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1、初中英语语法讲义书目一、词类、句子成分和构词法:2二、名词3三、代词:5四、数词:10五、冠词11六、形容词、副词13七、介词20八、动词231、动词分类:232、动词词形变更一览表:263、be动词各种时态变更274、其它谓语动词(主动语态)时态变更285、八种时态详细用法:286、被动语态:317、动词非谓语形式338、动词用法辨析:36九、连接词41十、简洁句42十一、句子成分451、主语:452、谓语:463、宾语:474、表语:485、定语:486、状语:497、宾语补足语:49十二、简洁句五种根本句型:49十三、并列复合句50十四、主从复合句50十五、干脆引语和间接引语(初中不作特
2、殊要求)53十六、倒装句54十七、附加注释54词类、句子成分和构词法一、词类: 英语词类分十种:名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感慨词。1、名词(n.): 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.2、代词(pron.): 主要用来代替名词。如:who, she, you, it .3、形容词(adj.):表示人或事物性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.): 表示数目或事物依次。如:one, two, three, first, second
3、, third, fourth.5、动词(v.): 表示动作或状态。如:am, is ,are, have, see .6、副词(adv.): 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.7、冠词(art.):用在名词前,扶植说明名词。如:a, an, the.8、介词(prep.): 表示它后面名词或代词及其他句子成分关系。如in, on, from, above, behind.9、连词(conj.): 用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .10、感慨词(interj.)表示
4、喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello.二、句子成分: 英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。1、 主语是句子所要说人或事物,答复是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担当。如:Im Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、 谓语动词说明主语动作或状态,答复“做(什么)”。主要由动词担当。如:Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天清扫房间)3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语身份或特征,答复是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担当如:My name is Ping ping .(我名字叫萍萍
5、) 3、 宾语表示及物动词对象或结果,答复做是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担当。如:He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词)有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物叫干脆宾语,指人叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在干脆宾语前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信)有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在干脆宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)4、 定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担当。如:Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大
6、城市)5、 状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担当。如:He works hard .(他工作努力)6、 宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如:They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁) He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课) The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(教师要我自学法语)同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它状况。如:Where is your classmate
7、Tom ?(你同学汤姆在哪里?)三、构词法:英语构词法主要有:合成法、派生法和转换法。1、合成法:如:spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。2、派生法:(1)派生名词:动词+er/or 动词+ing 动词+(t)ion 形容词+ness 其他,如:inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge(2)派生形容词:名词+y 名词+ful 动词+ing/ed friendly dangerous Chinese; Japanese Eng
8、lish French German 国名+(i)an 如:snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日),nervous, delicious (3)派生副词:形容词+ly 其它,如:slowly, angrily, fullfully, goodwell, possiblepossibly等等。3、转换法:(1)形容词动词,如:dry(枯燥)dry(弄干), clean(干净)clean(清扫,弄干净),等等。 (2)动词名词,如:look, walk, rest, work, study, swim,
9、go, talk等等。(3)名词动词,如:hand(手)(传递),face(脸)(面对)等等。(4)形容词副词,如:earlyearly, fastfast等等。(5)副词连词,如:when(什么时候)(当时候),等等。(6)介词副词,如:in(到里)(在里面;在家),on(在上)(进展,接着),等等。名词一、英语名词可分专知名词和一般名词两大类:1、专知名词是个别人、地、物、团体、机构等专用名称。专知名词中实词第一个字母要大写。如:Beijing, Tom, the Peoples Republic of China(中华人民共和国) 专知名词假设是含有一般名词短语,则必需运用定冠词the。
10、如:the Great Wall(长城)姓氏名假设采纳复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。2、一般名词是很多人或事物共知名称。如:pupil, family, man, foot.一般名词又分为可数名词和不行数名词。可数名词是可以用简洁数词进展计数名词,如: box, child, orange;不行数名词是不行以用简洁数词进展计数名词。如:water, news, oil, population, information .2、英语可数名词单复数:英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。1、名词由单数变复数根本方法如下:在单数名词词尾加s。如:map
11、 maps, boy boys, horse horses, table tables.s, o, x , sh, ch结尾词加es.如:classclasses, boxboxes, heroheroes, dishdishes, benchbenches.注:少数以o结尾词,变复数时只加s。如:photophotos, pianopianos.以O结尾名词特殊记:黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿和芒果(NegroNegroes, heroheroes, potatopotatoes, tomatotomatoes, mangomangoes以辅音字母加y结尾名词,变y为i,再加es。如:family
12、families, citycities, partyparties.以f或fe结尾名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如:shelfshelves, wolfwolves, lifelives, knifeknives. 妻子拿刀宰狼,小偷见了直发慌,躲在架后保己命,半片树叶遮目光。 wifewives, knifeknives, wolfwolves, thiefthieves, shelfshelves, selfselves, halfhalves, leaf-leaves2、不规则变更:manmen, womanwomen, childchildren, oxoxen, mousemic
13、etoothteeth, goosegeese, foot-feetsheepsheep, fishfish, deerdeer(奇妙羊鹿鱼)Chinese Chinese, JapaneseJapanese, EnglishmanEnglishmen, FrenchmanFrenchmenAmericanAmericans, AustralianAustralians, GermanGermans中日不变英法变,其他s 加后面不行数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如:a bag of ricetwo bags of rice, a piece of paperthree
14、 pieces of paper, a bottle of milkfive bottles of milk. 3、名词全部格:1、 名词全部格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下:(1) 表示人或其它有生命东西名词常在词尾加s。如:Childerns Day(儿童节), my sisters book(我姐姐书)(2) 以s或es结尾复数名词。只在词尾加。如:Teachers Day(教师节)(3) 有些表示时间、间隔 以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命名词,也可在词尾加s. 如:todays newspaper(今日报纸), ten minutes break(特
15、别钟课间休息),Chinas population(中国人口).(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命东西名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示全部关系。如:a fine daughter of the Party(党好女儿). legs of a table2、注解: s还可以表示某人家或者某个店铺,如:my aunts(我阿姨家), the doctors(诊所) 两人共有某物时,可以采纳 A and Bs 形式, 假设分别拥有,则分别加s .如:Lucy and Lilys bedroom(露西和丽丽合住卧房) Lucys and lilys boyfriends “of+名词全部格/名词性物主代词
16、”,称为双重全部格,如:a friend of my fathers(我父亲一位挚友), a friend of mine(我一位挚友)4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间单复数一样问题:1、谓语和谓语根本保持单复数一样,即:主语是可数名词单数或不行数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式:如:The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不得独创)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里水很冷)2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时, 假设表
17、示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班) 假设表示其中全部成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如:Class Three have a map of China.(三班有张中国地图)3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示很多时,谓语用复数。如:There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此
18、谓语仍用单数:The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如:The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很廉价,我想买)6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不行数名词时谓语用单数形式。如:A lot of students are playing baseball now.(如今有很多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that
19、 work.(大量时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)7、 and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(教师和他儿子在摘苹果) Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种知名食品)8、 there be 句型中be单复数一般由靠近名词确定。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)9、 用bothand连接两个事物做主语时
20、,谓语一般用复数。如:Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)10、 主语中含有with短语时,谓语单复数由with之前人物确定。如:A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁孩子(当时)就站在路边)11、 eitheror或者 neithernor连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采纳就近原则。如:Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对) N
21、either you nor I am going there.(你和我都不准备去那里) 12、 表示一段时间或长度概念复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如:Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(间隔 ).(两千千米是相当长一段间隔 )13、 主语中含有half of / (three quarters)of / all (of) the .等词语时,谓语单复数由名词确定,如:Over three quarters of the information
22、 on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上信息是用英语写) A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中水已经被污染了)(被动句)但是,population一词又有特殊状况: Whats the population of China?(中国人口是多少?)(句子用单数) Three quarters of the population in th
23、is city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)5、局部名词用法辨析:1、sport、game、match、race 区分:sport通常指“户外运动”,以熬炼为主,概念较大;game意思是“运动、竞赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以输赢为主运动;match意为“竞赛、竞赛”,多指正式竞赛;race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如:People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界人都宠爱运动) The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会
24、将在北京实行)(被动句) Our school football team won the league match(联赛).(我们学校足球队获得了联赛冠军) They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇竞赛)2、 festival、holiday、vacation区分:festival“节日”,指喜庆日子或持续一段时间文娱活动;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长假期;vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间休息。如:The Shanghai Television Festival wi
25、ll be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月实行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你准备做什么事情?)3、 journey、tour、trip、travel区分:journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进展长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦意思;tour指途中作短期逗留巡回旅行,强调巡游多处,常用来指观光等;trip通常指来回定时短途旅行,如出
26、差度假等;travel多指长期或长途观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目地,也作不行数名词,指旅行这一行为。如:He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定办法要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗?) / Travellin
27、g through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危急)4、 sound、noise、voice区分:sound指各种声音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人“嗓音”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a resul
28、t of a bad cold.(因为感冒原因,这个歌颂家失去了她银铃般嗓音)5、 fish问题:指很多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数一样;fishes 指很多种类鱼;fish指“鱼肉”时是不行数名词。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.(及肉相比我更宠爱鱼)代词1、 代词分类:英语中代词分为:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等。2、人称代词:人称代词代替人和事物名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。第一人称单数第二人称单数
29、第三人称单数第一人称复数第二人称复数第三人称复数阳性阴性中性主格I(我)you (你)he(他)she(她)it(它)we(我们)you(你们)they (他们,她们,它们)宾格me(我)you (你)him(他)her(她)it(她)us(我们)you(你们)them (他们,她们,它们)1、 主格用来作句子主语、表语。如: I often go shopping on Sundays.(星期天我常去购物) Are they from Brazil?(他们是巴西人吗?) Where have they gone?(他们上哪儿去了?) Thats it.(就那么回事) / Its he!(是他
30、!)2、 宾格用来作及物动词或者介词宾语。如:Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们英语?) Help me!(救救我!) / We often write letters to her.(我们常给他写信)3、 人称代词作表语或者放在比拟状语从句连词than或as之后时,可以用主格形式,也可以用宾格形式,口语中大多用宾格。如:-Who is it?(是谁?) Its I/me.(是我。)4、 三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含“我”时,依据“youheI”依次表达。如:Both he and I are working at that comput
31、er company.(我和他都在那家电脑公司上班) Who will go there?(谁要去那儿?) You and me.(你和我)5、 人称代词it除了可以指人指物之外,还可以表示“时间、天气、温度、间隔 、状况”等含义,此外还可以作“非人称代词”运用,替代作主语或者宾语不定式、动名词或者名词性从句。如:-Whats the weather like today?(今日天气怎样?)Its fine.(天气晴好) -Whats the time?(几点啦?) Its 12:00.(12点) / Its a long way to go.(那可要走好长路) It took him thr
32、ee days to clean his house.(清扫屋子花了他三天时间) It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space(很明显,公众想知道这些人什么时候能进入太空) We found it very difficult to learn a foreign language well.(我们觉察要学好一门外语是特别困难)3、物主代词:说明事物所属关系代词,分为形容词性和名词性两种。第一人称单数第二人称单数第三人称单数第一人称复数第二人称复数第三人称复数阳性阴性中性形容词性my
33、(我)your(你)his(他)her(她)its(它)our(我们)your(你们)their (他们,她们,它们)名词性mine(我)yours(你)his(他)hers(她)its(她)ours(我们)yours(你们)theirs(他们,她们,它们)1、 形容词性物主代词只能作句子中名词修饰语,后面要跟名词。如:Is that your umbrella?(那是你伞吗?) I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我常常在星期天去探望阿姨) They are their books.(是他们书)2、 名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又说明所属关系,
34、在句子中往往独立地作主语、宾语或者表语,后面千万不行以跟名词。如:This is your cup,but where is mine?(这是你杯子,可我在哪儿?) Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(你们教室很大,我们相当小)3、“of + 名词性物主代词”称为双重全部格,作定语时放在名词后面。如:A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我一个挚友昨天来看我了) (指若干挚友中有一个来看我。)试比拟 My friend came to see me yesterday.(我挚
35、友昨天来看我了)(指我那个特定挚友来看我。)4、反身代词:表示谓语动作及主语有关或者宾语补足语动作及宾语有关。第一人称单数第二人称单数第三人称单数第一人称复数第二人称复数第三人称复数阳性阴性中性myself(我自己)yourself(你自己)himself(他自己)herself(她自己)itself(它自己)ourselves(我们自己)yourselves(你们自己)themselves(他们/她们/它们自己)1、反身代词在句子中作宾语表示反射(指一个动作回到该动作执行者本身)。如:Dont play with the knife, you might hurt yourself.(不要玩
36、刀子,那会割伤你)2、在句子中作同位语表示强调(即用来强调名词或代词语气)。如:The story itself is good. Only he didnt tell it well.(故事本身是好,只是他没有讲好)5.指示代词: 指示说明近处或者远处、上文或者下文、以前或者如今人或事物。单数复数含义this(这个)these(这些)指较近人和物that(那个)those(那些)指较远人和物such (这样人/物)指上文提过人和物same (同样人/物)指和上文提过一样人和物it (这人/这物)指不太清晰是谁或者是什么时指示代词既可以单独运用做句子主语、宾语或表语,也可以作定语修饰名词。如:
37、Whats this?(这是什么?) That model plane is made of plastic.(那只模型飞机是塑料做)(被动句) Remember never to do such things.(记得恒久不要做这样事情) Do the same as the teacher tells you. (按教师说做)/ -Who is it?(是谁?) -Its me!(是我!)6、关系代词:用来引导定语从句代词叫关系代词,参见后面定语从句。1、 关系代词who 、which、 that 、whom 等,将定语从句和主句连接起来。英语中关系代词一方面在从句中担当确定成分,另一方面又
38、起连接作用。 如:The student who is drawing a picture is in Grade One.(正在画画学生是一年级)2、 关系代词who / whom指人,假设作从句宾语,则有时省略。如:Do you know the man who is wearing a red hat? (你相识那个戴着红帽子男人吗?)3、 关系代词which 指物,假设作从句宾语,则有时省略。如:Have you found the book which you lost several days ago?(你找到几天前丧失那本书了吗?)4、关系代词that既可指人也可指物,假设作从句
39、宾语,则有时省略。如:Can you see the man/dog that is running along the river bank ?(你看得见顺着河跑男人/狗了吗?)7、连接代词:用来引导宾语从句、主语从句或表语从句连接词称连接代词。 英语中连接代词主要有:what(什么),who(谁),whom(谁),which(哪个),whose(谁)。详见相应从句。8、不定代词:代替或修饰不特指人或事物代词叫不定代词。单数含义someanynonone/each(every)oneeither,neithersothe other,another复合不定代词不行数含义muchlittle,
40、a littleall/复数含义manyfew,a fewonesbothothers,the others注:复合不定代词有12个:something(某事), someone(某人), somebody(某人), anything(任何事), anyone(任何人), anybody(任何人), nothing(没事),nobody(没有人), no one(没有人),everything(一切), everyone(每个人), everybody(每个人). (1)some和 any 用法:some一般用于确定句中,意思是“几个”、“一些”、“某个”作定语时可修饰可数名词或不行数名词。如
41、:I have some work to do today. (今日我有些事情要做) They will go there some day.(他们有朝一日会去那儿) some 用于疑问句时,表示建议、恳求或盼望得到确定答复。如:Would you like some coffee with sugar?(你要加糖咖啡吗?)any 一般用于疑问句或否认句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一个”,作定语时可修饰可数或不行数名词。如:They didnt have any friends here. (他们在这里没有挚友)/Have you got any questions to ask?(你有问题
42、要问吗?)any 用于确定句时,意思是“任何”。Come here with any friend.(随意带什么挚友来吧。)(2)no和none用法:no是形容词,只能作定语表示,意思是“没有”,修饰可数名词(单数或复数)或不行数名词。如:There is no time left. Please hurry up.(没有时间了,请快点) They had no reading books to lend.(他们没有阅读用书可以出借)none只能独立运用,在句子中可作主语、宾语和表语,意思是“没有一个人(或事物)”,表示复数或单数。如:None of them is/are in the cl
43、assroom.(他们当中没有一个在教室里) I have many books, but none is interesting.(我有很多书,但没有一本是好玩) (3)all和both用法:all指三者或三者以上人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词;也可用来代替或修饰不行数名词。both指两个人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词。all和both在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。如:I know all of the four British students in their school.(他们学校里四个英国学生我全相识) -Would you like this one or that one
44、? Both.(你要这个还是那个?两个都要。)all和both既可以修饰名词(all/both+(the)+名词),也可以独立运用,采纳“all/both + of the +名词(复数)”形式,其中of 可以省略。如:All (of) (the) boys are naughty.(是男孩都调皮)(4)every和each用法:every是形容词,只能作定语修饰单数名词,意思是“每一个”,表示整体概念;each是形容词、代词,可用作主语、宾语、定语等,意思是“每个”或者“各个”,表示单个概念;each可以放在名词前,可以后跟of短语,及动词同时出现时要放在“be动词、助动词、情态动词”之后或
45、者行为动词之前every和each都用作单数理解,但是下文中既可以用单数代词(如he/him/his)也可以用复数代词(如they/them/their)替代。如:Every one of the students in his class studies very hard.(他班上每个学生学习都很用功) / They are very busy. Each of them has something to do.(他们很忙,人人都有事干) (5)either和neither用法:either意思是“两个中间任何一个”;neither是either否认形式,意思是“两个都不”。neither和either在句子中可作主语、宾语和定语等,都用作单数。如:I dont care much for what to drink. Either of the two will do. (我不介意喝些什么,两个之中随意哪个都行) / -Will you go there by bus or by car? Neither. I will go there by train(你坐公车去还是坐轿车去?一