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1、ContentsIntroduction41. Smart manufacturing for improved performance through5Al and predictive analytics2. Flexible supply chains through electronic labelling63. Product authentication and consumer engagement84. Supply chain visibility and resilience105. Remanufacturing,reduce,reuse and recycling12C
2、ollaborative supply chains -a call for action14Acknowledgements15Endnotes165. Remanufacturing, reduce, reuse and recyclingBackground: Remanufacturing, reduce, reuse and recycling are different approaches taken to achieve greater resource efficiency. Integration of design for remanufacturing, new con
3、sumer perceptions and behaviours, business model transformations, and policy and regulations are all important enablers of these approaches. They all need strengthened cross-company collaboration and new forms of partnerships across the supply chain.Remanufactured goods are products rebuilt to meet
4、the performance specifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused, repaired and new parts, including replacing obsolete components or modules.Opportunity: Products from mobile phones to heavy construction equipment can be processed in this way, with as much as 90% red
5、uction in use of resources, processing energy, environmental impact and cost of producing the product. Guaranteed performance, warranties and trust in the brand provide consumer confidence. Product life cycles can, in the first instance, be extended by designing for longevity, durability and reliabi
6、lity. The market for reused products can be significant. For example, the global used smartphone market was estimated at $17 billion in 2016. Product lifespan can then be further extended, and the greatest efficiencies gained, where a product is refurbished or completely remanufactured to meet the s
7、pecifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused, repaired and new parts, often replacing obsolete components and modules. For lower-value products where remanufacturing isnt economically viable, the next best resource efficiency is gained by reuse. For example, older
8、 high-tech products can be reused where cutting-edge performance is not needed, particularly where software updates continue to be provided. Both remanufactured and newly manufactured products can use recycled material. Recycling can also recover embedded value by recovering select components such a
9、s aluminium, plated gold and rare-earth materials.Case study - Apple initiatives on reuse, recycling and zero wasteMaterial reuse: Apple demonstrated that most of the aluminium recovered from iPhones can be part of the 100% recycled aluminium enclosure of a MacBook Air. Reaching deeper into its supp
10、ly chain, Apple partnered with battery and final-assembly suppliers to also send Apples battery scrap to its recycler upstream. Now, recycled cobalt from both scrap sources is being recycled into the batteries of new Apple products - a truly circular supply chain.The circular use of resources enable
11、d by remanufacturing has several benefits for the company, customers and the environment. However, there are challenges to implementing the infrastructure that enables remanufacturing. Mainly, thereis a significant uncertainty in the variation of quantity, timing, quality and demand of incoming retu
12、rned products or their parts (cores). Toimprove quantity and timing, manufacturers need to focus on reverse logistics, a series of processes used to acquire and transport components. To address the variability ofquality, new manufacturing process are created that are typically costly and complex bec
13、ause incoming cores have longer inspection times, and restoring cores to their original condition can require cleaning, repairing and surfacefinishing.6Designing productsforeasierdisassembly can decrease the complexity and cost of remanufacturing processes. Lastly, marketing strategies can help ensu
14、re stable demand of the remanufactured goods by highlighting to customers that the reproduced product meets the specifications and warranties provided bythe manufacturer.Figure 5: Instruments of a circular economy7Raw materials processingRecyclingCProduct manufactureUse of the productRemanufacturing
15、 (end of use)Remanufacturing (end of life)Reuse/repairEnd of life (EoL)In addition to reducing the amount of materials needed in manufacturing, companies should prioritize the use of recyclable/renewable materials over non-renewables. By building products from recycled and renewable materials, the u
16、sage and sourcing of limited resources and waste from non-recyclable material is decreased. Where the substitution for recyclable/renewable material is not available, companies should work with their suppliers to develop substitutable recyclable material. Developments such as these are crucial to ul
17、timately making all manufactured material recyclable, and the success of these developments is entirely dependent on collaboration between multiple nodes in a supply chain. When new recyclable resources are developed, they should be made available to all manufacturers/buyers of the material, enablin
18、g more companies to reduce their non-renewable material consumption and waste production and to drive down the costs of the newly developed material.Waste reduction is also becoming an imperative for firms, as treatment and disposal processes generate about 5% of global carbon emissions. Waste level
19、s are rapidly growing, expected to increase by 70% by 2050. Moreover, in low- income countries, 90% of waste management is not yet controlled.8Zero waste to landfill helps keep materials out of landfills by prioritizing reuse, recycling, composting and conversion to energy. By driving zero-waste ini
20、tiatives, using international standards such as those established by Underwriters Laboratories (UL), companies can help mitigate harm to the environment.In order to achieve zero waste, manufacturers need to redesign their processes and products such that all waste can be captured and is recyclable.
21、Moreover, they need to develop new methods to track the waste they do produce. The success of zero waste depends largely on collaboration between manufacturers, suppliers, recycling facilities and all other stakeholders involved in the supplychain.Material recycle: It takes multiple pieces of protec
22、tive film to cover an Apple product during its journey along the assembly line. Film is placed and removed to help keep products pristine. Each piece is small, but it adds up to a significant portion of the non-recyclable waste generated during the product-assembly process. Apple set out to find a s
23、olution - finding a new protective film that could be diverted from incineration and, instead, recycled.After conducting research, it became clear that no recyclable protective film was available on the market. This introduced an opportunity for Apples engineering teams to partner closely with a pro
24、tective film supplier. The turning point for the project came with the creation of a combination of adhesive and film that could be recycled.Figure 6: Film application, iPhone productionThe result was cost-neutral, recyclable protective film that, in its first year of adoption, diverted 895 metric t
25、ons of waste from incineration and avoided 1,880 metric tons in carbon emissions from the manufacturing of Apple products. Better yet, the film has also been made available by the supplier for other companies to adopt as part of their manufacturing processes.Zero waste: Apples Zero Waste Program was
26、 created in 2015. Through this programme, suppliers must identify waste-elimination opportunities. To help suppliers achieve this objective, Apple provides tools and guidance, including the services of experts in sustainable wastemanagement solutions. Apple provides support and education that enable
27、s its suppliers to reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills while manufacturing Apple products. Suppliers dedicate months to identifying ways to reuse or recycle materials and divert waste from landfills. This can result in suppliers not only improving their environmental management systems, but
28、 also benefiting from the sustained conservation of resources. Suppliers must demonstrate that they meet Zero Waste to Landfill certification through UL (UL 2799 Standard); this is a rigorous and comprehensive standard measuring waste streams from manufacturing environments.In 2018, Apples efforts t
29、o achieve a zero waste supply chain reached a significant goal. All final assembly facilities for iPhone, iPad, Mac, Apple Watch, AirPods and HomePods in Apples supply chain are UL Zero Waste certified. A million metric tons of waste have been diverted from landfill through this programme. Apple con
30、tinues to work with suppliers in its supply chain to implement zerowaste practices and eliminate landfill waste.9Collaborative supply chains - a call for actionIn this paper we have identified the opportunities for a collaborative approach to the adoption of advanced manufacturing technologies acros
31、s supply chains, namely the development of:- Smart manufacturing solutions through Al and predictive analyticsFlexible supply chains through electronic labelling- Digital twin digital identity technology in the cloud in support of product authentication and consumer engagementSupply-chain visibility
32、for improved monitoring and resilience- Remanufacturing, reuse and recycling initiativesfor resource efficiencyWhile there are exciting advanced manufacturing technologies emerging, many organizations have been challenged with making the right decisions on technology adoption10 and wary of the pilot
33、 purgatory of experimentation without scale-up. In this paper we introduce some real-world applications that have had significant impact and the actions required to exploit them more fully.The use of Al and predictive analytics for smart manufacturing is now being rolled out across both assembly and
34、 process industries, redefining the benchmarks for robust controlled production. These developments are leading to more operational cyber-physical digital twins, with new possibilities for an increase in distributed and replicated production. Further development will require collaboration across par
35、tners on standards and the sharing of successful use-case experiences.The development of e-labelling across multiple industries is creating more flexible product supply chains. This will enable changes in information on product specification, guidance or use to be more dynamic, efficient and flexibl
36、e to changing market and technical requirements, while also providing much-needed mechanisms for supplychain integrity and compliance. Beyond the examples in this paper, these concepts are also being trialled in other sectors, for example:- Product labelling and patient information leaflets in medic
37、ine manufacturingIntelligent shipment tagging with custodianship control in cross-border supply- E-commerce delivery models involving crowdsourcing of third-party logisticsIn the case of e-labelling, the next steps should include;- Global implementation of e-labels for products with integrated and p
38、aired screens:Tere are still major markets that have not adopted e-labelling deviceswith integrated screens. For example, while the EU has allowed e-labels for medical devices since 2012, industry and users of consumer electronic devices will better realize the full benefits of e-labelling if extend
39、ed to these products, and companies will not have to maintain separate EU supply chains.- Development and adoption by governments of flexible, voluntary global standard for electronic labelling: Divergent approaches to e-labelling will undermine some of the efficiency-related benefits it is intended
40、 to generate. Country-specific requirements could become a barrier for trade as manufacturers prioritize various markets that require less time and money to ensure compliance. Small mandatory requirements can have significant implications for manufacturers entering different markets.11Beyond the dig
41、ital industry, an increasing number of sectors can benefit from e-labelling as more and more devices become connected. The mechanical engineering association in Europe, representing the EUs largest manufacturing sector, advocates for e-labelling as a modern solution to indicating compliance. Other i
42、ndustries such as toy manufacturers and the white goods industry are increasingly likelyto benefit from the flexibility provided by e-labelling. The benefits of e-labelling are being recognized and reflected in the provisions of modern trade agreements. If done correctly, electronic compliance label
43、ling on devices with and without digital displays can significantly reduce the environmental, organizational and monetary costs of physical labels, while achieving the polic/s goal of ensuring that the relevant information is accessible, comprehensive, comprehensible and continuously updated.In orde
44、r to improve supply-chain resilience and visibility, companies need to exploit data from supply-chain partners, including appropriate data structures and sharing protocols. This will support supply resilience involving:- Real-time collaboration - allowing corporations to switch among alternative sup
45、pliers in the event of disruptive shutdowns or inventory lossesFlexible response planning - enabling companies to predict, simulate and evaluate what-if scenarios, so that teams can design redundancy and back-up alternativesAnd finally, perhaps most importantly, is the need for a collaborative appro
46、ach on resource efficiency. It is vital that manufacturing companies redesign production processes, products and supply chains to decouple future growth from the increased consumption of natural resources - using renewable materials and enabling ease of component and product reuse, recycling and rem
47、anufacturing.AcknowledgementsProject teamThe World Economic Forum (Platform for Shaping the Future of Advanced Manufacturing and Production)Francisco Betti, Head of Shaping the Future of Advanced Manufacturing and ProductionMaria Basso, Research and Analysis SpecialistThe Global Future Council on Ad
48、vanced Manufacturing and ProductionJagjit Singh Srai, Head of the Centre for International Manufacturing, IfM, University of Cambridge (Lead Author)Priya Balasubramaniam, Vice-President Operations, AppleSophia Velastegui, General Manager of Product and Artificial Intelligence, MicrosoftJun Ni, Profe
49、ssor of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan UniversityLiu Baicheng, Professor, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tsinghua UniversityJay Lee, Founding Director of Industrial Al Center at University of Cincinnati and Vice Chairman of Foxconn Technology GroupYoshiyuki Sankai, Founder and Chief Executive Officer, CyberdineHeung-Nam Kim, Vice-President Operations, Korea Advanced Instit