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1、初中英语论文 易混点清单1. in/on 在表示空间位置时,in表示在某个空间的范围以内,on表示在某一个物体的外表之上。 There is a bird in the tree. 树上有只鸟。 There is a picture on the wall. 墙上有张图。2. this/that/these/those(1)this常常用来指在时间、地点上更接近讲话人的人和事,these是this的复数形式。that常常用来指在时间、地点上离讲话人更远一点的人和事,those时that的复数形式。例 I want this car, not that car. 我想要这辆小汽车,不是那一辆。
2、Take these books to his room, please. 请把这些书拿到他房间去 (2)在打 的用语中,this常常指的是我,that常常指的是对方。例如: This is Mary speaking. Whos that? 我是玛丽。你是谁?3. There be/ haveThere be 有,其准确含意为某处或某时存在某人或某物。其构造是:There be + 某人或某物 + 表示地点或时间的状语。There be 后面的名词事实上是主语,be 动词的形式要和主语在数上保持一样,be动词后面的名词是单数或不行数名词时用is,名词是复数时用are。 There is a
3、big bottle of coke on the table. 桌上有一大瓶子可乐。 There are many apples on the tree. 那树上有很多苹果。have表示拥有,占有,具有,即:某人有某物(sb. have / has sth.)。 I have two brothers and one sister.我有两个兄弟,一个姐姐。 That house has four rooms.那所房子有四个房间。4. look/ see/ watch (1)look 表示“看、瞧”,着重指仔细看,强调看的动作,表示有意识地留意看Look! The children are p
4、laying computer games. 瞧!孩子们在玩电脑嬉戏。单独运用是不和物动词,如强调看某人/物,其后接介词atHes looking at me。他正在看着我。(2)see强调“看”的结果,意思是“看到”,see是和物动词,后面能干脆跟宾语。如:What can you see in the picture? 你能在图上看到什么?(3)watch“观看,凝视”,表示聚精会神地观看、视察或凝视某事务的活动,强调过程,常用于“看电视、看足球、看演出”等。如:Yesterday we watched a football match on TV.昨天我们从电视上看了一场足球竞赛。5.T
5、hats right./ Thats all right./ All right.Thats right意为“对的”,表示赞同对方的意见、看法或行为,确定对方的答案或推断。I think we must help the old man.我想我们应当扶植这位老人。Thats right.或 Youre right.说得对。Thats all right.意为“不用谢”、“没关系”,用来答复对方的致谢或致歉。例如:Many thanks. Thats all right.Sorry. Its broken. Thats all right.All right.意为“行了”、“可以”,表示同意对方
6、的建议或要求。有时还可以表示“身体很好”Please tell me about it. 请把此事告知我。 All right.好吧。6. say/speak/talk/tellsay:是最口语化的最一般的一个词,意为“说出”、“说道”,着重所说的话。如: “I want to go there by bus” , he said . 他说,“我要坐汽车到那里去。”speak : “说话”,着重开口发声,不着重所说的内容,一般用作不和物动词 Can you speak about him? 你能不能说说他的状况?speak 作和物动词解时,只能和某种语言等连用,表达在对话中恰当运用词汇的实力。
7、She speaks English well.她英语说得好。talk : 及 speak 意义相近,也着重说话的动作,而不着重所说的话,因此,一般也只用作不和物动词, 不过,talk 示意话是对某人说的,有较强的对话意味,着重指连续地和别人谈话。如:I would like to talk to him about it . 我想跟他谈那件事。tell : “告知”,除较少状况外,一般后面总接双宾语。如:tell sb. to do sth. /tell sb. not to do sth.Miss Zhao often tells us to study hard.7. do cookin
8、g/ do the cookingdo cooking 作“做饭”解,属泛指。do the cooking 特指某一顿饭或某一家人的饭。cooking为动名词,不能用作复数,但前面可用 some, much修饰。从do some cooking可引出很多类似的短语:do some washing 洗些衣服do some shopping 买些东西do some reading 读书do some writing 写些东西do some fishing 钓鱼从以上短语可引申出另一类短语,不能用some, much或定冠词。go shopping 去买东西go fishing 去钓鱼go boat
9、ing 去划船go swimming 去游泳8. other/ others/ the other/ anotherother表其余的,别的, Have you any other questions?你还有其他问题吗?others 别的人,别的东西 In the room some people are American, the others are French.在屋子里一些人是美国人,其他的是法国人。the other表另一个(二者之中)one,the otherOne of my two brothers studies English, the other studies Chin
10、ese.我两个哥哥中的一个学习英文,另一个学中文。another表三者以上的另一个,另一些There is room for another few books on the shelf.书架上还可以放点书。9. some/ any (1)some和 any既可修饰可数名词,也可修饰不行数名词。但有以下两点须要留意。some常用于确定句中,any常用于否认句和疑问句中。如:There is some water in the glass.Is there any water in the glass?There isnt any water in the glass.(2)在说话者盼望得到确定
11、答复的一般疑问句中,或在表示恳求,邀请的疑问句中,我们依旧用some。如:Would you like some tea?10. look for/ findlook for 意为“找寻”,而find意为“找到,发觉”,前者强调“找”这一动作,并不留意“找”的结果,而后者则强调“找”的结果。例如:She cant find her ruler. 她找不到她的尺子啦。Tom is looking for his watch,but he cant find it.汤姆正在找寻他的手表,但没能找到。11. be sleeping/ be asleepbe sleeping 表示动作,意思是“正在睡
12、觉”;be asleep 表示状态,意思是“睡着了”。如:-What are the children doing in the room? 孩子们在房间里做什么?-They are sleeping.他们正在睡觉。The children are asleep now.如今孩子们睡着了。12. How much/ How manyhow much常用来询问某一商品的价格,常见句式是How much is / are?How much is the skirt? 这条裙子多少钱?How much are the bananas? 这些香蕉多少钱?how much后加不行数名词,表示数量“多少“
13、,how many后加可数名词的复数形式。How much meat do you want? 你要多少肉呀?How many students are there in your class? 你们班有多少人?13. be good for/ be good to/ be good atbe good for 表示对有好处,而be bad for表示对有害;be good to表示对友好,而be bad to表示对不好;be good at表示擅长,在方面做得好,而be bad at表示在方面做得不好。 Doing eye exercises is good for your eyes.做眼
14、保健操对你的眼睛有好处。 Eating too much is bad for you health.吃的太多对你的身体有害。 Miss Li is good to all of us.李教师对我们全部的人都很友好。 The boss is bad to his workers.这个老板对他的工人不好。 Li Lei is good at drawing, but Im bad at it.李雷擅长画画,但是我不擅长。14. each/ everyeach 和every都有每一个的意思,但含义和用法不一样。each从个体着眼,every从整体着眼。each 可用于两者或两者以上,every只用
15、于三者或三者以上。 We each have a new book. 我们每人各有一本新书。 There are trees on each side of the street. 街的两旁有树。each可以用作形容词、副词和代词;every只能用作形容词。Each of them has his own duty. 他们各人有各人的义务。They each want to do something different. 他们每个人都想做不同的事情。15. hear sb. or sth.doing sth. / herar sb. or sth. do sth.hear sb. or sth
16、.doing sth.意思是“听到某人或某物在做某事”,而hear sb. or sth. do sth.意思是“听到某人或某物做过某事”。试比拟:I hear him singing an English song.听见他在唱英歌曲。I heard him sing an English song.我听见他唱一首英文歌。类似hear 这种用法的还有see, watch, listen, feel等感官动词。16. hear /listen tolisten to 和hear 都有“听”的意思,但含义有所不同。Listen to强调“听”的动作,hear 强调“听”的结果。例如: Listen
17、 to me ,please! Im going to tell you a story. 请听我说!我给你们讲个故事。 Listen! Can you hear someone crying in the next room? 听!你能听见有人在隔壁房间里哭吗? I listened, but heard nothing.我听了听,但什么也听不见。hear 后面假设接宾语从句,常常表示“听说”。例如: I hear some foreign students will visit our school.我听说一些外国学生将要访问我们学校。 I hear there is going to b
18、e a film in our school this evening.我听说今晚我们学校要演一场电影。 17. Lets /Let usLets 和Let us 都表示“让我们”, 假设us 包括听话人在内,其含义一样,附带问句用shall we. 假设us 不包括听话人在内,其含义不同,Let us的附带问句要用will you。例如: Lets go shopping, shall we? 我们去购物好吗?18. take/ bring/ carry /get这四个动词都有“拿”和“带”的意思,但含义有所不同。take意为“带走”,“拿走”,bring意为“带来”,“拿来”, get表示
19、“到别的地方把某人或某物带来或拿来”,carry不强调方向,带有负重的意思。试比拟:My parents often take me there on holidays.我父母常常带我到那里去度假。Bring me a cup of tea, please.请给我端杯茶来。The waiter carried the me to the table效劳员把肉送到桌上。She went back to get her handbag.他折回去拿他的手提包。 19. far away /faraway (1)far away是一个副词短语,意思是“很远”。例如:Some are far away.
20、 Some are nearer.有些离得很远,有些离得近一些的。The village is far away from here.那个村子离这儿很远。 (2)faraway是一个形容词,意思是“遥远的”,可以在句中作定语。例如:He lives in faraway mountain village.他住在一个遥远的小山村。20. forget to do sth./forget doing sth.forget to do sth.意思是“遗忘做某事”,事实上还没做;forget doing sth,意思是“遗忘做过某事”,事实上已经做过了。试比拟:I forgot to tell hi
21、m the news.我遗忘告知他这条消息了。I forgot telling him the news.我已经把这条消息告知他了,我却忘了。类似的词还有:remember, regret等。21. hope/wishhope和wish 在汉语中都有“盼望”的意思,但其含义和用法有所不同。主要区分如下:(1)wish可以用来表示不行实现的愿望;hope只能用来表示可能实现的愿望。例如:I wish I were 20 years younger.我但愿自己能年轻二十岁。 I hope youll be better soon. 我盼望你能很快好起来。I wish the weather was
22、nt so cold. 但愿天气不这麽冷。I hope he will come, too. 我盼望他也能来。(2)wish可以接sb. to do sth. 的构造,而hope不行以。例如:Do you wish me to come back later? 你是否盼望我再来?22. seem/look(1)二者都可以作“看起来”讲,但seem示意凭借一些迹象作出的有依据的推断,这种推断往往接近事实;look着重强调由视觉得出的印象。两者都可跟(to be)+形容词和as if从句。He seems / looks (to be) very happy today. 他今日看起来很兴奋。It
23、 looks (seems) as if it it is going to rain. 似乎要下雨了。(2)但下列状况中只用seem不用look:1)后跟不定式to do时。如:He seems to know the answer. 他似乎知道答案。2)在It seems that .构造中。如:It seems that he is happier now than yesterday.他像比昨天兴奋些了。23. reach, arrive/get to 三者都有到达之意。reach是和物动词,后干脆加名词,get和arrive是不和物动词,不能干脆加名词,须借助于介词。get to后加
24、名词地点,若跟副词地点时,to去掉;arrive at +小地方,arrive in+大地方。如: Lucy got to the zoo before 8 oclock. 露西8点前到了动物园。 When did your parents arrive in Shanghai? 你父母何时到上海的? It was late when I got home. 我到家时天色已晚。24. noise/ voice/ sound noise 指嘈杂声,噪音大的吵杂声。voice是指说话的声音,嗓音,嗓子。sound是指耳朵可以听到的声音、声等。它是表示声音之意的最一般的字。有时还用作科学上的声音。例
25、如: Dont make so much noise! 别那么大声喧哗! I didnt recognize Johns voice on the telephone. 在 里我听不出约翰的声 音。We heard a strange sound. 我们听到了一种惊奇的声音。Sound travels fast, but light travels faster. 声音传得快,但是光传得更快。25. somebody/ anybody/nobody 一般说来,somebody用于定句,anybody用于否认句、疑问句和条件状语从句。例如: Somebody came to see you wh
26、en you were out. 你出来时有人来见你。 Does anybody live on this island? 有人在这岛上住吗? I didnt see anybody there. 我在那儿谁也没看见。 Dont let anybody in. Im too busy to see anybody. 别让任何人进来。我太忙,谁也不想见。 There is nobody in the room. 房间里没人。 Nobody told me that you were ill, so I didnt know about it . 谁也没告知我你病了。所以我不知道。 26. a f
27、ew/ a little/ few/ little (1)a few和a little都表示有一点儿,侧重于确定,相当于some,但a few修饰可数名词,a little修饰不行数名词He has a few friends in London.他在伦敦有一些挚友。Would you like some coffee? Yes, just a little.喝点咖啡好吗?好的,只要一点。(2)few和little表示几乎没有,侧重否认。few后接可数名词,little后接不行数名词。He is a strange man. He has few words.他是个怪人,他几乎不说什么话。Hu
28、rry up, there is little time left.赶快,没什么时间了。 27. take part in/jointake part in参与某种活动; join参与,参加某一政党或组织。例如:Can you take part in my party.你能来参与我的派对吗?He joined the party in 1963. 他1963年入的党。28. borrow/ lend/ keep/ use (1) borrow表示的是从别人那里借来东西,即我们通常所说的“借进来”。We often borrow books from our school library.我们
29、常常从学校图书馆借书。I borrowed this dictionary from my teacher. 我从教师那儿借来了这本字典。borrow是一个瞬间完成的动作,因此不能刚好间段连用。You can borrow my recorder for three days. ( 错误 )I have borrowed this book for only one week. ( 错误 ) (2) lend表示的是把自己的东西借给别人,即我们通常所说的“借出去”。Thank you for lending me your bike.谢谢你把自行车借给我。He often lends mone
30、y to his brother.他常常借钱给他弟弟。 lend及borrow一样,也是一个瞬间完成的 动作,不能及一段时间连用。 (3) keep的意思也是“借”,但一般是指借来后的保存或运用阶段,是一段持续的时间,因此可以刚好间段连用。You can keep my recorder for three days.我的录音机你可以借用三天。 (4) use也可以当“借用”讲,但它的本意是“用,运用”。May I use your ruler? 我能借你的尺子用一下吗?He had to use this public telephone.他不得不运用这部公用 。29. since/ for
31、 (1) since用于完成时态,既能用作介词,也能用作连词,后常接时间点,意思是“自从”。 He has been a worker since he came into this city.自从他来到这个城市,他就是工人了。 I have never seen him since we last met in Shanghai .自从我们上次在上海见过之后,我再也没见过他。since作连词,还有“既然”的意思。 Since you are interested in it, just do it. 既然你对它感爱好,那就做吧。 (2) for用于完成时,用作介词,后常接一段时间,意思是“经
32、过”。 I have learned English for five years.我已经学了五年英语了。for也可以用作连词,但意思是“因为”。 They missed the flight for they were late.他们由于完到了而误了航班。30. neither/ either/ both (1) neither作代词是对两者都进展否认,意思为“两者都不”,作主语时谓语动词用单数.Neither of the boys is from England.这两个男孩都不是来自英国。neither用作形容词,也修饰单数名词,意思及作代词时一样;用作连词时,一般及nor搭配,表示 “
33、既不也不”。作主语时,谓语动词也遵循就近原则。 She neither ate nor drank yesterday. 她昨天既不吃也不喝。 (2) either作代词时,是指两者中的随意一方,(两者之)每一个,故作主语时谓语动词用单数. Either of the books is new.这两本书任何一本都是新的.either作形容词, 用来修饰单数名词,意思及作介词时一样. Either school is near my home. (这两所学校中的)任何一所学校都离我家很近.either作连词时,一般及or搭配,表示两者选其一,意思是“不是就是”。作主语时,谓语动词遵循就近原则。
34、Either he or I am right.不是他就是我是对的。 (3) both作代词时,指的是所涉和到的“两者都”, 故作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。 I like both of the stories.这两个故事我都喜爱。both作形容词时,用来修饰两者,意思及作代词时一样.Both his arms are hurt.他的两只胳膊都受伤了。Both these students are good at English. 这两个学生都擅长英语。both用作连词时,多及and搭配,表示“既又, 不仅而且”, 作主语时,谓语动词仍用复数形式。 Both piano and violin
35、 are my bobbies.钢琴和小提琴都是我的爱好。31. forget to do/ forget doing (1) forget to do是指遗忘去做某件事了,即该事还没有做。 Please dont forget to call this afternoon.今日下午不要忘了给我打 。I forgot to take some small change with me.我身上忘了带零钱了。(2) forget doing是指遗忘某件已经做过的事情,即该事已经做了,但被遗忘了。 He forgot telling me his address.他忘了告知过我地址了。They fo
36、rgot having been here before.他们忘了以前曾来过这儿。32. stop doing/ stop to do (1) stop doing是指停顿做某事,即doing这个动作不再接着。They stopped debating.他们停顿了辩论。(不辩论了) He had to stop driving as the traffic lights changed in to red. 由于交通灯变成了红色,他不得不停车。 (2) stop to do是指停下来开场做另一件事,即停顿原先的事,开场做do这个动作。 She stopped to have a rest.她停
37、下来休息会儿。(开场休息)They stopped to talk.他们停下来开场交谈。33. except/ besides (1) except是指不包括后面所提人或物在内的“除了”,可以理解为“撇开不谈”,表示两局部的不同。 All the visitors are Japanese except him.除他以外的全部游客都是日本人。(其别人是日本人,可他不是)(2)besides是包括后面所提人或物在内的“除了”,可以理解为“除之外还、除之外又”,表示两局部的相像性。 We like biology besides English.除了英语外,我们还喜爱生物。(生物和英语都喜爱)be
38、sides还可用作副词,意思是“此外;而且”,常用于句首或句尾。He is a great thinker, and besides, he is a politician.他是一名宏大的思想家,除此以外,他还是一位政治家。 34. keep doing/ keep on doing (1) keep doing指的是连续地、坚持不断地做某事,中间不连续。 It kept blowing for a whole day.刮了一成天风了。The temperature keeps dropping.温度持续下降。(2) keep on doing是指反复坚持做某事,但动作之间略有间隔。They
39、have kept on writing to each other for many years.他们已经相互通信多年了。After drinking some water, he kept on talking.喝了一些水后,他坚持讲话。35. such/ so (1)such常用作形容词,用来修饰名词。 Dont be such a fool.别这么傻。 He is such a clever boy.他是如此聪慧的一个男孩。 (1)so是副词,用来修饰形容词或副词。 (2)He is so kind! 他真好心!(3)Why did you come so late? 你为何回来得如此
40、晚?当名词前有many, much, few, little等表示多、少时,应当用so。 He has so many friends.他有如此多的挚友。 36. if/ whether 在下列状况下只能用whether而非if: (1)及or not连用时,只能用whether.We want to know whether you are ill or not. 我们想知道你是否生病了。Please tell me whether or not you have finished your work.请告知我们你是否完成了工作。(2)后接动词不定式时,只能用whether.Adam did
41、nt know whether to go or stay.亚当不知道是走还是留。He hasnt decided whether to have dinner with me.他还没确定是否和我共进晚 餐。(3)所引导的宾语从句放在主句之前时,只能用whether.Whether it will rain or snow, we dont mind. 我们不在乎将要刮风还是下雨。Whether I won or lost, she didnt want to know.我是赢是输她不想知道。(4)引导主语从句或表语从句时,一般用whether.The most important was w
42、hether they had gone.最重要的是他们是不是已经 走了。Whether he will go with me is a secret.他是否会和我一起去还是个隐私。if能引导条件状语从句,表示“假设,假设”,而whether没有此用法。Well have a football match if it doesnt rain tomorrow.假设明天不下雨,我们 要进展足球赛。Ill tell him if I sees him.我看见他就告知他。If youre in danger, please call 110.假设你遇到危急,请拨打110。37. cost/ spen
43、d/ pay/ take (1) cost一般用某物来做主语,表示“(某物)值、花费”,既能指花费时间也能指金钱。The new bike costs me 300 yuan.这辆新自行车花了我三百元。cost 还可以用作名词,表示“本钱、费用、价格、代价”等。Whats the cost of this TV set? 这台电视机的本钱是多少钱? (2) spend一般用某人来作主语,表示“(某人)花费,付出”,也能指时间或金钱,指时间时常及in搭配,指金钱时常及on或for搭配。 We spent two days in repairing this machine.我们花了两天时间修理这
44、台机器。(3) pay用作动词时,一般也以某人作主语,但一般指花钱、付款等,很少用来指花费时间。常及for搭配运用。They paid 70 yuan for the tickets.他们花了七十元买票。pay还可以用作名词,意思为“薪水、工资”等。Its hard for me to live with such low pay.我很难靠这么低的薪水生活下去。(4)take也指“花费(时间、金钱)”,但通常用某事、某物做主语,或用形式主语it.How long will the meeting take? 会议要开多久?38. dead/ die/ death/ dying (1) dead
45、是形容词,意思为“死了的、无生命的”,表示状态,可以及一段时间连用。 The tree has been dead for ten years.这棵树死了有十年了。The rabbits are all dead. 这些兔子都是死的。(2) die是动词,意思为“死、死亡”,是一个瞬间动词,不能及一段时间连用。 My grandpa died two years ago.我爷爷两年前去世了。(4)death是名词,意思为“死亡、去世”等。 His death is a great loss to us.他的死是我们的宏大损失。 (4) dying 是die的如今分词,用作形容词,意思是“垂死的
46、、即将死去的”。 The poor dog had no food, it was dying.可怜的狗没有食物,快要饿死了。39. be able to/ can (1) 都能表示“可以,具备干某件事的实力”这个含义,此时可以互换。 Mr. Green is able to finish the work on time. 格林先生可以按时完成这项工作。 (2) be able to可以用于各种时态,而can 为情态动词,多用于如今时,其过去式为could。 We are sure he will be able to be an artist when he grows up.我们信任他长大后可以成为一名画家。(5)Can除了表示“可以,有实力做某事”以外,还有如下用法,而be able to 则没有。表示恳求,但语气没有could委婉Can I have a look at this picture? 我能看看这张图片吗?表示可能性。That man cant be our new teacher. 那人不行能是我们的新教师。40. be made of/ be made from/ be made in/ be made into (1) be made of表示由制成, 一般指可以看出原材料,