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1、语法语法 词法词法 句法句法 名词名词 （n.） 代词代词(pron.) 数词数词(num.) 实词实词 形容词形容词 (adj.) 副词副词 (adv.) 动词动词(v.)词法词法 冠词冠词 (art.) 介词介词(prep.) 虚词虚词 连词连词(conj.) 感叹词感叹词(int.) 句子成分句子成分 1 陈述句陈述句句句 2 疑问句疑问句法法 按交际功能按交际功能 3 祈使句祈使句 4 感叹句感叹句 句子类型句子类型 1 简单句简单句 按句子结构按句子结构 2 并列句并列句 3 复合句复合句 4 并列复合句并列复合句 主谓主谓 主系表主系表 1 简单句简单句 主谓宾主谓宾 主谓宾宾主谓
2、宾宾按句子结按句子结 2 并列句并列句 主谓宾补主谓宾补 主语从句主语从句构分类构分类 名词性从句名词性从句 宾语从句宾语从句 3 复合句复合句 表语从句表语从句 定语从句定语从句 同位语同位语. 状语从句状语从句 4 并列复合句并列复合句 1 主语主语 2 谓语谓语 3 表语表语 4 宾语宾语 5 宾语补足语宾语补足语 句子成分句子成分 6 定语定语 7 状语状语 8 同位语同位语 9 独立成分独立成分 主谓主谓 主系表主系表 1 简单句简单句 主谓宾主谓宾 主谓宾宾主谓宾宾按句子结按句子结 2 并列句并列句 主谓宾补主谓宾补 主语从句主语从句构分类构分类 名词性从句名词性从句 宾语从句宾语
3、从句 3 复合句复合句 表语从句表语从句 定语从句定语从句 同位语同位语. 状语从句状语从句 4 并列复合句并列复合句 主谓主谓 主系表主系表 1 简单句简单句 主谓宾主谓宾 主谓宾宾主谓宾宾按句子结按句子结 2 并列句并列句 主谓宾补主谓宾补 主语从句主语从句构分类构分类 名词性从句名词性从句 宾语从句宾语从句 3 复合句复合句 表语从句表语从句 定语从句定语从句 同位语同位语. 状语从句状语从句 4 并列复合句并列复合句 主谓（）主谓（） 主系表（）主系表（） 1 简单句简单句 主谓宾（）主谓宾（） 主谓宾宾（）主谓宾宾（） 主谓宾补主谓宾补 （）（） 主谓主谓 1) Albert Ein
4、steins name never dies. 2) My recent book sells very well. 3) She apologized to me again for having lost my dictionary. 4)I have traveled to most of the cities since five years ago.主系表主系表表状态的连系动词常见的有：表状态的连系动词常见的有：be, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, remain, continue等。等。1) The weather continu
5、ed windy and rainy.2) We should remain modest at any time.3) The news sounds unbelievable.表转变或结果的连系动词常见的有：表转变或结果的连系动词常见的有：become, get, grow, turn, come, go, fall,等。等。 1) Scientists say the weather is becoming warmer and warmer year by year.2) The milk went sour.3) They are not used to the weather he
6、re. They are easy to fall ill. 4) After graduation, she turned nurse.注意：注意： 1) Children grow wiser as they grow. 2) She tastes the bread. The bread tastes delicious. 主谓宾主谓宾1) My father runs a big shoes factory.2) You place me in a difficult position.3) Her story interested every one of us.4) Man can
7、 save the earth; man can destroy the earth, too.主谓宾宾主谓宾宾1) She promised me a nice gift on Christmas Day.= She promised a nice gift to me on Christmas Day.2) Ill find you a good chance.= Ill find a good chance for you. 主谓宾补主谓宾补1) Almost all nations recognize Taiwan as part of China.2) We all think of
8、 this poem as a description of the natural beauty.3) The guide showed all the visitors in.4) I noticed the letter in the drawer. 5) Will you ask Mary to help Mary to help us with this mass of work. 6) She noticed a car crash into a big tree nearby. 7) I can hear someone playing the violin next door.
9、 8) Nobody notice the office broken into.并列句并列句 并列句往往由并列连词连接，并列连词并列句往往由并列连词连接，并列连词连接的两个或多个句子都是对等并列连接的两个或多个句子都是对等并列的关系。常用的并列连词有的关系。常用的并列连词有 and, not only but also, neithernor, or, but, yet, however, when, while, for, so/thus/therefore1)You throw a stone at the window. Ill scream.2) You throw a stone
10、at the window and Ill scream.3) If you throw a stone at the window, Ill scream. 1 and1) My father and grandfather were shoemakers in Italy and they were the best.2) They drove to a filled station, asked for the price and had their car filled.3) Always do that and youll have both happiness and enough
11、 money to live on.2 not only but (also)1) Not only is he himself interested in the subject, but his students also begin to show interest in it. 2) Not only he himself but also his students are interested in the subject.3 neithernor, neither, nor （这些词放于（这些词放于句首时应倒装）句首时应倒装）1) Neither do I know his add
12、ress, nor do my parents. 2) she doesnt work hard, nor/neither does her brother.3) I neither want to stay nor to leave with you.4 or 表选择意义，也可用表选择意义，也可用eitheror stay here, or you can leave.1) You can either stay here, or you can leave. 2) Either you or he or Jeff attends the conference. today or tomor
13、row. 3) You can come either today or tomorrow. 表否定条件，表否定条件， or1)Tell me all, or else youll have to otherwise suffer.2) Her family was Jewish so they had to hide or they would be caught by the German Nazis.= Her family , or they would be .表换种说法表换种说法The workers were cheerful, or at least they appeared
14、 to be cheerful.5 but表转折表转折 She planned to write a few cards every afternoon from then on, but that afternoon there would be no time for cards. 表对比表对比(对比的前后分句对比的前后分句 在结构上基本保在结构上基本保持一致持一致), 此时此时 but=yet= while1) After supper Wang Wei put her head down on her pillow and went to sleep but/yet/while I s
15、tayed awake.2) Everyone likes a person with good manners, but/yet/while no one likes a person with bad manners. 6 yet She got up early, (and) yet she failed to be there on time.=She got up early, but she failed to be there on time.补：补：A: Have you clean out the refrigerator/fridge/icebox yet?B: No. I
16、 havent cleaned it out yet. (Yes, I have already cleaned it out.)yet 表已经，用在疑问句和否定句中。表已经，用在疑问句和否定句中。already表已经，用肯定句中。表已经，用肯定句中。7 However His first response was to say no, however he changed his mind later. =His first response was to say no. However he changed his mind later.补充：补充：1) His first respons
17、e was to say no. However he changed his mind later.2) I repeated. She, however, still didnt hear me.3) I thought those figures were correct. I have recently heard they were not, however.8 when conj.表在这表在这/那时（那时（=at the time）并列连词，）并列连词， 常置于第二个分句首常置于第二个分句首1) I was about to leave when it began to rain.
18、2) One evening Beethoven was walking in a street when he was suddenly stopped outside a little house. 并列连词，表并列连词，表“既然既然”，语气比较微弱，语气比较微弱，并列连词，并列连词，1) You cant walk about all day when youve got masses of work to do.2) How can learn anything when they spend all their spare time watching TV. 补充：补充： When
19、“当当时候时候” （从属连词，引导时（从属连词，引导时间状语从句）间状语从句） 指时间段，用延续性动词（指时间段，用延续性动词（=while） 指时间点，用短暂性动词指时间点，用短暂性动词 1) My wallet dropped on the ground when(=while) I was walking in the grass. 2) When(=While) the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police. 3) When the earthquake came, it was as if the world
20、was at the end. 4) When Clair got home, she wept with anger in armchair.9 while表对比（并列连词）表对比（并列连词）1) Some people are starving while some others are wasting food.2) English is understood all over the world while Japanese is spoken by only a few people outside Japan itself.3)The winter in Beijing is ve
21、ry cold while that of Kunming is warm.当当时候（从属连词）时候（从属连词） 1) While Mary was writing a letter, the children were playing outside.= The children were playing . ,while Mary was. 2) He listened to the radio while (he was) driving to work.10 for表表“因为因为” 不能置于句首。不能置于句首。 1) I must be off now, for my sister i
22、s expecting me.2) We listened eagerly, for he brought news of our families.11 so/thus/therefore I have a muscle disease which makes me very weak, so/thus/therefore I cant run or climb stairs as quickly as other people. 主谓主谓 主系表主系表 1 简单句简单句 主谓宾主谓宾 主谓宾宾主谓宾宾按句子结按句子结 2 并列句并列句 主谓宾补主谓宾补 主语从句主语从句构分类构分类 名词性
23、从句名词性从句 宾语从句宾语从句 3 复合句复合句 表语从句表语从句 定语从句定语从句 同位语同位语. 状语从句状语从句 4 并列复合句并列复合句主语从句主语从句连词：连词： that whether if 连接副词：连接副词： when where why how连接代词：连接代词：what which who whom whose复合词：复合词：whenever wherever whatever whichever that/whether/if1) That he suddenly fell ill made us surprised.It made us surprised (tha
24、t) he suddenly fell ill.2) That the team has won the champion in the world cup is no surprise. It is no surprise (that) the team has won the champion in the world cupthat引导主语从句时，本身无意义，在句中引导主语从句时，本身无意义，在句中不做不做 成分成分3) Whether the sports meeting will be held is not certain.(不能用不能用if)It is not certain w
25、hether/if the sports meeting will be held.when / where / why / how1) When well set off for home hasnt been decided yet.It hasnt been decided yet when well set off for home.2) Where we shall have the meeting makes no difference.It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.3)Why Tom is absen
26、t for the meeting is still uncertain.It is still uncertain why Tom is absent for the meeting 4) How the book will sell depends on its author.5) How he got the prize is known to all.It is known to all how he got the prize. what / which / who / whom / whose1) What matters most in learning English is e
27、nough practice.2) What youve done to him is terrible, so you should make an apology to him.3) Which plan is more practical remains to be proved.4) Whose suggestion is more valuable remains to be proved.复合词：复合词：whenever wherever whatever whichever whoever1) Whenever you come doesnt matter.2) Wherever
28、 you come can become a number of the club.3) Whatever orders he gives are obeyed.4) Whichever road you take will lead to the town.5) Whichever of you comes first will receive a prize.6) Whoever breaks the law should be punished.宾语从句宾语从句 由由that 引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句1) I think (that) women can reach very hig
29、h achievements in many fields of science.2) These two areas are similar in that they both have high rainfall in summer.3)His writing is so confusing that its different to make out what it is trying to express.4)He told the workers (that) John had worked very hard and that he wanted him to stayed.5)
30、Having checked the doors 5) Having checked the doors were closed, and were closed, and thatthat all the all the lights were off, the boy opened lights were off, the boy opened the door to his bedroom.the door to his bedroom.=The boy checked (that) the =The boy checked (that) the doors were closed an
31、d that all doors were closed and that all the light were off, he opened the light were off, he opened the door to his bedroom.the door to his bedroom.whether/if 1) I wonder whether/if Lin Qiaozhi remembered how many babied she had delivered. 连接副词连接副词when / where / why / how1) No one in the office kn
32、ew why she was so angry. 2) His parents worried about all day long where she could find a new job.连接代词连接代词who /what / which/whose1) He cant tell which gesture means “good luck”.2) The boy asked his father what the saying a fool and his money are soon parted means. 3) Could I speak to who is in charg
33、e of International Sales please?注意：注意：1 正确使用引导词正确使用引导词2 否定的转移否定的转移:若主语是若主语是I/we 谓语动词为谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, guess, imagine等等,其后的宾语从其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义句若含有否定意义,一般要把否定词转移一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上到主句谓语上1) I dont think this dress fits you, does it？2) I dont suppose he has finished his work, ha
34、s he?3 正确使用语正确使用语1) When did the train leave? I want to know. I want to know to when the train left.2) Does the shop close at six every day? Do you know? Do you know if / whether the shop closes at six every day? 3) Whats the matter with him? Do you know? Do you know whats the matter with him? 1 He
35、is from Japan.2 He comes from Japan.Do you know?Is he from Japan?Does he come from Japan?1 Do you know whether/if he is from Japan? 2Do you know whether/if he comes from Japan?3 Does he still live here after so many years? I dont know.4 Is the movie worth seeing? I eager to know. I dont know whether
36、/if he still lives here after so many years.I eager to know whether/if the movie is worth seeing?5 Where can we stay on the island? Do you know?6 Who has won the game? Everyone wonder.Do you know where we can stay on the island?Everyone wonder who has won the game.7 What had the manager said at the
37、meeting? He wanted to know.He wanted to know what the manager had said at the meeting? 4 正确使用时态正确使用时态 主句主句 从句从句 一般时一般时/祈使句祈使句 任何时态任何时态 过去式过去式 过去的某种时态过去的某种时态从句是客观真理从句是客观真理 ，时态不受主句限制，时态不受主句限制，用一般现在时用一般现在时 he is here today.1) I hear he was here yesterday. he will be here tomorrow. he was watching TV.2)
38、 He said he had swept the floor. he would play football after school. 3) Everyone answered light travels faster than sound. 5. it常可以放在动词常可以放在动词think, find, consider, believe, feel, make等后作为形式宾语等后作为形式宾语:特特别是在带复合宾语的句子中别是在带复合宾语的句子中, 此时此时that等等引导词不能省引导词不能省 。 1) He found it necessary that he should learn
39、 a foreign language.2) He has made it clear that he will refuse to accept the plan.1 I cant yet tell you I like this bet or not. 2 He asks how did Henry land in Britain.3 I wonder about how Henry will get food and clothing.4 Why did Henry say that he cant have simple pleasure for a while?cantcouldnt
40、5 Before the sales start, I make a list of that my kids will need for the coming season.6 The teacher said the sun rose in the east.7 These shoes look very good. I wonder how much do they cost.thatwhatroserises8 The poor young man is ready to accept what help he can get.9 I dont suppose he can swim,
41、 cant he?10 He has made clear that he objected the plan.whatwhatevercantcan1 They make _ a rule whoever breaks the law will be punished. A it B that C this D what2 You cant imagine _ when they received these nice Christmas presents.A how excited they wereB how they were excited C how were they excit
42、edD they were how excited1. He said the text was very important and we should learn it by heart.2. My worry is that he can get there on time.3. The reason why he failed was because he hadnt studied hard.4. What we need are time.5. Here are two books. You can take whatever you want.isthatwhetherthatw
43、hichever1)表语从句表语从句1). The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2). This is why we cant get the support of the people.3). But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4). The reason why he is late for school is that he missed the bus.1 We should respect f
44、ood and 1 We should respect food and think about the people who think about the people who dont have _ we have here dont have _ we have here and treat food nicelyand treat food nicelyA that B which C what D A that B which C what D whetherwhetherCB2 _ some people regard as a 2 _ some people regard as
45、 a drawback is seen as a plus by drawback is seen as a plus by many others.many others. A whether B What C That D A whether B What C That D HowHow7 That seems easy to some 7 That seems easy to some people seems difficult to people seems difficult to others.others.CB3.Ive read up to _ the children 3.
46、Ive read up to _ the children discover the secret cave discover the secret cave discover in the secret cave discover in the secret cave4. It is uncertain _side 4. It is uncertain _side effect the medicine will bring effect the medicine will bring about, although about two about, although about two thousand patients have taken thousand patients have taken it.it.whatwhat