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1、【本章重点难点】Hot words and hot phrases常用词及常用词组1It takes a very usual mind to undertake the analysis of the obvious(P.1)动词undertake及形容词obvious的用法2Each group member represents a branch of science(P.2)动词represent及名词branch的用法3Scan the text to answer the following questions(P.3)动词scan的词义及用法4Imagine this：you a
2、re twenty-one years old and a promising graduate student at one of the top universities in the world(P.3)promising在此句中的意思，graduate作动词、名词的用法5Yet two years had gone by and I was not that much worse(P.3)动词go by的词义及用法6In fact，things were going rather well for me and I had gotten engaged to a very nice g
3、irl，Jane Wilde(P.3)动词engage的词义及用法7Since then，Hawking has continued to seek answers to questions about the nature of the universe(P.3)动词seek的词义及用法8Scientists.know that their job is never finished and that even the best theory can turn out to be wrong(P.4)动词短语turn out的词义及用法9First，they carefully observ
4、e what they are interested in(P.4)动词observe的词义及用法10Finally，the scientists test the theory to see if it matches what they have seen and if it can predict future events(P.4)动词match和predict的词义及用法11The Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei was so curious that he invented both a microscope.(P.7)形容词curious的词
5、义及用法。12By asking why，how and what if，curious minds find new ideas and solutions(P.7)名词solution的词义及用法13We must also believe in what we do even when others dont(P.7)动词词组believe in及believe的词义及用法的区分。Language points and grammar focus语言点及语法重点ALanguage points语言点1There did not seem much point in working on
6、my PhDI did not expect to survive that long(P.3)句型There be.point in doing sth的句意；that用作副词的词义及用法2Hawking became famous in the early 1970s，when he and American Roger Penrose made new discoveries about the Big Bang black holes(P.3)when用作并列连词时的词义及用法3Science，on the other hand，Hawking writes，know that the
7、ir job is never finished and that even the best theory can turn out to be wrong(P.4)词组on the other hand的词义及用法4People who listen to Hawkings lectures sometimes find it difficult to understand him，.(P.4)代词it用作形式宾语时的各种用法5Everyone has his or her special skills and interests，and only by discovering what
8、we do best can we hope to reach our goals and truly make a difference(P.7)当only引导状语处于句首时，主句要用倒装的语序BGrammar focus语法重点1The simple passive form of the infinitives不定式被动语态的一般形式的内涵及用法2Four functions of the infinitives used as attribute，object and adverbial用作主语、定语、宾语和状语的不定式的四种功能的用法Skills of the four essent
9、ial abilities：listening，speaking，reading and writing听、说、读、写四项根本实力的学习技巧1Listening：Have a good understanding of a long dialogue by grasping the reason why an event happens驾驭某事发生的缘由，很好理解一段较长对话2Speaking：Talk about science and scientists议论科学及科学家3Reading：How to grasp the core of a very long sentence如何抓住一个
10、长句的核心4Writing：How to write a descriptive passage如何写一篇描绘性的短文【难点解析】Hot words and hot phrases常用词及常用词组1It takes a very unusual mind to undertake the analysis of the obvious(P.l)译文：分析明显存在的事情须要非凡的头脑。讲解undertake(undertook；undertaken)有两个意思。to take up or start on(or a piece of work esp. one that is difficult
11、 or need effect)担当(职位)；着手(艰辛工作等)。后常用名词、代词作其宾语。to promise or agree容许；同意。后加不定式或that从句作宾语。例句She undertook responsibility for the accident她担当了这次事故的责任。He undertook to pay back the money within 2 monthsHe undertook that he would pay back the money within 2 months他容许两个月之内还钱。He undertook to be here by 10 oc
12、lockHe undertook that he would be here by 10 oclock.他容许10点前到达。讲解本句中出现的另一个词obvious为形容词，意为“自不待言的；明显的”。obviously adv自不待言地，这类形容词如用定冠词，表示一类事物或人，又如：the rich富人，the disabled残疾人。例句It is obvious that mastering the English language is a must in international trade很明显，在国际贸易中，驾驭英语是必要的。He is obviously mad=It is o
13、bvious that he is mad很明显他疯了。2Each group member represents a branch of science(P.2)译文：每组成员代表着一个科学分支。讲解represent vt意为“代表”，作此义讲时，它的同义词是“stand for”，但stand for不行用于被动语态。例句She represented president in the conference在会议上她代表总统。In Chemistry，O represents Oxygen在化学中O代表氧元素。The rose represents England玫瑰花是英国的象征。Ou
14、r company is represented in China by MrSmith史密斯先生是我公司在中国的代理。讲解branch名词，原意为“树枝”，引申义为“(河流的)支流；(铁路的)支线；(家族的)分支；(公司的)分店、分公司；(组织的)支部”等。例句和例词His uncles branch of the family moved to Shanghai last year在他们这个家族中，他叔叔的那一支去年搬到上海了。The bank has branches in all parts of the country该银行在全国各地都有分行。3Scan the text to an
15、swer the following questions(P.3)译文：阅读课文，答复下列问题。讲解scan(scanned；scanned) vtglance at(e.g. a document)quickly but not very thoroughly匆忙而粗略地看(文件等)；略读。例句She scanned the newspaper over breakfast她吃着早餐把报纸大致地读了一遍。She scanned the list of names to see if hers was on it她扫了一下名单，看自己的名字是否在上面。4Imagine this：you are
16、 twenty-one years old and a promising graduate student at one of the top universities in the world(P.3)译文：想象一下：你21岁，是世界一所顶尖高校的一名很有盼望的高校毕业生。讲解promising形容词意为“大有盼望的；有长进的；有前途的”。该词是promise的同源词。promise作动词或名词时，除了我们较熟识的“承诺”“诺言”，还有其他意思。作动词时，promise还有“预示”的意思。作名词时还有“(有)希望；(有)前途”的意思。例句All of you are promising i
17、f you learn English well假如你们学好英语，你们特别有前途。The results of the first experiment are very promising第一次试验结果充溢了盼望。Its a promising sign那是一个很好的迹象。It promises to be warm this afternoon今日下午有望变暖。The clear sky promises fine weather晴朗的天空预示着好天气。讲解graduate在此句中为名词，意为“毕业生”。当你步入高校校门，一年级时，你被称为freshman；大二时，被称为sophomore
18、；大三时，被称为junior；大四时，被称为senior；当你已根本完成学业，但尚未获得学士学位时，被称为undergraduate；拿到学士学位后，又接着上硕士或博士，那你就被称为postgraduate，graduate作名词时有时也可指硕士或博士探讨生。graduate作动词时，意为“毕业”，后加介词fromat+学校；加介词in+专业；加介词with+学位。例句和例词a graduate nurse一名护士学校毕业的学生a graduate student一名探讨生He graduated in law at Oxford他毕业于牛津高校法学专业。He graduated from B
19、eijing University with a Doctors degree in history他毕业于北京高校，获得史学博士学位。5Yet two years had gone by and I was not that much worse(P.3)译文：然而两年过去了，我的状况却不是那样糟糕。讲解go by有三个词义。to pass(in place or time)(时间)消逝；经过(某处)。be guided by按照；遵循，根据办事。to judge by根据作出推断。作上面、词义讲时不用被动语态。例句A car went by一辆汽车驶过。As time goes bypas
20、ses，all of you have grown into big boys or big girls=With time going bypassing，all of you have grown into big boys or big girls随着时间的消逝，你们都长成大小伙子，大姑娘了。Dont go by that old map；it might be out of date别用那张旧地图，它可能过时了。He always goes by the rules他总是按部就班。Going byJudging by her clothes，she must be very rich根
21、据她的穿着推断，她肯定有钱。6In fact，things were going rather well for me and I had gotten engaged to a very nice girl，Jane Wilde(P.3)译文：事实上，事情开展得还挺顺当，我和一位特别好的女孩简怀尔德订了婚。讲解get engaged to sb意为“及某人订婚”，留意：get为瞬间动词，意为“变成”，所以get engaged to sb不行及表一段时间的时间状语连用。表一段时间时，可用be engaged to sbgetbe married to“及某人结婚”也是如此。牢记本短语的介词t
22、o，不要受汉语影响，误记为with。例句Tom got engaged to Mary 3 weeks ago汤姆和玛丽三周前订了婚。Tom has been engaged to Mary for 3 weeksIt is 3 weeks since Tom got engaged to Mary汤姆和玛丽订婚三周了。7Since then，Hawking has continued to seek answers to questions about the nature of the universe(P.3)译文：自从那时，霍金就始终探求关于宇宙本质问题的答案。讲解seek(sough
23、t，sought，seeking)。seek to do sth(=attempt to do sth=try to do sth=do as much as sbcan to do sth=do as much as possible to do sth=do what sbcan to do sth=make an effort to sth=spare no effort to do sth)设法(试图)做某事；seek sth找寻、征求、谋求、追求；seek after追求、企图得到；seek for寻求找寻；seek ones fortune外出找出路。例句We should con
24、stantly seek advice from the masses。我们应不断地听取群众的意见和建议。These books were eagerly sought after这些书很畅销。They encouraged her to seek for new ways of doing her experiments他们激励她找寻新的试验方法。We sought to change her mind but she refused我们试图变更她的办法，但是她回绝了。8Scientists.know that their job is never finished and that eve
25、n the best theory can turn out to be wrong(P.4)译文：科学家们知道他们的工作恒久不会完毕，甚至认为即使最好的理论也可能被证明是错误的。讲解turn out有三个意思：produce消费，培育；prove被证明；to come out or gather(as if)for a meeting，public events etc群体出动。作“被证明”讲常用“.turn out(to be)+adjnoun”或“It turn out that从句”两种句型。例句This factory can turn out 200 cars a day这家工厂一
26、天可消费200辆汽车。This school has turned out some first-class scholars这所学校培育出了一些一流学者。The party turned out a successsuccessful=It turned out that the party was a successsuccessful=The party proved a successsuccessful=It proved that the party was a successsuccessful=The party work out very well这台晚会结果开得很胜利。Th
27、e whole village turned out to welcome him整个村庄群体出动来欢送他。9First，they carefully observe what they are interested in(P.4)译文：首先，他们对自己感爱好的事情进展细致视察。讲解observe vtIf you observe someone or something，you watch them carefully，especially in order to learn something about them；If you observe someone or something，y
28、ou see or notice them；If you observe something such as a law or custom，you obey it or follow it例句Did you observe anything unusual in his behavior？你留意到他的行为有什么不寻常吗？I observed that they were late我留意到他们迟到了。The police observed him enteringenter the bank with a shotgun警观察到他带着猎枪进入了银行。Do you observe Christm
29、as？你有过圣诞节的风俗吗？10Finally，the scientists test the theory to see if it matches what they have seen and if it can predict future events(P.4)译文：最终，科学家们对这项理论作了试验，目的在于理解这项理论是否及他们所见一样，以及它是否可以预见将来的事情。讲解match v意为“和相一样；和相匹配；匹配”；be equal to or find an equal for比得过；敌得过。例句或例词The curtain doesnt match the paint=The
30、 curtain and the paint dont match这窗帘和油漆不搭配。a matching skirt and sweater相配衬的裙子和毛衣well-matched husband and wife特别匹配的夫妻Why not buy some tapes to match(=go with)your book？为什么不买些磁带和你的书配套呐？His latest films dont match his previous ones他最近的电影不能及以前的媲美。讲解predict vtsay in advance that(sth)will happen；forecast预
31、言某事将发生；预报；预报。例句He predicted that the terrorists would attack the USA他预言恐惧分子会攻击美国。The earthquake had been predicted several months before这次地震早在几个月前就发布了预报。It is impossible to predict who will win11The Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei was so curious that he invented both a microscope.(P.7)译文：意大利天文学家伽
32、利略如此新奇，以致于他独创了显微镜和讲解If you are curious about something，you are interested in it and want to know more about itIf something is curious，it is unusual or difficult to understand其同源名词是curiosity例句I am curious aboutas to what happened我很想知道发生了什么事。They were curious to know where he had gone他们新奇地想知道他去了哪。It i
33、s curious that he left without saying good-bye真惊奇，他不辞而别了。12By asking why，how and what if，curious minds find new ideas and solutions(P.7)译文：通过自问事情出现的缘由、方式及假如某事发生结果会如何等问题，这些新奇的哲人发觉了一些新的观点和一些新的解决问题的方法。讲解solution可数名词an answer to a difficulty or a problem解决；解答；解法；解决方法。其动词形式为solve。另外solution作不行数名词时还有“溶解”的
34、意思；作“溶液，溶剂”讲时，即可作可数名词又可作不行数名词。例句或例词It is very difficult to find a solution to the problem找出解决此问题的方法太难了。I have bought another dictionary，which is the solution of all the problems我又买了一本字典，这样一切问题解决了。We must spare no effort to solve the problem我们必需全力以赴解决这个问题。sugar in solution in water溶于水的糖。13We must als
35、o believe in what we do even when others dont(P.7)译文：即使别人不信任，我们自己也要信任自己所做的事情。讲解believe指信任某人说的话或信任某事是真实的，其后可以接名词、宾语从句、名词+不定式。当believe为被动语态时，其后只能跟不定式构造。believe in指信任某人或某物的本质或特性，后常跟真理、宗教一类的词。例句I believe his wordshimwhat he said我信任他的话。I believe in keeping early hours我信任早睡早起是好的。He doesnt believe in God他不
36、信任上帝的存在。I dont believe in him我不信任他的为人品质。Language points and grammar focus语言点及语法重点ALanguage points语言点1There did not seem much point in working on my PhDI did not expect to survive that long(P.3)译文：获得博士学位对我来说没有什么意义，我没有期望活那么久。讲解point在此处为不行数名词，意为“purpose，advantage；use目的；好处；用处”后面加in或of+名词代词动名词；“No point
37、of doing something=No useful purpose would be served by doing it”即“做某事没什么用处”。例句If we have finished our work，there is no point in staying any longer；we may as well go home假如我们完成了工作，就没有必要再呆下去，我们还不如回家。I cannot see the point in trying to persuade himhell never change his mind我看劝他没用，他不会变更办法的。讲解that在此处为副词
38、，非正式用语，一般用于疑问句或否认句，意为：so；to such a degree那么；那样；到那种程度。this也有类似的用法。例句It wasnt that good actually(=it was quite good but not very good)它事实上没那么好。We havent see all that much of her recently我们最近没有怎么见过她。Can hard work change a person that much？艰辛工作能使人有如此大的变更吗？You dont look that old你看上去没那么老。2Hawking became f
39、amous in the early 1970s，when he and American Roger Penrose made new discoveries about the Big Bang black holes(P.3)译文：霍金是20世纪70年头成名的，他和美国人罗杰彭罗斯发觉了宇宙大爆炸和黑洞的理论。讲解when在此句中不是附属连词“当的时候”的意思，这里when是并列连词，有人也称之为等立连词，意为“and at thisthat time”“就在这那时”。中学常见的句型有：be doing sthwhen.某人正在做某事，这时be about to do sth when.
40、某人刚要做某事，这时have just done sth when.某人刚做完某事，这时例句We were having dinner when the telephone rang我们在吃饭，这时 响了。We had just finished our work，when he came in我们刚干完活，这时他进来了。We were about to go，when the telephone rang我们刚要走，这时 响了。3Science，on the other hand，Hawking writes，know that their job is never finished and
41、 that even the best theory can turn out to be wrong(P.4)译文：霍金写道，从另一个方面说，科学家知道他们的工作是永无止境的，即使是最完备的理论也可能是错误的。讲解on the other hand另一方面，用于比照。及on the one hand形成比照。即：on the one hand.，on the other hand.一方面，另一方面。(指辩论、考虑、状况等)。The Government seems to me to be inconsistentOn the one hand they say they wish to re
42、duce the cost of living，and on the other hand they increase the duties on a number of essential articles政府在我看来反复无常。他们一方面说，要降低生活费，另一方面又进步很多生活必需品的税收。In this country，food is cheaper than in Britain；clothing on the other hand，is dearer这个国家的食品比英国廉价，但另一方面，穿着比英国贵。4People who listen to Hawkings lectures som
43、etimes find it difficult to understand him，.(P.4)译文：听过霍金报告的人有时发觉理解他的报告太难了，讲解it除作代词外，还可用作引词(anticipatory)。引词本身无实义，只起一种先行引导的作用。引词it不重读，它可用作形式主语、形式宾语；还可用于强调句型。如今让我们学习一下it作形式宾语的用法。1)真正宾语是不定式e.g. I find it easy enough to get on with Pam(it指代to get on with Pam)我觉得及Pam相处很简洁。Id think it useful to learn comp
44、uters(it指代to learn computers)我认为学电脑有用。2)真正宾语是动名词e.g. You must find it exciting working here(it指代working here)你肯定发觉在此工作令人激烈。I think it no use advising him to give up his plan(it指代advising him to give up his plan)我认为建议他放弃安排没用。3)真正宾语是宾语从句e.g. I think it best that you should stay here(it指代that you shoul
45、d stay here)我认为你最好留在这里。I took it for granted that you would stay with us(it指代that you would stay with us)我以为你当然会留在我们这里的。5Everyone has his or her special skills and interests，and only by discovering what we do best can we hope to reach our goals and truly make a difference译文：每个人都有自己的专长和爱好，只有发觉自己的专长，我
46、们才能期望到达自己的目的，真正及众不同。讲解当only引导状语处于句首时，主句要用倒装的语序。留意：1)当only引导非状语处于句首时，主句不必用倒装的语序；2)当only引导状语处于句中或句末时，主句也不用倒装的语序；3)当only引导状语从句处于句首时，要倒装主句的语序，千万不要倒装从句的语序，而忘了倒装主句！例句Only in this way can we learn English well只有用这种方法我们才能学好英语。Only when the war was over was he able to get happily back to work只有在斗争完毕后，他才高兴奋兴地返回工作。BGrammar focus语法重点1The simple passive form of the infinitives不定式被动态的一般形式的内涵及用法。2Four functions of the infinitives used as subject，attribute，object and adverbial用作主语、定语、宾语和状语的不定式的四种功能的用法。本单元的语法工程是不定式的被动式，详细讲解如下：当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示动作的承受者时，不定式一般用被动