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1、初中英语知识归纳总结（打印版）第一课时名 词一、概述1、名词的属性：表示人或事物的名称抽象概念的词叫名词。2、名词分普通名词和专有名词。普通名词是表示某一类人或事物，或某种物体或抽象概念的名称。 如：teacher, desks, plates, milk, box等，专有名词表示某一特定的人、事物、地方团体、党派、国家机关、 语言、节日等专用的名称。（运用）如：China, Chinese, Saturday, June, Green, Beijing, Olympic o （专有名 词的第一个字母要大写）二、可数名词与不可数名词1、可数名词是指表示人或事物，可以用数来计量的名词，有单复数之
2、分。如：glassglasses; book-books2、不可数名词是指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。如：paper, rice, water , milk, tea 等。3、有些名词在特定情况下由不可数变为可数名词。Light travels faster than sound; （light： 光线，不可数）The lights are on.（light：灯，可数）4、不可数名词的量的表示不可数名词一般无法用数来计算，前面不能用a或an或数词来表示数量，它的量往往借助于容器来表刁t Ofour glasses of milk two pieces of paper three bags
3、of ricefour glasses of milk two pieces of paper three bags of rice如：a glass of milk a piece of paper a bag of rice三、可数名词的复数形式（识记、运用）1、可数名词在应用时有单复数之分，单数变复数有规那么变化和不规那么变化两种。规那么变化2、少数名词有不规那么的变化形式情况变化形式例词一般情况加-sgirls; books;以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词加-esclasses; boxes; watches;brushes以辅音字母加y结尾的名词变y为i,加escity-cities
4、; baby-babies以f或fe结尾的名词变f,fe为v,加esknife-knives; leafleaves以O结尾的名词potatoes; tomatoes； photos; kilos; bamboos; radiospoliceman-policemen;man-men;woman-women;tooth-teeth;foot-feet; sheep-sheep; deer-deer;Japanese- Japanese;Chinese - Chinese; fish - fish四、名词所有格（运用）名词的所有格是表示所有关系的形式，它也有构成上的变化。1、单数名词变所有格，只
5、需在词尾加飞；2、复数名词的词尾已有s,只需加即可；3、复数名词的词尾假设没有s ,那么应加飞；4、如果表示某人或物为两人所共有，那么在第二个人后面加飞；如：Da Mao and Xiao Maos room如果不是两人共有，那么在每个人后面都加s;如：Li Leis and Toms mother5、名词所有格结构通常用于表示有生命的名词，或表示时间、距离、地点等，而表示无生命名词的 所有关系那么用“of”表示。如:the windows of housethe picture of the family第1页共41页(4)形容词+ fromdifferent from safe fromH
6、e was absent from class this morning My sister is different from me in many ways. (5)形容词+in interested insuccessful inHe is interested in making model ships.2、名词与介词的固定搭配名词 + forHe made up an excuse for being late.Did you find the cause for your failure?(1) 名词+inHe has some difficulty in translating
7、the bookShe has made great progress in English.(2) 名词+ ofShe found another way of solving the problemHe forms a bad habit of getting up late名词+ onThere have been several attacks on foreigners recently.Have pity on me!(3) 名词 + withI wanted to have a talk with youHe is always getting into trouble with
8、 the police第十课时 连词一、知识概述连词是一种虚词，不能在句子中单独作句子成分，也没有句子重音，在句子中只起连接词与词、短 语与短语、句子与句子以及从句的作用。连词分为并列连词和附属连词两种。并列连词是连接彼此并列关 系的词。附属连词是用来引导从句的词。二、并列连词并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词、短语或句子。并列连词按其作用可分为表示转折、因果、选 择和联合关系等四大类。表示联合关系的连词，常见的有：and, not onlybut also, as well as, both and, neither,- -nor-Written English is more or less
9、 the same in both Britain and American.They were very surprised and I knew that I had done the right thing.Work hard and youll pass the exam =If you work hard, youll pass the exam.While I was in the university, I learned both English and Japanese.Both European and Asian speak RussiaYou cant speak bo
10、th American English and British English at the same time.Neither Tom nor you are a driver.Neither I nor he has seen the play.Neither of us is a teacherYou dont like it, Neither do I.She is beautiful as well as clever.He is a great writer as well as a famous doctor.三、附属连词附属连词是用来连接各种从句的词1、连接主语从句、表语从句与
11、宾语从句的连词只有三个，即that, if, whether。如：第10页共41页Ask her if she will come with me.The reason is that she never wasted her time.I dont know whether he had passed the exam.2、引导状语从句的附属连词(1)连接时间状语从句的附属连词有：since, until, after, before, when, while, as soon as, whenever, ril tell you as soon as I know.(2)连接地点状语从句的
12、附属连词有：where, whereverSit wherever you like.I found my books where I had left them.(3)连接让步状语从句的附属连词有：although, though, even if, however.Although she was tired, she kept on working.(4)连接原因状语从句的附属连词有：as, because, since, now that, He was absent because he was ill.(5)连接目的状语从句的附属连词有：that, so that, in orde
13、r that.He raised his voice so that we could hear him.(6)连接条件状语从句的附属连词有：if, unless, once, in case.You,ll miss the train unless you hurry up.(7)连接结果状语从句的附属连词有：so.that, such.that.He came so late that he missed the class.(8)连接比拟状语从句的附属连词有： as.as., not so.as., less(more).than, the .the.This is more than
14、I can accept.(9)连接方式状语从句的附属连词有：as, as ifIt looks as if it was going to rain.第十一课时 动词（一）一、知识概述在英语中，每个句子必须有一个动词来担当谓语。说明主语“是什么”或“做什么”，动词是表示动 作或状态的词。动词和名词、代词一样，有人称和数的变化。谓语动词的人称和数一般要与主语的人称和 数保持一致。学好了英语动词相当于学好了一半的英语语法，可见英语动词的重要性。在初中英语中，动词的分 类、动词的时态和语态以及动词的各种形式之间的联系，非谓语动词的构成、用法等等贯穿整个初中课本, 包括英语句型都离不开动词时态或语态
15、，因此在学习时特别要注意英语中时态的运用和语态之间的区别。二、动词的分类及作用按照动词的词义和在句中的作用，英语动词可分为行为动词（又叫实义动词）、连系动词、助动词和 情态动词。1、行为动词表示动作或状态，能独立作谓语。如：She took pictures of treesHe is typing letters.行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。（1）及物动词及物动词后面必须跟宾语，意思才完整。I enjoyed the film very muchI gave the child another piece of cake.常见的能带两个宾语的动词有：第11页共41页bring, bu
16、ild, buy, cook, cut, draw, find, get, hand, leave, lend, make, offer, pass, pay, read, return, sell, show, teach, tell, write, etc.(2)不及物动词本身词义完整，后面不要求跟宾语。如：Horses run fast.They work in a factory.She curled up in bed and began her book.2、连系动词(1)本身有词义，不能在句子中单独作谓语，必须和表语一起构成谓语。常见的连系动词有：be, look, get, f
17、eel, sound, turn, smell, taste, become.My father is an engineer.My brother has become a doctor.It seems that he was a millionaire.I dont feel very well today.(2)表示感觉知觉的动词可以是连系动词，如feel, touch, sound, smell.I can smell the sea.The customs officer looked carefully at their suitcases.I feel a pain in th
18、e arm.She looked worried about it.3、动词与介词的固定搭配动词与介词的搭配主要指以下两种形式：(1)动词+宾语+介词The song always reminds me of my school days.Parents usually expect a lot of their children.I often take her for her sister.He hide everything from me.The headmaster praised the boy for his courage.They supplied people with e
19、nough food and drink.They presented us with a lot of flowers.The man was charged with mueder.(2)动词+反身代词+介词dress oneself in;prepare oneself forgive oneself topride oneself onHe gives himself to pop music.She always dresses herself iv white.第十二课时 动词(二)一、动词的形式大多数动词有四种基本形式：1、现在式；2、过去式；3、过去分词；4、现在分词；现在式是
20、字典中所给的形式，也可称为动词原形。按照动词各种形式的构成方法，动词可分为规那么 动词和不规那么动词两类。1、第三人称单数形式；加-s的规那么动词一般现在时单数第三人称形式的构成和名词复数的构成法及读音完全一样。情况变化形式例词一般情况加-Shelps makes gets以s,x,ch,sh,o结尾的名词加-esguesses fixes goes washes以辅音字母加y结尾的名词变y为i,加esflies cries tries studies第12页共41页2、动词的过去式和过去分词：构成动词-ed形式的规那么。(1)规那么变化的过去式和过去分词的构成是一样的。都加-ed。构成规那么
21、动词原形变化后一般在动词原形末尾加edlook playlooked played结尾是e的动词加dlive hopelived hoped以辅音字母加y的动词，改y为i 加edstudy carrystudied carried重读闭音节的，又写最后一个辅音 字母，再加edstop drop fitstopped dropped fitted(2)不规那么动词的过去式及过去分词的形式是不规那么的，可以查不规那么动词变化形式表。有些动词的三种形式一样。如：bet;burst;cast;cost;cut;hit;hurt;let;read;shut;spread下面是一些易误用的不规那么动词be
22、ar, bore, bom draw, drew, drawn fly, flew, flown mean, meant, meant shake, shook, shaken throw, threw, thrownbite, bit, bittenblow, blew, blowndrink, drank, drunk eat, ate, eaten hide, hid, hidden lend, lent, lent ride, rode, ridden rise, rose, risen swim, swam, swum tear, tore, tornwear, wore, worn
23、3、英语动词的现在分词，一般在动词末尾加-ing。规贝(变化形式例词一般情况加inggoing asking以不发音的e结尾的去e,再加ingwriting closing以重读闭音节结尾的双写最后一个辅音字母，再加inggetting beginning以ie结尾的先将ie变为y,再加ingdying lying tying第十三课时 动词(三)教学重点一、助动词助动词本身没有词义，不能单独作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示否认、疑问、时 态、语态等语法形式，或用来加强语气。常用的助动词有:be,do,have, shall, will等。它们的具体用法如下:(1)助动词beA.可
24、用于构成进行时态She is doing her homework now.I asked him what he had been doing all afternoon.B.可用于构成被动语态The baby was put in bed by his mother.The invitation was received yesterday.C.可与动词不定式构成谓语第13页共41页These books are not to be taken out of the room.She is to arrive at six this morning.(2)助动词haveA.构成完成时态I
25、have not seen him for three years.How long has your uncle taught in the village?He had lived in Scotland for fifteen years before he came to England.B.和动词不定式构成谓语，表示因客观环境促使不得不做的事情She had to go shopping yesterday.(3)助动词doA.构成疑问句和否认句Did anyone sharpen this knife?I dont think you are right.B.用来加强语气I do
26、want to have a talk with youDo come and see me.C.用来代替动词词组Have you finished your work? Yes, I did yesterday.He plays basketball well. So does his brother.(4)助动词shall构成将来时态，单纯表示未来情况I shall not be back tonight.We shall pay a visit to the Banpo ruins next month.(5)助动词will构成将来时，用于第一、二、三人称。如：They will mov
27、e to a new house.She will not eat any solid food.注意：(1) have to 与 must 的区别must是情态动词，意思是“必须”、“应该”、“一定要”，后接动词原形。Must的否认形式为mustnt. 构成疑问句时，肯定回答一般用must。否认回答用neednt或dont have to表示“不必”。如：Must I do it now ?Yes, you must No, you neednt.have to表示“不得不，必须”，可用于多种时态。I missed the train, so I had to take a taxi.Im
28、sorry I wont go with you, Ill have to go to the bank.We dont have to install this new television set.(2) used to表示过去常常,而现在不再有的习惯。其否认形式为：used not to, usedn9t (usen5t) to , didnt use to.I used to go to work by bus. Now I go by car.I used to collect stamps when I was a boy.Used they to have a lot more
29、free time ?第十四课时动词（四）教学重点情态动词（1）情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状杰的态度，或表示主观设想。情态动词有自己的词义，但第14页共41页 不能单独作谓语动词，必须和不带t。的动词不定式连用，没有人称和数的变化，常用的情态动词有can, may, must, will, shall, should, would, need, dare.情态动词有自己的词义，表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度，或主观设想。如：You may go now.This bus can seat 40 people.The work must be finished as soon as pos
30、sible.情态动词不能单独作谓语，必须和不带t。的不定式连用，没有人称和数的变化。情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式。(2)情态动词的用法。may的用法a.表示允许或征询对方的许可，有“可以”的意思。May not表示说话人“不许可”，如：You may go now.May I use you typewrite?You may not go=I do not permit you to go.b.在回答may引导的疑问句时，肯定回答用yes, you may否认用No, you mustnt. No, you cant或No, you had better not.can的用法a.表示能力
31、，有“能、会、能够”的意思。b.表示允许，在口语中代替may,有“可以的意思。c.表示“可能性”，常用于否认句或疑问句。The hall can hold at least 200 people.The librarian said we could take these books.Today is Sunday, he cant be at school today.d. can和be able to的用法比拟can用来表达能力时，由于只有现在时和过去时两种形式，其他时态要用be able to来表达。如：I can play piano.He has not been able to f
32、inish the work in time.must的用法must表示必须,应该。如：Must I come to the party?The article must be completed before Friday.a. must的否认形式mustnt,表示“不应该、不可以、禁止”。如：You mustnt get to school too late.Must I do it now? Yes, you must, No, you needntShe must have gone to Beijing.You must say sorry to me for thatYou mus
33、tnt clean only own room.need的用法a.need作为情态动词主要用于否认句和疑问句，较少用于肯定句。如：I neednt wear a coat. = I dont think I need wear a coat.I dont need things like that. shall用于第二、第三人称，表示说话人的意愿。如：He shall get his money.You shall do exactly as you wish.Shall I turn on the light?Shall I poen the window?would的用法第15页共41页表
34、示愿望、决心、建议或看法，如：I would like to go there.I promised that I would do my best.表示过去的习惯.He would often come to my house to see me.第十五课时 动词的时态(一)教学重点一般现在时在英语中，不同时间里以不同方式发生的动作或存在的状态，要用不同的动词形式来表示，动词的 这种不同形式称为动词的时态。时态从时间上划分，可分为四大类：现在时；过去时；将来时；过去将来时。从行为上，每一类可 以分为四种形式：一般式；进行式；完成式；完成进行式。这样英语的动词合起来，总共有十六种时态， 初中只
35、需掌握其中的八种时态。1、一般现在时一般现在时表示现在的状态、习惯性的动作或主语所具备的性格和能力等。当动词是be时，第一人称用am,第二人称用is,其他人称用are.当动词是实义动词时，一般用动词原形，但如果主语是第三人称单数时，动词必须用第三人称单 数形式，其变化规那么如下：变化规那么例词一般在动词词尾加-s,makes drives以s, x, ch, sh, o结尾的动词加-esguesses goes以辅音字母加y结尾的，变y为i,再加-escarries flies助动词d。（第三人称单数用does）构成否认句、疑问句及答语，但要注意助动词后原来的谓语动词 要恢复原形。例如：I l
36、ike music. I dont like music.Do you like music? Yes, I do No, I dont一般现在时的用法表示经常、习惯性动作，常和often, usually, every day, sometimes, always等时间状语连用。如：He goes to school by bus every day.They often play football表示能力、职业、特征。如：Miss Gao teaches English.Do you speak Japanese?表示客观存在。如：The earth moves round the sun
37、.Time and tide wait for no man.表示已经安排好或计划好的事。如The plane takes off at 7:30.Classes begin at 8:00在时间状语和条件状语从句中，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。如：If I see him, Ill tell him to give you a call.Well wait until he comes back.注意：a. 一般现在时的一些常见的时间状语有:always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, ever, never, every day, now a
38、nd then, from time to time第16页共41页b.现在进行时有时用来代替一般现在时，表示一个经常性的重复的动作或状态。这时句中常带always, forever以表示说话人的某种感情，如赞叹、厌烦等。如：He is always thinking of others.He is always talking big.第十六课时 动词的时态(二)教学重点一般过去时一般过去时(1) 一般过去时表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。 当动词为be动词时，应该用相应的过去式：am is wasare were否认形 式为： was not wasnt were not wer
39、ent疑问句是将was, were置于主语之前。I was in Grade Three last term.I wasnt in Grade Two last term.Which grade were you in?当动词为实义动词时，用动词的过去式，过去式的变化有规那么和不规那么变化。规那么变化如下：变化规那么例词一般情况在词尾加-edworked以-e结尾的在词尾加-dused lived以辅音字母加y结尾的，变y为i再加-edstudied carried重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母的，双写此辅音字母再加-edstopped fitted动词过去式的不规那么变化需要逐个记忆。见初三
40、教材后的不规那么动词变化形式表。go went begin began sleep slept run ranI heard the good news just now.The twins didnt go to school last weekDid you see the film yesterday ?(2) 一般过去时的用法 表示过去某一时间或一段时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常和表示过去的状语连用：yesterday, last week, a minute ago, in 1998, just now, in those days 等。 例如：They had a baby las
41、t month.My mother was ill yesterday.He went out just now.用于since引导的从句，主句的谓语动词如果用现在完成时，since引导的从句一般要用一般过去 时。如：He has worked in the factory since it opened in 1990.You havent changed much since we last met.注意：a.表示过去的时间状语常见的有：yesterday, last night(week, year, month, Sunday), then, at that time, just no
42、w, a few days(weeks, months) ago.以及由 after, before, when, while 引导的的表示过去的时间状语。b. 一般过去时可以用来表示现在的时间，这主要用于日常会话，使用的语气较为婉转客气。如：I wanted to ask if I could borrow your bike.第十七课时 动词的时态(三)教学重点一般将来时过去将来时第17页共41页一般将来时(1) 一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常与表示将来的时间状语连用：tomorrow, next week, next month, in a few days, from n
43、ow ono 如Im going to visit the museum this Sunday.Fil be there in half an hour.Well arrive tomorrow.(2) 一般将来时的构成be going to +动词原形。Be随主语人称和数的变化而变化，否认句在be后面加not,疑问句是将 be放到主语之后。例如：Its going to be fine tomorrow.He isnt going to speak at the meeting.What are you going to do next?will +动词原形。Will可以和各种人称及数的主
44、语连用。否认句在will后加not,缩写成wont疑 问句需将will提至主语之前。例如：We will have a basketball match next week.Will you come to the party?I sont lend it to you.shall +动词原形。此结构常用于主语为第人称I/we的句中，疑问句表示提建议或征求意见。如：When and where shall we meet ?Shall I turn on the TV ?(3) 一般将来时的基本用法。“begoingto+动词原形”表示“意图”，即打算、计划要做某事。如：Are you goi
45、ng to post the letter ?How long is he going to stay here ?be going to +动词原形”还可以表示“预见”，即现在已有迹象说明将要发生的事。如：There are a lot of clouds. Ifs going to rain.Ifs 7:50. Im going to be late.“win+动词原形”表示客观上要发生的事或表示“带意愿色彩的将来”。如：He will help you if you ask him.They will come back tomorrow.过去将来时过去将来时表示在过去将来的某一时间发生
46、的动作或存在的状态。常用于宾语从句中。其结构与一 般将来时类似，只需将助动词改为过去式。am/ is/ are going to + 动词原形 f was/ were going to + 动词原形will +动词原形-would +动词原形should +动词原形 f should +动词原形例如：You knew I would come.He asked me when he would see me again.Jim said he was going to see his friend the next day.第十八课时动词的时态(四)教学重点现在进行时过去进行时1、现在进行时(1)现在进行时表示现在或现阶段正在发生或进行的动作。它是由be 4-动词的现在分词”构成。第18页共41页其否认句是在be之后加note疑问句那么将be提到主语之前。（2） 现在分词的构成（3）现在进行时的用法。变化规那么例词一般情况直接加-ingdo-doinghelp helping以不发音的e结尾的，去-e加-ingtake-takinghave having重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母的， 双写此辅音字母再加-ingstop stopping set setting