作主语时，谓语动词用单数；但若作主语的同位语，则要由名词决定谓语动词。谓语动词仍用复数形式。eg： The old workers and the young ea
10、ch _ ( have )their own tools. 青老年工人都各自有自己的工具。4)both, few, a few, many, several, others作主语，或它们所修饰的名词作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。eg： There _ ( be ) only a few people who can live to 100. 只有少数人能活到100岁。 Both of them are in my class. 他们两个都在我的班里三、根据主语中名词的单复数而定 。1) 当主语有with, as well as, along with, like, together with
11、, rather than, except, but, including, accompanied by, plus, besides, in addition to, no less than 结构跟在主语后面时，谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致（就前原则）。Eg： The teacher together with some students _ ( be ) visiting the museum. 教师与一些学生在参观博物馆。 The woman together with her daughter and son _ ( sit ) on the sofa watching TV. 那
12、个女人与她的儿女坐在沙发上看电视。 All but one _ ( be ) here just now. 刚才除了一个人都在这里了。 2) “the majority of + 名词”作主语时，谓语动词视名词的单复数形式而定。eg： The majority of the damage _ ( be ) easy to repair. The majority of the students _ ( like ) music. 3) plenty of, half of, a lot of, lots of, heads of, loads of, scores of, most of, n
13、one of, rest of, all of, part of, a quantity of 等，后面加上可数或不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。eg： Most of his money _ ( be ) spent on computer games. There _ ( be ) plenty of water in the bottle. There _ ( be ) a large quantity of milk. 有很多牛奶。 4) 如果名词词组中心词是“分数或百分数 + of +the + 名词，谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于of后的名词或代词的单
14、、复数形式。eg： Over three-quarters of the land _ ( have ) been reclaimed. 四分之三多的土地已经收回了。 Two-thirds of the people present _ ( be ) against the plan. 到场的三分之二的人都反对这个计划。 5)定语从句。关系代词who, that, which在定语从句中作主语时，从句中谓语动词的单复数形式应与先行词一致。eg： Keep cool is the first of the rules that _ ( be ) to be remembered in an ac
15、cident. “镇静”是事故发生时应当牢记的第一条原则。【注意】在“one of +the +复数名词+ who/that/which”引导的定语从句中，从句谓语的单复数取决于one前是否有the (only)/the very。如果有，从句的谓语动词用单数，如没有，就用复数形式。【比较】 Jack is one of the men who _ ( be ) chosen to represent the company. Jack是被选出来的公司代表之一。 Jack is the only one of the men who _ ( be ) chosen to represent t
16、he company. Jack是唯一被选出来的公司代表。主谓一致意义一致原则一. 谓语动词一定用要用单数的主语情况 1) 由“many a + 单数名词”，“more than one + 单数名词”作主语，意义虽为“许多”、“不止一个”，但谓语动词要用单数形式。eg： More than one student _ ( have ) passed the examination. 不止一个学生通过了这次考试。 Many a child _ ( learn ) to swim before he can read. 许多孩子在认字前就学会了游泳。 【注意】“more than + 基数词复数
17、名词”或“more 复数名词 than one做主语时，谓语用复数。例如： More than twenty students _ ( play ) football on the playground. 超过20学生在操场上踢足球。 More members than one _ ( be ) against your plan. 不止一个成员反对你的计划。2 )表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。eg： Five dollars _ ( be ) enough. 五美元够了。 Thirty miles is a long way to
18、 walk. 三十里地可是个不近的路程。 Three pints isnt enough to get him drunk. 三品脱还不至于把他灌醉。二、谓语动词一定用要用复数的主语情况 1) 集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry(家禽), clergy, clothes等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。Eg： _( be ) there any police around? 附近有警察吗？ The police _( be ) searching for a short dark man with a beard. 警察正在搜寻一位肤色黑、留胡子的矮个子男人。 2
19、) a number of, quantities of, a variety of作主语，谓语动词要用复数形式。【注意】“the number of + 名词复数”的意思是“.的数量是”，动词要用单数形式。【注意】“a large quantity of”后面的谓语动词与of后面的名词保持一致。eg： A number of books _( have ) lent out. 许多的书都借出去了。The number of the students _( be ) over 800. Quantities of food _( be ) on the table. There _( be )
20、 a large quantity of milk. 有很多牛奶。 3) “the + 形容词”(如the poor, the rich, the young, the old, the dead, the sick, the brave 等)作主语时，通常指的是一类人，谓语动词用复数形式。eg： The poor _( be ) very happy, but the rich _( be ) sad.注意：某种情况下如果指的是单个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式。Eg：The departed _( be )a good friend of her. 死者是她的一位好友。三、根据主语中名词
21、的含义而定。 1) 集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如果它们作为一个集体单位时，动词用单数形式，如就其中的各个成员来说，则谓语用复数形式。集体名词有：family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee, team, group, government, union, firm, staff, public等词。 population 一词，当用作整体时，谓语动词用单数；当用其部分做主语时，谓语动词形式用复数。Eg： Her family _( be ) very large. 他家成员不多。 Her family
22、_( be ) music lovers. 他家个个都是音乐爱好者。 The population of China is 13.6 billion and 70% of the population _( be ) peasants. 中国的人口有13.6亿，70是农业人口。 四、其他特定情况 1) this kind of book=a book of this kind (这种书)，作主语，谓语用单数；2) this kind of men = men of this kind , 但this kind of men的谓语用单数，men of this kind的谓语用复数; all k
23、inds of后跟复数名词，谓语用复数。eg： This kind of men _( be ) dangerous. 这种人很危险。 Men of this kind _( be ) dangerous. 这种人很危险。 主谓一致-就近一致原则1)由连词or, neithernor, eitheror, not onlybut also, nor, not.but等连接的并列主语，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。Eg： Either you or Mary _( be ) to go. 不是你去，就是Mary去。 _( be ) neither you nor your father int
24、erested in swimming? 你与你的父亲都不喜欢游泳吗？ Not only the switches but also the old wiring _( have )been changed. 不仅开关，连那些老化了电路都已经更换了。 What I say or what I think _( be ) no business of yours. 我所说的或者我所想的与你们没关系。【注意】反意疑问句中，由neither nor, not only but also, either or, not but, or等连结的并列主语，其后的附加疑问部分主语用复数代词。例如： Neit
25、her you nor I am wrong, are we? 你我都没错，对吧？ Both Tom and Ann came, didnt they? Tom与Ann都来了，是不是？【比较】“one or two + 复数名词”作主语,谓语动词用复数。 “a/an + 单数名词 + or two”作主语，谓语动词用单数。Eg:One or two students _( have ) failed the exam. 一两个学生考试不及格。 A student or two _( have ) failed the exam. 一两个学生考试不及格。2) 当there be, here, w
26、here 句型的主语是多个事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。Eg: There _( be ) two chairs and a desk in the office. There _( be ) a pencil, a knife and several books on the desk. 代词的指代一致:1)不定代词none, some, any, more, most, all等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。如果代词代表复数可数名词，谓语动词用复数；如果代词代表单数可数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。eg： All _( be ) right. 一切顺利。
27、(all代表所有的事情) All _( be ) present. 人都到齐了。 (all代表所有的人) All of the work _( have ) been finished. 所有的工作都做完了。(all代表所有的事情，) All of the people _( have ) gone. 所有的人都走了。 (all代表所有的人) 2）either, neither, each, one, the other, another, 以及由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语时谓语用单数。Eg: Neither _( like ) the parents of the other. 两人都不喜欢对方的父母。 Each of them _( have ) a radio. 他们每人都有收音机。 If anyone _( call ), tell him Ill be back later. There _( be) something wrong with his bike. 他的自行车坏了。Each man and each woman _( be ) praised by the teacher yesterday. 昨天每个人都受到教师表扬。第 - 8 - 页