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1、GrammarNon-restrictive relative clauses语法导学 感悟规律重点难点剖析、语法感知感知以下课文原句，完成方框下的小题1. . This year s Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Tu Youyou(co-winner), whose research led to the discovery of artemisinin， a crucial new treatment for malaria.2. In the beginning, Tu Youyou went to
2、 Hainan, where malaria was more common, to study malaria patients.3. From their research, they discovered and tested 380 distinct ancient Chinese medical treatments that showed promise in the fight against malaria.4. Using a lower temperature to draw out the extract, she found a substance that worke
3、d.5. Later, the medicine was tested on malaria patients, most of whom recovered.6. This medicine, which was called artemisinin, soon became a standard treatment for malaria.1 .句1、2、5、6是非限制性定语从句,句3、4是限制性定语从句。2 .句1中的关系词在定语从句中作定适。3 .句2中的关系词在定语从句中作地点状语。4 .句3、4、5、6中的关系词在定语从句中作卦直。巴语法精析一、非限制性定语从句的用法非限制性定语从
4、句与先行词的关系并不十分密切，只是对主句的内容或先行词进行补充、 解释或附加说明，缺少也不会影响对全句的理解。它与主句或先行词之间一般用逗号隔开， 常常单独翻译，没有它，主句意思仍然完整。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有as, which, who, whom, whose等，作定语从句的主语、宾语、表语及定语。关系副词有when, where 等，作定语从句的状语。关系代词和关系副词在非限制性定语从句中一般不能省略，注意： that, why不用来引导非限制性定语从句。The sun, which rises in the east, gives us heat and light.太阳从东
5、方升起，带给我们光和热。二、非限制性定语从句应注意的问题.关系代词as和which关系代词as和which既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。as在从句 中作主语或宾语，as引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插 入主句中；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可指代主 句的整个内容。As is known to everybody, the moon travels around the earth.众所周知，月球绕着地球转。The weather turned out to be very good, which was m
6、ore than we could expect.出乎我们意料的是，天气变得非常好。(2)当定语从句放在主句后面时,as也并非永远等于whicho当定语从句是否认句或表示否认时只能用whichoHe came here very late, which was unexpected.让人没想到的是，他来得非常晚。当as在从句中作主语时，后面常接动词的被动语态，如：be known, be said, be reported, be announced等。如果从句中的动词是主动语态，一般用which作主语。She has been absent again, as is expected.她又缺
7、席了，这在意料之中。Tom has made great progress, which makes me very happy.汤姆取得了很大进步，这使我很高 兴。as 常用在 as seems likely, as often happens, as was said earlier, as I remember, as I understand, as appears等结构中,意思是“正如oJack has won the first prize, as often happens.正如经常发生的那样，杰克得了一等奖。She has read widely in Romantic lit
8、erature, as appears from her essay.她广泛涉猎了浪漫主义文学，这从她的文章中可以看出来。as仍然保持作连词时常用的含义，意思是“和一样”。David is very tall, as are my brothers.戴维很高，我的兄弟们也一样高。1 .大多数关系代词和关系副词均可引导限制性和非限制性定语从句，但that 一般不用来引导 非限制性定语从句。误： Wang Fang passed her exam, that surprised me a great deal.正： Wang Fang passed her exam, which surprise
9、d me a great deal.王芳通过了考试，这让我很吃惊。2 .关系代词的省略情况。不同的关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省略，而在非限 制性定语从句中，所有的关系词均不可省略。This is the pen (which/that) I bought yesterday.这是我昨天买的钢笔。The pen, which I bought yesterday, has been given to my friend.我昨天买的笔，现已送给我的朋友了。3 . “介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句“介词+关系代词”既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。“介词+ whi
10、ch” 有时还可以与关系副词where, when, why等互换；“介词+ whom/whose”在定语从句中没 有与之对应的关系词可替代。He came to a farm, on which（where） he finally settled down.他来到一个农场，并最终在那里定 居。三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的不同限制性定语从句常紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后，主、从句之间不用逗号隔开；而非限制 性定语从句与先行词之间常用逗号隔开，并且as引导的非限制性定语从句还可放在主句之 .上乙 刖。His friend who works in Beijing visited him
11、yesterday.（限制性定语从句）His father, who works in Beijing, returned yesterday.（非限制性定语从句）As you know, I don t like going out at weekends.（非限制性定语从句）限制性定语从句的先行词一般为单个名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词既可以是 单个的名词或代词，也可以是整个句子。He studied hard at school when he was young, which led to his success in his later life.（3）that可用来引导限制
12、性定语从句，但一般不用来引导非限制性定语从句；引导限制性定语 从句的关系代词，如果在从句中作宾语，口语中常可以省略；引导非限制性定语从句的关系 代词，即使在从句中作宾语，一般也不省略。His English, which used to be very poor, is now excellent.（句中 which 不可换成 that）This morning I met Tom, whom I hadn t seen for ages.（句中 whom 般不省略）（4）翻译时限制性定语从句通常被翻译到先行词的前面，而非限制性定语从句常常单独译成一 句话放在主句之后，用来补充说明主句。The
13、 new bicycle which my brother rides was bought this year.（限制性定语从句）我哥哥骑着的那辆新自行车是今年买的。My brother rides a new bike, which was bought this year.（非限制性定语从句）我哥哥骑着一辆新自行车，这辆自行车是今年买的。达标检测 当堂检测基础达标演练 I.单句语法填空Mr Smith, whose native language is English, can speak Chinese fluently.1. We will be shown around the c
14、ity, schools and some other places, where other visitors seldom go.2. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year,80% of which are sold abroad.3. As is known to alL Madame Curie won the Nobel Prize twice for her great scientific discoveries.4. This is Mr Smith, who I think has some
15、thing interesting to tell you.5. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which, of course, made the others unhappy.6. I have invited some friends to the party, most of whom are from abroad.7. There are two buildings, the larger of which stands nearly a hundred feet high.8. The ch
16、ildren, who wanted to play football, were disappointed when it rained.9. His likes Paris, where he has lived for a long time.IL完成句子Last week I passed the examination, which was important.上周我通过了考试，那是很重要的考试。10. Tom sold his house, which made his father very angry.汤姆卖掉了他的房子，这（件事）使他的父亲很生气。11. The professor has two sons, both of whom are teaching in the same university.教授有两个儿子，他们都在同一所大学教书。12. As we all know, he studies very hard.正如我们所知，他学习非常刻苦。13. We will put off the outing until next week, when we won t be so busy.我们要把远足延期到下周，那时我们就不会这么忙了。