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1、附录:外文资料与中文翻译外文资料：Comparing mixing performance of uniaxial and biaxial bin blenders Amit Mehrotra and Fernando J. MuzzioDepartment of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08855, United StatesReceived 17 February 2009;revised 30 May 2009;accepted 14 June 2009.Avail
2、able online 27 June 2009.AbstractThe dynamics involved in powder mixing remains a topic of interest for many researchers; however the theory still remains underdeveloped. Most of the mixers are still designed and scaled up on empirical basis. In many industries, including pharmaceutical, the majorit
3、y of blending is performed using tumbling mixers”. Tumbling mixers are hollow containers which are partially loaded with materials and rotated for some number of revolutions. Some common examples include horizontal drum mixers, v- blenders, double cone blenders and bin blenders. In all these mixers
4、while homogenization in the direction of rotation is fast, mediated by a convective mixing process, mixing in the horizontal (axial) direction, driven by a dispersive process, is often much slower. In this paper, we experimentally investigate a new tumbling mixer that rotates with respect to two axe
5、s: a horizontal axis (tumbling motion), and a central symmetry axis (spinning motion). A detailed study is conducted on mixing performance of powders and the effect of critical fundamental parameters including blender geometry, speed, fill level, presence of baffles, loading pattern, and axis of rot
6、ation. In this work Acetaminophen is used as the active pharmaceutical ingredient and the formulation contains commonly used excipients such as Avicel and Lactose. The mixing efficiency is characterized by extracting samples after pre-determined number of revolutions, and analyzing them using Near I
7、nfrared Spectroscopy to determine compositionalFig. 7. curves for side-side loading experiments with 60% fill level. RSD is plotted as a function of number of revolutions. Dotted lines correspond to experiments in the while solid lines represent data points from the 2.Subsequently, experiments were
8、performed using the blender 2 at three rotation speeds: 15 rpm, 20 rpm and 30 rpm, and as explained before, the corresponding spinning speeds were 7.5 rpm, 10 rpm and 15 rpm. Fill level considered for both side-side and top-bottom loading was 60%.Again, it was observed that varying rotation and spin
9、ning speeds did not make much difference in mixing rate. As shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7, mixing curves for blender 2 vary only slightly with rotation speed. For the top-bottom loading pattern it appears that mixing improves slightly when rotation speed is increased (the plateau is slightly lower for
10、higher rotation speeds, indicating an improvement in the levels of asymptotic homogeneity), but no significant changes with speed are observed in side-side loading pattern.The blending performance of both blenders is compared at different rotation speeds for both side-side and top-bottom loading pat
11、terns. To make a fair comparison, the fill level was kept as 60% for both blenders, a condition for which both blenders achieve effective mixing at long enough times. Due to geometric similarity of the two blenders, this comparison help evaluate the effect of spin (rotation with respect to the centr
12、al symmetry axis) on mixing performance. As shown in Fig. 6, the mixing curves for the blender 2 lie below those for the blender 1 for each rotation rate, indicating faster mixing. Note that the final RSD asymptoteio reached for both blenders is also different, with the blender 2 showing a lower asy
13、mptote (better final mixed state, presumably due to a lesser effect of the slow mixing mode in the horizontal direction) than blender 1.Similar results were obtained for the side-side loading pattern, as displayed in Fig. 7. The RSD curves for the blender 1 for all the three rotation rates lie above
14、 the blender 2. It is therefore confirmed that spinning a blender in direction perpendicular to the rotation axis helps in enhancing mixture homogeneity; however, for the materials examined here, the rotation rate does not have much effect on mixing performance.Finally, a comparison is made between
15、the two loading patterns for both blenders. Again, to achieve a fair comparison, all experiments are performed at 15 rpm and 60% fill level. As evident in Fig. 8, in both blenders top-bottom loading gives a more rapid decay of the RSD, indicating faster homogenization as compared to side-side loadin
16、g pattern. However, for both loading modes, blender 2 achieves faster homogenization.Fig. 8. Comparison between the mixing curves of the blender 2 and the blender 1 for top-bottom and side-side loading pattern. Dotted lines correspond to experiments in the blender 1, while solid lines represent data
17、 points from the blender 2. Experiments are performed at 15 rpm with 60% fill level.As reported in previous studies, all the RSD curves in this paperexhibit a common trend with respect to time, characterized by aninitial period of rapid homogenization due to convective mixing,followed by a period of
18、 much slower homogenization typicallycontrolled by dispersion or shear. This trend is shown schematically inFig. 9. The first regime is a fast exponential decay and the second one11is a slow exponential asymptote to a limiting plateau. The first partrepresents a rapid reduction in heterogeneity driv
19、en by the bulk flow(convection); the slope of the RSD curve, in semi-logarithmiccoordinates, is the convective mixing rate. The second part isdriven by individual particle motion (dispersion) or by the slowerosion of API agglomerates due to shear.Fig. 9. A typical mixing plot, with RSD plotted again
20、st number of revolutions. The two solid lines emphasize on the two distinctive mixing regimes.When only one mixing mechanism is present (a situation that can be achieved by careful control of the initial loading pattern), a simple mass-transfer model, represented in Eq. (1) can be used, as in past s
21、tudies 14, to capture the evolution of the RSD in powder systems. In this model, an exponential curve decaying towards a plateau is fitted to the mixing curves, where。is the standard deviation,。00 the final standard deviation, A is an integration constant,入 signifies the mixing rate constant, and N
22、is the number of revolutions. This model predicts that the experimental variance will decay exponentially with time as it approaches the random mixture state. In order to characterize numerically the mixing rate/5 X has to be computed fbr each blending experiment.)oo 00 = Ae一九NThe values for paramet
23、ers A and 入 are calculated by minimizing the sum of squares of errors between the data and an exponential function. The value of final standard deviation (o ) is taken as the lowest value of the variance achieved in the mixing studies. The values fbr Z are computed fbr blending experiments with diff
24、erent percentage fill, and loading pattern and the results are plotted in Fig. 10 and Fig. 11. As shown in Fig. 10, the mixing rate constant decreases with12increase in percentage fill level. A broader comparison with two other bin blenders is provided in Fig. 11, which displays the mixing rate for
25、the blender 2, for the blender 1 with and without baffles, and for a commercially available rectangular blender. The figure also illustrates the effect of loading pattern on these four bin blenders, all of them rotated at 20 rpm. It is evident that blender 2 with dual axis of rotation has the highes
26、t mixing rate constant of the entire group. For all blenders used in this study, there is also an effect of loading pattern on mixing; it was found that top-bottom loading pattern gives better mixing performance than side-side loading.Fig. 10. Mixing performance was evaluated at three different fill
27、 levels for blender 2. Experiments were performed at 60%, 70% and 80% fill levels at 15 rpm with top-bottom loading. Mixing rate constant (X) values is plotted as a function of fill level and found to increase with decrease in fill level.Fig. 11. Mixing performance of bin blenders along with loading
28、 pattern are compared at 20 rpm with 60% fill level. Mixing rate constant (X) values plotted fbr different loading patterns in bin blenders with and without baffle and as shown above, blender 2Fig. 1113givers a better mixing performance as compared to blender 1. There is also a pronounced effect of
29、loading pattern, and regardless of the blender used, top-bottom loading always gives a better performance compared to side-side.4. ConclusionThe effects of fill level, mixing time, loading pattern and axis of rotation on the mixing performance of a free-flowing matrix of Fast Flo lactose and Avicel
30、102, containing a moderately cohesive API, micronized Acetaminophen was examined. Blending performance was found to be adversely affected at increasing fill levels. Top-bottom loading pattern was shown to lead to better mixing performance than side-side loading pattern. It was also confirmed that sp
31、inning a blender in direction perpendicular to the rotation axis helps in enhancing mixture homogeneity. A mathematical mixing model was utilized to compare mixing rates at different fill levels, blender types and loading pattern. It was shown that mixing rates were enhanced at low fill levels, top-
32、bottom loading patterns, and for blender with dual axis of rotation.ReferencesB.H. Kaye, Powder Mixing: Chapman & Hall.1 K. Sommer, Statistics of mixedness with unequal particle sizes, Journal of Powder and Bulk Technology 3 (4) (1979), pp. 10-14. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (1)Fernan
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34、on to the coating of pharmaceutical tablets in rotary drums, Powder Technology 130 (2003), pp. 174-180. Article | PDF (216 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (17)G.R. Woodie and J.M. Munro, Particle motion and mixing in a rotary kiln, Powder Technology 76 (1997), pp. 241-247.3 P.J.T. Mi
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39、in blender, Powder Technology 161 (2006), pp. 202-208. Article | PDF (486 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus(17)Albert Alexander, Troy Shinbrot, Barbara Johnson and Fernando J. Muzzio, V- blender segregation patterns for free-flowing materials: effects of blender capacity and fill level
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41、r Technology 126 (2002), pp. 191-200. Article | PDF (432 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (29)P.E. Arraita, Nhat-hang Duong, FJ. Muzzio, P. Godbole and S. Reynolds, A study of the mixing and segregation mechanisms in the Bohle Tote blender via DEM simulations, Powder Technology 164 (2
42、006), pp. 50-57.15中文翻译：搅拌性能比拟单轴和双轴搅拌机阿米特Mehrotra和费尔南多j的Muzzio化工系与生化工程，罗格斯大学，皮斯卡塔韦，新泽西州，08855, 美国收到2009年2月17日；修订09年5月30日；接受09年6月14日。可在线2009年6月27日。摘要所涉及的粉末混合动力仍然是许多研究者感兴趣的话题，但是仍 然落后的理论。该混频器大多仍设计，规模化的实证基础上。在 许多行业，包括医药，大多数的混合是使用“翻滚混频器滚 筒搅拌机是局部加载的材料和一些圈数旋转中空容器。一些常见 的例子包括水平滚筒搅拌机，V型混合机，双锥混合机和bin搅拌 机。在所有这些混
43、频器而在同质化是快速旋转方向，由对流混合 过程介导的，在水平（轴向）方向色散过程驱动，混合，往往是 慢得多。在本论文中，我们探讨一种新的翻滚实验搅拌机，关于 两个轴旋转：一个（翻滚动作）水平轴，中心对称轴（旋转运动）。 进行详细研究的粉末混合性能和关键参数的影响，包括搅拌器的 基本几何形状，速度，补平，挡板的存在，加载模式和旋转轴。 在这项工作中对乙酰氨基酚用作活性药物成分和配方包含如常用 Avicel和乳糖辅料。混合效率的特点，通过提取后，预先确定样16品的转数来分析和近红外光谱技术，以确定成分的分布。结果显 示过程变量包括粉末混合均匀性的旋转轴的重要性。图形抽象所涉及的粉末混合动力仍然是许
44、多研究者感兴趣的话题，但是仍 然落后的理论。该混频器大多仍设计，规模化的实证基础上。在 许多行业，包括医药，大多数的混合是使用“翻滚混频器在 所有这些混频器而在同质化是快速旋转方向，由对流混合过程介 导的，在水平（轴向）方向色散过程驱动，混合，往往是慢得多。在本论文中，我们探讨一种新的翻滚实验搅拌机，关于两个轴旋 转：一个（翻滚动作）水平轴，中心对称轴（旋转运动）。AA关键词：粉末混合;凝聚力;搅拌机，混合机，相对标准偏差;近 红外;对乙酰氨基酚17文章概要1 .简介.材料和方法2. 1.近红外光谱3. 2.滨本研究使用搅拌器：单轴搅拌机（果汁机1）,双向轴向搅拌机（搅拌机2）2 . 3.实验
45、方法.结果3 .结论参考文献181 .简介粒子混合是在多种应用的必要步骤，横跨陶瓷，食品，玻璃，冶 金，聚合物，医药等行业。尽管历史悠久，混合干燥固体（或因 为它可能）比拟小,是它知的机制,涉及1, 2和小。阿批工 业搅拌机常见的类型是翻滚的搅拌机，其中谷物由重力和旋转组 合船只流量。虽然翻滚搅拌这些设备是在一个非常常见的设备， 混合和别离的机制尚未完全了解，对于混合设备的设计主要是实 证方法的基础。玻璃杯是最常见的一批工业搅拌机，并在应用中 找到无数用烘干机，窑炉，镀膜机，研磨机和粉碎机4 5 6 7 80虽然在旋转鼓自由流动的材料已被广泛地研究这些系统 9和10,凝聚力颗粒流仍然没有完全理
46、解。知之甚少的基本几 何参数，如搅拌机，速度的影响，补平，在场的挡板，装上的凝 聚力粉末或设备的比例要求，混合性能模式和旋转轴。然而，传统的酒杯，围绕水平轴旋转，都有一个重要的特点：而 在同质化是快速旋转方向，由对流混合过程介导的，在水平（轴 向）方向色散过程驱动，混合，是往往慢得多。在本论文中，我们探讨一种新的翻滚实验搅拌机，关于两个轴旋 转：一个（翻滚动作）水平轴，中心对称轴（旋转运动）。我们研 究的填充水平的影响，搅拌时间，装上了一个快速弗洛乳糖自由 流动矩阵和Avicel 102混合性能模式和旋转轴，含中等凝聚力的 API,微粉扑热息痛。我们使用广泛的特点，通过跟踪取样对乙酰 氨基酚的
47、同质性进化利用近红外光谱检测方法搅拌。材料和方法 后，在第2局部所述，结果显示在第3,结论和建议，这些建议随 后在第四节的。19 distribution. Results show the importance of process variables including the axis of rotation on homogeneity of powder blends.Graphical abstractThe dynamics involved in powder mixing remains a topic of interest for many researchers; ho
48、wever the theory still remains underdeveloped. Most of the mixers are still designed and scaled up on empirical basis. In many industries, including pharmaceutical, the majority of blending is performed using tumbling mixers”. In all these mixers while homogenization in the direction of rotation is
49、fast, mediated by a convective mixing process, mixing in the horizontal (axial) direction, driven by a dispersive process, is often much slower. In this paper, we experimentally investigate a new tumbling mixer that rotates with respect to two axes: a horizontal axis (tumbling motion), and a central symmetry axis (spinning motion).Keywords:Powder mixing ; Cohesion; Blender ; Mixer; Relative st