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1、动词主要时态一般现在时(am, is, are, do, does)lx表示现在经常或反复发生的动作或存在的状态，常和often, always, usually, sometimes, everyday等时间 状语连用；2、表示主语的特征、性格、能力等；3、表示客观事实或普遍真理；4、表示安排或计划好的将来要发生的动作;The plane takes off at 10 am.5、在时间或条件状语中,表示将来的动作;When you see her just tell her that I am all right.6、在某些文学作品的情节描写中，代替过去时，表示或用于引述书刊材料;The
2、author says that the soldiers fight for freedom not for money.一般过去时(was, were, did)用于表示过去某时发生的动作或状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用,如yesterdayjast week,three years ago, in 1987, at the time , in July.一般将来时主要用于表示将来发生的动作或情况在时间或条件状语中，一般不用将来时，而是用现在时代替将来时。r II let you know the result when I finish everythingo1、shall, will
3、 +动词原型构成一般将来时；2、am (is, are) going to +动词原型，表示近期打算去做的事情或可能要发生的事情；3、am (is, are) about to +动词原型,表示即将发生的动作；4、am (is , are) to +动词原型，表示必须或计划要进行的动作You are to be here by 4 pm for collecting the shipment you ordered.过去将来时用于表示过去某一时间内，将要发生的动作或存在的状态was (were) going to + 动词原型was (were) about to + 动词原型was (wer
4、e) to +动词原型表示过去某时间内计划、打算或一定要进行的动作现在进行时go, come , stay /eave, start的现在进行时形式可以表示将来即将发生的动作He is coming to see you tomorrow.hate, like, love, believe, think, look, mind, have, seem, sound, smell, taste 通常不使用进行时态过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作He was making a long distance phone call to his friend in Australia
5、 from 10 to 11 last night.go, come , stay, leave, start的过去进行时形式可以表示过去将要发生的动作将来进行时将来进行时用于在将来的某一段时间正在发生的动作，或按计划在未来将要进行的动作This time next week she will be working in the company.现在完成时表示从过去，但持续到现在的动作，或表示过去发生的动作，但对现在仍留有某种后果和造成影响。He has paid his income tax.过去完成时用来表示过去某个时间或某个动作之前已经完成的动作，或者表示过去某个时间开始一直延续到过去另
6、一 个时间的动作。He said that the group had written him a letter and asked him to go there for an intervier.将来完成时用来表示在将来某时间以前已经完成的动作I am sure he will have left Tokyo by this time tomorrow.考试重点that和those有时分别用来代表前面提到的不可数名词和名词复数，以防止重复。而可数名词单 数往往用the one或that one来代替。that可以指上面提到的事情，this指下面要谈的事情。不定代词中，both放在实意动词前
7、，系动词be的后面。every只能跟名词，each可以跟名词也 可以不跟名词。every在代词局部要出现当每隔讲。few, a few, many修饰或指代可数名词，little, a little, much修饰或指代不可数名词。few, little表示否认。one the other, some others, the othersit用法重点就是强调句。it作为形式宾语时不接is.代词局部的难点之一是名词型物主代词与形容词型物主代词的区别。顾名思义，形容词型物主 代词起的是形容词的作用，在句子中只能作定语，名词型物主代词起的是名词的作用，代替上文出 现的名词，在句子中一般作主语、宾语、
8、表语等。Lets clean their room first andlater.A. our B. us C. we D. ours(答案为D, ours相当于our room.)代词局部的主要考核点是不定代词。如some, any, few, a few, little, a little, many, much, one, none, all, both, either, neither, each, every, other, another,以及 some, any, no, every 与body, one, thing构成的合成代词。(1)泛指与特指。如：another, oth
9、er, others 是泛指，the other, the others 是特指。(2)肯定与否认。如：afew, a little, either, some及其合成代词表示肯定，few, little, none, neither, any及其合成代词表示否认。(3)可数与不可数。如：few, a few, many, one修饰或指代可数名词，little, a little, much 修饰或指代不可数名词。代词局部的另一个考核点是it.it可以代替上文出现的单数事物。The picture was changed while drawn from memory as it passe
10、d through the class. (it 指代 the picture.)it takes sb. some time to dosth.花费某人多长时间做某事It takes half an hour or so to walk to the bus stop.He made it plain that he was annoyed with me.it还可以构成强调句型，即“It is/was +被强调的局部+ that”。当强调的局部是人，并且是主 语时，that可以换成who .强调句去掉it is/was与that即成为普通的句子。It was last night that
11、 I saw you in the restaurant.It was she who / that suggested that he go toNew Yorkin order to get a direct flight.基本句型英语的基本句型有五种：1 .主语+谓语动词(不及物动词)o如：Time flies.2 .主语+谓语动词+宾语。如：He understands English.3,主语+谓语动词+表语。如：This is an English dictionary.4 .主语+谓语动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。： Ishowed her my pictures.5 .主语+谓语动
12、词+宾语+宾语补足语。如：Mary had her hair cut yesterday.句子的分类一、按用途分类：句子按用途分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。二、按结构分类(-)简单句：只包含一个主谓结构，而句子各个成分都由单词或短语构成的句子叫做简单句。如： Im going to the Great Wall tomorrow.（-）并列句：包含两个或两个以上互不依从的简单句的句子叫并列句。并列句中的分句通常用逗 号、分号或并列连词连接起来。如：Id like to travel in the holidays,but my wife insists on going to her p
13、arents home.（三）复合句.同位语从句：同位语从句常位于idea, fact, news, fear, belief, doubt, proof, evidence等名词后 面，对这些名词作进一步解释。同位语从句大多由关联词that引导（that不可以省略）。如：The fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stolen.Have you heard the news that we will have a picnic next week ?There can be no doubt that my brother is
14、 qualified for the job.Where did you get the idea that the class would be cancelled ?1 .定语从句定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句是句子不可缺少的一局部，没有它，句子不能成立，或意思不清楚，不说明问题。非限定性定语从句只对其修饰的局部作进一步的说明，没有它句子其他局部仍然可以成立。非限 定性定语从句常用逗号与前面的局部隔开。1）修饰人的定语从句who主语/宾语（口语中，可省略），that主语/宾语（可省略，前面不能有介词），whom宾语 （前面没有介词时可省略），whose定语Do
15、 you know the person to whom he is talking ?Do you know the person （whom/that） he is talking to ?He is the man （who/whom/that） you can rely on.He is the man on whom you can rely.Do you know the woman who （that） is watching TV ?Youre the only one whose advice he might listen to.The girls whose names
16、were called stood up.Here is the man （whom/that） youve been looking for.He is a man on whom you can safely depend.2）修饰物的定语从句如果修饰的词是物，而它在定语从句中做主语，那么可以用that和which.如果修饰的词是物，而它在定语从句中做宾语，那么可以用that （可省略，前面不能有介词）和 which （前面没有介词时可省略）。whose后接名词做定语。She wasnt on the train which /that arrived just now.The dog w
17、hich/that was lost has been found.This is the question about which weve had so much discussion.This is the question （that/which） weve had so much discussion about.The novel （that/which） he recommended is worth reading, （be worth doing ；值得做某事）当定语从句修饰的词是不定代词，如anybody,nobody,nothing等，或是有only,very,形容词最高
18、级 等修饰的名词时，从句的关联词往往用that,that作从句的主语或宾语，作宾语时常被省略。Is there anything （that） I can do for you ?All （that） you have to do is to close the door and wait for him.This is one of the easiest questions that do not need answering.There is no one in the world who/that does not make a mistake.3）修饰时间、地点、原因的定语从句修饰时
19、间的用when,相当于相当于“介词+ which”，在句中做状语。修饰地点的用where,相当于相当于“介词+which” ,在句中做状语。修饰原因的一般情况下跟的都是reason,用why关联词引导定语从句。He came last night when I was going to bed.I know of a place where we can have lunch.Shes going home where she can rest.Do you know the reason why I left early ?Theres no reason why he should do
20、so.4）非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句中不能用关联词that.修饰人时用who,whose,whom ；修饰 物时用which,whose ；修饰地点和时间的名词，且作状语时分别用where,when.如：Water,which is a clear liquid,has many uses.Our guide,who is a Chinese,is an excellent cook.They will fly to Boston,where they can plan to stay for four days,and then go to New York.He picked up
21、 the book,the cover of which had been torn, （tear-tore-torn 撕裂、撕碎）He is our English teacher,whose wife is a manager in a big firm.非限定性定语从句还可以修饰整个句子，关联词只能用which.The activity was postponed,which was exactly what we wanted.They have invited me to attend the party,which is very kind of them.限定型定语从句，如果修饰
22、物并做宾语，前面又有介词，只能用which.但是如果定语从句修饰的是 不定代词，或是0nM very以及形容词最高级，只能用that,在非限定性定语从句中修饰物只能用 which,修饰人只能用who.如果非限定性定语从句修饰整个句子，关联词只能用which。as也可以弓| 导定语从句，多和such连用。如：Boy as he was,he was chosen king.He was in such a fury as I have never seen.Lets discuss only such questions as concerneachof us.2 .状语从句：状语从句可以用来表
23、示时间、地点、条件、原因、目的、结果、行为方式、比拟、让步1）时间状语从句：常用的关联词有 when,whenever,before,after,while,as,once （一旦）until, （ever） since,as soon as等。时间和条件状语从句中表示将来的情况通常用一般现在时。2）地点状语从句：关联词有where和wherever.如：Sit down wherever you like.Put it where you found it.3）条件状语从句：关联词有if,unless,as/so long as （只要）,in case （万一）等。如：As/So long
24、 as we dont give up,we are bound to succeed, （be bound to dosth.注定要做某事 ；give up 放弃）In case lgorget,please remind me of that. （remind sb. ofsth.提醒某人做某事）If it snows tomorrow,we will stay at home.I will do anything as long as it is interesting.4）原因状语从句：关联词有because,as （由于，因为）,since （由于，既然）,now that （既然）
25、/that 等。As I didnt know the way,I asked a policeman.Since no one is against,well adopt the proposal.Seeing that shes ilshes unlikely to come.Not that I dislike the work,but that I have no time.because,as since,for “因为”时的区别：a.because语气最强，用以回答why引导的问句。它可和强调词only, just以及否认词not连用， 其所引导的从句常位于主句之后，只有强调时才置
26、于主句之前。Because从句还可以用于强调结构， 如 It was because I wanted to see my mother that I went to Beijing last month. （It wasthat/ It is - that）b.as语气较弱，较口语化，所表的原因比拟明显，或是的事实，所以不用强调。As从句之 前不可用强调句和not,也不可用于强调结构。As从句多置于主句之前。c.since的语气也比拟弱，常表示对方的事实，往往相当于汉语的“既然”。它和as 一样， 其前也不可用强调词和not,也不可用强调结构。d.for和上述三个附属连词不同，它是一个等立连
27、词，比拟文气。它有时可用来作附加说明，Wemust get rid of carelessness,for it。代en leads to errors.我们一定要克服粗枝大叶的毛病，因为这常导致 错误。5）目的状语从句：关联词有so thatjn order that,for fear that （以免）,incase （以免）等。Speak clearly so that they may understand you.He spoke slowly in order that everyone should understand.Ive got the key in case we wa
28、nt to go inside.6）结果状语从句：关联词有so that,sothat,suchthat等。such+名词，so+形容词，副词。Its such a good chance that we cant miss it.He was so angry that he could not speak.Everybody lent a hand so that the work was finished ahead of time.7）方式状语从句：关联词主要有as （正如）和as ifas though.He looks as if hes tired.I did just as y
29、ou told me.8 ）让步状语从句：关联词有 though,although,as （虽然）,even if,even though,no matter,whatever,however 等。Though I am fond of music,! cant play any instrument, （be fond of 喜爱）Although it is difficult,well do it.Whatever you say,I dont believe you.as弓|导让步状语从句时，句子需要倒装。Try as you may,you will never succeed.Yo
30、ung as she is,she is already familiar with most of the stories.（be familiar with 对熟悉；be similar to 和相似）Old as I am,I can still climb the mountain.9）比拟状语从句：关联词主要有than和as （像一样）。复合句局部除了应注意根据句子意思的需要选择恰当的关联词外，还应注意以下几点：（1）所有的从句都要用陈述句的句序。如：l.They want to knowdo to help us.A. what can they B. what they canC
31、. how they can D. how can they （答案 B）2 .Excuse me,sir. Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station ?（2）时间及条件状语从句，even if. even though引导的让步状语从句，往往用一般现在时表示将来 的情况，主句用一般将来时。l.We promise that we will meet again after weour college education in three years time.A. finish B. will finish C. have fi
32、nished D. will have finished （答案 A）2.If Mary,tell her Ill call her back as soon as I return.A. call B. calls C. called D. is going to call （答案 B）3 .Even if ittomorrow,the sports meet will take place.A. will rain B. rains C. rain D. has rained （take place 举行；答案 B）（3） what和that的区别what可以引导主语、宾语、表语从句，在从
33、句中作主语或宾语，有其具体的含义。that可以引导主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语从句，在前四种从句中that没有任何具体的含 义，也不充当从句的任何成分，所以当从句意义和结构完整时，关联词往往选择that.1 .we will do next is still under discussion.A. That B. When C. Where D. What （答案 D）2 .He found at lasthe had been looking for.A. that B. what C. where D. which （答案 B）3 .He was overcome by the fear
34、he had lung cancer.A. which B. what C. that D. of （答案 C）4 .The doctor insists that my brother give up smoking.that在定语从句中可以指代先行词，表示人或物，作从句的主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略，但不 能置于介词之后。领先行词为不定代词，或有only,very,first或形容词最高级修饰时，定语从句的主 语或宾语一般需用thato that不可以引导非限定性定语从句。1.1 need a coat that / which is both warm and light in weig
35、ht.1.15 this the boy （whom / that） you were looking for ?3 .At first the old man seemed unwilling to accept anythingwas offered him by my friend and me.A. that B. which C. what D. it （答案 A）.This is the very factory _we visited for the firsttime in 1996.A. where B. which C. that D. what （答案 C）.More a
36、nd more young people like playing football,isan exciting game.（答案 B）A. what B. which C. that D. because（4） when和where在定语从句中可以分别指代先行词所表示的时间和地点，但在从句只能作状语， 往往可以与“介词+ which”结构互换。1. Istill remember the placeour class once did some field work.（答案 C）A. there B. which C. where D. when2. We visited the house
37、 where / in which LuXunlived inShanghai.3. Istill remember the yearl first came to this beautiful city.（答案 D）A. which B. in which C. when D. Both B and C一、强调句（参见it的用法）强调句型由“It is （was） +被强调的成份（主语、宾语、状语）+ that”构成，当被强调的主语 表示人时，that可以用who替代，谓语在人称和数上应与主语保持一致。It ishe who speaks English fluently.It was no
38、t until midnight that he went to sleep last night.二、倒装句句子在以下场合往往用倒装的句序：1 .以here,there开头的句子。Here comes the bus.2 .以so,nor,neither引导的倒装句。如果前一个句子是肯定句，后边用so来引导倒装，这种句子是局部倒转：助动词+主语+正常语序。 如果前一个句子是否认句，后边用nor或neither引导，结构同so。倒装句在时态上应与前面的句子 保持一致，助动词的单复数应与主语保持一致。If you can do it,so canl.I like watch football m
39、atches,so does my brother.If you wont go,neither will he.My sister doesnt like potatoes,nor dol.3 . “only+状语（从句）”，否认或具有否认意义的词位于句首作状语或引导状语从句的句子。Only in this way can you hope to improve your English.Not only did he show himself as a good student,but he also proved himself a good athlete.Scarcely had I
40、 sat down when I heard the telephone rang, （scarcely- when=asaoonas）Hardly had he arrived in the city when he heard the bad news, （hardlywhen=as soon as）No sooner had he come home than he was asked to start on another journey, （no soonerthan=as soon as）现在完成进行时表示从过去某一个时间开始一直延续要现在的动作，这个动作可能刚刚结束，或者可能要继
41、续进行下去。 She has been working in Guangzhou since 1985.过去完成进行时表示过去某个时间以前已经开始而又延续到过去这个时间的动作。可能刚刚停止，也可能还在继续。He told me that he had been a teacher of physics for more than twenty years.在表示时间或条件关系的主从复合句中，遵照“主将从现”原那么，主句用将来时态，从句用现在时态。被动语态助动词be +及物动词的过去分词含有情态动词：情态动词+ be +及物动词的过去分词例：They will widen （扩展）the roa
42、d.The road will be widened.f时态进行时态完成时态现在am/is/are askedam/is/are being askedhas/have been asked过去was/we re askedwas/were being askedhad been asked将来shall/will be askedshall/will have been asked过去将来should/would be askedshould/would have been asked情态动词的被动语态：一般式：情态动词(can, could, may, might, must, shoul
43、d, need 等)+ be + 过去分词 完成式:情态动词(can, could, may, might, must, should, need 等)+ have been + 过去分词 例：This can be done by hand.这可以手工做。The project might have been completes earlier.这项工程本可以早些完工的。虚拟语气用来表示非真实的假设，表示命令、建议或说话人的主观愿望if引导的虚拟条件句的主从句谓语形式。（请记住下面这个表格，非常重要）具体情况条件从句中的谓动形式主句中的谓动形式与过去事实相反的假设had done （过去完成
44、时 态）would (should, could, might) have done与现在事实相反的假设或发生 的可能性不大did （过去式）/ be 般用werewould (should, could, might) do与将来事实可能相反的假设 （通常句中有一个表将来的时 间状语）did (过去式)should do (“万一”之意)3 w to dowould (should, could, might) do违背现在事实过去式should / would / could / might +动词原形If the manager werehere,he might make a deci
45、sion immediately违背过去事实had +过去分词should / would / could / might + have +过去分词I could have done it better if I had been more careful违背将来事实should +动词原形should / would / could / might +动词原形were +动词不定式(were to +动词原形)Ifit should rain tomorrow, what could wedo?混合虚拟句条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作，在时间上不一致，动词形式需要调整If you had
46、 taken the medicine yesterday, you would be well nowQ在以下结构的主语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气It is necessary / imperative / important / essential / advisable thatIt is proposed / desired / requested / suggested / recommended / demanded / decided / arranged that suggest, order, ask , demand / command , request, require
47、 etc.这些动词的宾语从句用虚拟句， 在这些 动词后面的宾语从句中，助动词一律是should。It is (It was ) important,其后的主语从句用虚拟语气,助动词用should。It is important that we(should)learncomputer.Wish+ (that)从句，通常表示不可能实现的愿望。表示现在的动作或状态时，从句中的动词用过去时; 表示过去的动作或状态时，从句中的动词用had +过去分词。但是，从句中动词用would (might )+动 词原形时，表示现在或将来有可能实现的愿望。I wish I knew a little contra
48、ctlaw.但愿我知道一点合同法(我不知道)I wish you would cometomorrow.我希望你明天能来(有可能来)As if/as thought弓I导的状语从句(或表语从句)中，常用虚拟语气。如果从句表示的意思与现在事实相反，谓语动词那么应使用过去式；如果从句表示的意思与过去事实相反，谓语动词那么使用had +过去分词的形式。It is (high) time (that)句型中,应使用虚拟语气，定语从句中的谓语动词用过去式(be 用 were) 或 should+动词原形，should不能省略，也不能用would替代，该结构表示“(现在)该做某事了”。It is time that we planted t