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1、GrammarReview of noun clauses语法导学 感悟规律重点难点剖析%E语法感知感知以下课文原句，完成方框下的小题1. Laura says she always feels hungry when she smells it, so I taught her how to cook it, too.2. The first time that she had to write an essay, her tutor explained that she must acknowledge what other people had said if she cited the
2、ir ideas, but that he mainly wanted to know what she thought!3. Xie Lei was confused because she thought she knew less than other people.4. At first, Xie Lei had no idea what she should say, but what surprised her was that she found herself speaking up in class after just a few weeks.5. . What seeme
3、d strange before now appears quite normal to her.1 .以上各句都是主从复合句，句中用了相当于名词作用的从句（即名词性从句）在句中充当成 分。2 .引导宾语从句的附属连词典有时可以省略，如句1和句3；两个并列的宾语从句中，第 二个that不可省略,如句2。3 .名词性从句可在句中作主语,如句4和句5。4 .名词性从句可在句中作表语,如句4。5 .名词性从句可在句中作同位语,如句4。史语法精析一主语从句主语从句在复合句中作主句的主语，通常由附属连词that, whether, if和连接代词what, who, which, whose, what
4、ever, whoever, whichever 以及连接副词 how, when, where, why 等引导。that在句中无实义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保存自己的疑问 含义又起连接作用，在从句中充当句子成分。1 .连词that引导的主语从句that在从句中无意义，不作任何成分。That the heavy haze is harming our health is quite apparent.浓重的雾霾正在危害我们的健康，这是很明显的。注意：假设主语局部结构较长，可使用形式主语it,把主语从句放在后面。That he will pass the driving te
5、st is very certain.=It is very certain that he will pass the driving test.他会通过驾照考试，这是非常有把握的。2 .连词whether/if引导的主语从句whether/if在从句中不作成分，意为“是否”。Whether they will have a meeting hasn, t been decided yet.他们是否要开会还没有定下来。It is still unknown /whether the plan will be carried out,这个计划是否会实施还不知道。3 .连接代词 who, who
6、se, which, what, whoever, whatever, whichever；连接副词 when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however 引导的主语从句。连接代词或连接副词在从句中有意义，作成分。What she did is not yet known.她干了什么尚不清楚。Whoever comes will be welcome.无论谁来都将受到欢迎。4 . it作形式主语，主语从句后移有时为了使句子结构平衡，防止“头重脚轻”，常用it作形式主语，而把主语从句，即真正 的主语，放在后面。主语从句与形式主语让基本句型结构常用词
7、语It is +名词+that从句常用的名词有 afact, a shame, a pity, no wonder 等。It is +形容词+that从句常用的形容词有 necessary, strange, important, possible 等。当形容词为important, necessary等时，主语从句的谓 语用“(should + )动词原形”。It is +过去分词+that从句常用的过去分词有 said, reported, decided, believed, suggested, ordered 等。过去分词为 suggested, ordered 等表“建议，命令”的
8、词时，主语从句的谓语用“(should+)动 词原形”。It+动词(短语)+ that从句常用的动词(短语)有 seem, happen, turn out, occur to 等。It is a pity that she has made such a mistake.她犯了这样一个错误，真是遗憾。It is very important that a student (should) learn English well.学生学好英语很重要。It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.有人建议会议延期召开。It seems t
9、hat he is not quite himself today.他今天好像不怎么舒服。二、宾语从句宾语从句在复合句中作及物动词或介词的宾语。结构为：主语+谓语+宾语从句或介词+宾语从句。I will do what I can (do) to help him.我会尽我所能帮助他。Give a reading list to whoever comes.给所有来的人一份阅读书目。引导宾语从句的词有附属连词that(无意义,不作成分),if/whether(是否);连接代词who, whom, what, which, whoever, whichever 等；连接副词 when, wher
10、e, how, why, whenever, wherever, however等。如果主句时态是一般现在时或一般将来时，其宾语从句可用任何适当的时态； 如果主句时态是一般过去时，从句通常用相应的过去时态；当宾语从句是表达客观事实、真 理和规律的句子时，不管主句时态如何，从句一般用一般现在时；语序为陈述句语序。1 .连词that引导的宾语从句that在宾语从句中不充当任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中可以省略。He told me (that) he would go to college the next year.他告诉我他明年上大学。K特别提醒R在以下情况中that不能省略：动词后有两个或
11、两个以上由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省略，其余的that一般 都不能省略。We all think(that) she is working very hard and that she will surely go to a very good university. 我们都认为她学习非常努力，一定能进入一个非常好的大学。(2)当主句的谓语动词与that引导的宾语从句之间有插入语时，that 一般不可省略。Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green co
12、at and his black silk cap.那时我第一次注意到我们的老师穿着他的好看的绿色大衣并戴着黑色丝帽。(3)当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省略。I can t tell him that his mother has died.我不能告诉他他的母亲已经去世了。有it作形式宾语时I think it necessary that we take plenty of water.我认为我们喝足水是有必要的。2 . wh-疑问词引导的宾语从句由 who, whom, which, what, when, where, why, whoever, whichever 等
13、连接词引导的宾 语从句相当于特殊疑问句。连接词在宾语从句中充当一定的成分，语序用陈述语序。In one s own home one can do what one likes.一个人在自己家里可以随心所欲。3 . whether/if引导的宾语从句由whether/if引导的宾语从句，实际上是由一般疑问句演变而来的，意为“是否”；宾语从句 要用陈述语序。一般来说，在宾语从句中whether与if可以互换使用，但在特殊情况下if与 whether是不能互换的。I wonder whether/if they will come to our party.我想知道他们是否会来参加我们的晚会。K特
14、别提醒H只能用whether,不能用if的情况：在带to的不定式前We haven t decided whether to walk there.我们还没决定是否走着去那里。(2)在介词的后面r m thinking of whether we should go to see the film.我正在考虑我们是否应该去看电影。与or not连用时I can t say whether or not they can come tomorrow.我不敢说他们明天是否能来。4 .宾语从句的一些考前须知(1)一般情况下介词后只能用wh-类连接词引导宾语从句，但but, exc叩3 besides
15、等后可接that 引导的宾语从句。He goes to the library every day except when it is raining.除了下雨天外，他每天都去图书馆。I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he is a teacher.我只知道我的新邻居是一位老师。动词find, consider, think, feel, believe, make等后有宾语补足语时,常用it作形式宾语， 而将真正的宾语that从句后置。I have made it clear that I will not accept thi
16、s job.我已说明我不会接受这份工作的。(3)有些动词(短语)，如 enjoy, love, like, hate, appreciate, take, hide, see to, insist on, depend on, rely on等后接宾语从句时，习惯上在从句前加形式宾语it。I hate it when people ask me for money.我不喜欢别人向我要钱。Please see to it that the door is locked. 请务必锁上门。（4）宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序是陈述语序，即：连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分。I don t know
17、 what they are looking for.我不知道他们正在找什么。三、表语从句表语从句在复合句中作表语，放在系动词之后,结构为“主语+连系动词+表语从句”。1 .引导词引导表语从句的词有连词that（无意义，不作成分），whether（是否）,as if/though（好像）, because（因为）；连接代词 who, what, which 等;连接副词 when, where, how, why 等。2 .用法（1）可接表语从句的连系动词有be, remain, look, sound, seem, appear等。China is no longer what she us
18、ed to be.今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。The question remains whether they will be able to help us.问题是他们能否帮我们。（2）由that引导的表语从句在表语从句中that不能省略，不作从句的成分，没有意义。He didn t attend the party.The reason was that he was ill.他没有参力口 聚会,原因是他生病 了。The trouble is that I have lost his address.麻烦是我把他的地址弄丢了。由why或because引导的表语从句I am angry.
19、That was because he didn t come.我生气了，那是因为他没来。（强调原因）He didn t come.That was why I was angry.他没来，那就是我为什么生气了。（强调结果）K特别提醒U.表语从句用陈述语序The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.问题是他什么时候可以到达酒店。The boy still remains where he was two hours ago.男孩依然在他两小时前待着的地方。1 .引导表语从句时，用whether,不用ifThe question is whet
20、her he can make it.问题是他能否成功。四、同位语从句在复合句中用作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句是名词性从句的一种。它一 般放在 fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, belief, thought, doubt, promise, question等抽象名词的后面，对前面的名词作进一步的解释，或说明前面名词的具体含义。 1.同位语从句的连接词 引导同位语从句的连接词有连词that, whether；连接代词what, who等和连接副词when, where, why, how等。其中that, w
21、hether不作成分，that无实际意义，whether意为“是否”； 其他连接词具有实义，同时在同位语从句中作一定成分。引导同位语从句的连接词一般都不 省略。The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.他们比赛获胜的消息很快传遍了整个学校。He hasn t made the decision whether he will go there.他还没有做出决定是否去那里。1 have no idea where he lives.我不知道他住在哪里。2 .同位语从句的考前须知分隔式同位语从句：有时
22、同位语从句与其所解释说明的名词会被其他成分隔开，从而形成分 隔式同位语从句，这样做主要是为了保持句子结构平衡，防止头重脚轻。A saying goes that practice makes perfect.（从句被谓语 goes 分开）常言道，熟能生巧。3 .同位语从句和定语从句的区别注意：判定同位语从句的简易方法:同位语从句定语从句功能解释说明名词表示的具体内容。说明名词的性质、特征、来源等。that不作成分，只起连接作用，不可省略。作主语、宾语或表语，起连接作 用，并且作从句的宾语时可省 略。whetherhow/what起连接作用，其中whether（是否）不作 成分，而how和wha
23、t作成分。不引导定语从句。who when where why作成分；起连接作用；有自己的含 义，但与其修饰的名词无关。作成分；起连接作用；与先行词 有一定的关系，如when的先行词 为时间名词。我们可以在名词和从句之间加be动词，使之构成一个新句子，如果合乎逻辑、句子通顺，那么 是同位语从句。The news that she told me is that Tom will go abroad next year.（that she told me 是定语从句） 她告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。（不可以说The news was that she told me.）The news tha
24、t Tom would go abroad was told by her.（that Tom would go abroad 是同位语从句） 汤姆将出国的消息是她说的。（可以说The news was that Tom would go abroad.）达标检测 当堂检测基础达标演练 NI.单句语法填空How we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.1. The reason for his absence is that he hasn t been informed.2. He must answer the ques
25、tion whether he agrees with it or not.3. Scientists point out that the globe is getting warmer and warmer.4. . There is some doubt whether the sports meeting will be held on time.5. r ve come with a message that he won t be able to see you this afternoon.6. It is necessary that a college student （sh
26、ould） master（master） a foreign language.7. We mostly had to rely on the radio or newspapers to know what was going on in the world.8. We all consider it important that children should take plenty of milk as they grow.9. Though scientists aren, t sure what is causing this change, the publishers of th
27、e study think that it s connected to rainfall.n.语法填空（用适当的连接词填空）I am going to tell you an unbelievable thing 11 .that happened in my restaurant today.This afternoon a poorly-dressed gentleman came into my restaurant.Nobody knew 12.who he was.We were surprised that he finished two orders of food in a
28、very limited time.We wondered 13.why he was so hungry.We doubted 14.whether the man was able to pay the bill.The gentleman asked 15.if/whether we would mind waiting for just a few minutes.Then we were shocked to see 16.that he took out of an envelope-a million pound banknote.I asked Mr Clements 17.w
29、hether it was genuine.Mr Clements said it was true because two of this amount had been issued by the Bank of England this year.He thought 18.what the gentleman showed us couldn t be a fake.19. That a gentleman with a million pound note was in rags and ate in our small restaurant was a big puzzle to all the people there.I really couldn t describe 20.how excited I was.