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1、-分词ing型和ed型在英语中的用法及含义现在分词ing型具有动词的特征以及形容词或副词的功能，可以作表语、定语、状语或在复合结构中作宾补。现在分词ing型具有主动意义。而过去分词ed型说明主语情感心理上的感受，往往具有被动的意义。1、现在分词ing型作表语：表示情感心理的及物动词的现在分词具有主动意义，表示主语的特征，能引起听话人情感心理上的反应。例如：a. The situation is encouraging. 形势很使人鼓舞。 She is greatly encouraged. 她深受鼓舞。b. The food smells inviting. 这个才真诱人。 I dont fe
2、el invited to enter such an ugly building. 我没有欲望进这么难看的建筑。最常这样用的分词有：amazing / amazed，astonishing / astonished，surprising / surprised，encouraging / encouraged，confusing / confused，disappointing / disappointed，exciting / excited，interesting / interested，puzzling / puzzled，shocking / shocked，worrying /
3、worried，tiring / tired，satisfying / satisfied2、现在分词ing型作定语1）上述表示情感心理的及物动词的现在分词可以作前置定语，仍然表示它所修饰的名词的特征，能引起听话人情感心理上的反应。它们与对应的过去分词作定语的区别同上。He told us the disappointing news. 他告诉我们那令人失望的消息。The amusing story set the amused audience laughed all the time. 令人捧腹的故事令感到好笑的观众大笑不止。2）不及物动词的现在分词ing型作定语表示正在进行的动作。例如：
4、boiling water沸水developing country发展中国家moving train行驶中的火车3）注意现在分词和动名词作定语时的区别一般来说，现在分词表示所修饰的名词的动作，两者在逻辑上是主谓关系；而动名词主要说明所修饰名词的性质、用途等。例如：a sleeping boy = a boy who is sleeping 熟睡的男孩a sleeping car = a car which is used for sleeping 卧铺车厢a flying bird = a bird which is flying 飞鸟a flying school = a school fo
5、r training pilots 飞行学校4）现在分词ing型还常构成合成词来作定语，如：fine-looking building 漂亮的房子easy-going man 容易相处的人far-reaching effects 深远的影响earth-shaking changes 翻天覆地的变化5）现在分词ing型作定语往往相当于一个定语从句，表示的时间通常有两种：a. 表示正在进行的动作（变为从句时需用进行时态）： Tell the children playing（= who are playing）there not to make so much noise. Did you see
6、 the man talking（= who is talking）to Mr. Wang?b. 表示经常性动作或当前的状态（变为从句时用一般时态）： They lived in a room facing（=that faced）south. The house standing（= that stands）at the corner of the street was built in 1995.3、现在分词ing型状语1）现在分词ing型可以作伴随状语，作用相当于and连接的并列句。例如：Sally was lying in bed crying.2）现在分词可以作时间状语，作用相当于一
7、个时间状语从句。例如：Hearing（= When they heard）the news, they all jumped with joy.Walking（=When he walked）out of the room, he found the boy still there.如果分词表示持续性动作，前面还可以带有when或while。例如：Jim hurt his arm (while) playing tennis.3）现在分词ing型可以作原因状语，作用相当于一个原因状语从句。例如：Being poor（As we were poor）, we couldnt afford the
8、 expensive furniture.Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.4）现在分词ing型可以作条件状语，作用相当于一个条件状语从句。例如：Staying（=If you stay）here for some time, youll find the people here are friendly.5）现在分词ing型可以作方式状语，通常在动词stand，go，come，sit等之后。例如：He stood leaning against the wall. 他站着靠在墙上。She came running
9、to the station. 她跑着来到车站。6）现在分词ing型可以作结果状语，表示一种顺其自然的结果。例如：The storm left, causing great damage and deaths.4、现在分词ing型作宾补现在分词作宾补常用于下列情况：1） 用于与感觉有关的及物动词，如see，notice，watch，observe，hear，listen to，look at，smell，feel，find等。转化为现在分词ing型时表示上宾语的状态或正在进的动作。I saw her coming down the street.Do you smell soothing bu
10、rning?2）用于表示“使役”的动词如keep，get，leave，make，have等，表示主语使宾语一直处于某种状态中。例如：The police had a hard time keeping the traffic moving.Can you get the clock going again?Who has left the machine running all night?4）用于介词with的复合结构中，表示正在发生或发生了的动作，体现主动概念。例如：She fell asleep with the light burning.A little boy with two o
11、f his front teeth missing ran into the house.With the boy leading the way, we found he house easily.（小男孩已领过路） 动词的-ed形式1、概述动词的-ed分词是一种非谓语动词，即传统语法中所说的过去分词(past participle)，兼有动词和形容词、副词的特征与自己的状语一起构成分词短语，在句子中可以充当表语、定语、状语、补语等成分。它只有一般式表示完成和被动的动作，没有完成式，也没有主动语态。规则动词的过去分词由动词原形加-ed构成，不规则的过去分词没有统一的构成规则。The cup
12、is broken.杯子碎了。（有形容词特征，作表语）Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.大部分应邀入会的艺术家来自非洲。（作定语）He is going to have his hair cut.他打算去理发。（作宾语补足语）She walked out of the house, followed by her little daughter.她从屋里出来，后面跟着她的小女儿。（作状语）2、动词的-ed形式的句法功能（1）作表语过去分词作表语时，说明主语所处的状态。You shouldnt try
13、to stand up if you are badly hurt.如果你严重受伤，就不应站起来。He is gone.他走了。You are mistaken.你错了。表示情感的动词的ed形式作表语表示情感的动词的ed形式常见有disappointed(失望的)，astonished(惊讶的)，excited(激动的)，interested(感兴趣的)，frightened(害怕的)，moved(感动的)，pleased（高兴的）， puzzled （不解的），satisfied(满足的)，surprised(惊奇的)，touched （感动的），worried（担忧的）等。这类此都有“被怎
14、样了的”意义”表示主语的状态，主语一般是人。I was not satisfied with the result.我对那个结果感到不满意。I was deeply moved by the moving story.我被这个感人的故事感动了。I was very surprised at the news.我听到这个消息后非常吃惊。（2）作定语动词的-ed形式作定语表示被动与完成，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的中心词,是它动作的承受者。 作定语的过去分词如果是单个词，一般放在名词的前面。Japan is a developed country.日本是一个发达国家。He cleared up all
15、 the fallen leaves.他清除所有的落叶。Polluted air and water are harmful to peoples health .污染的空气和水对人们的健康是有害的。 如果是过去分词短语，要放在名词的后面，相当于一个含有被动语态的定语从句。The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies. (=which were ever found)曾经在英国发掘的最大的一批硬币有大约20万枚银便士。The research is so designed
16、 that once begun nothing can be done to change it.（= once it is begun）研究是这样设计的，一旦启动就不能改变。People developed a kind of paper made from the fibres of plants.人们研制出一种用植物纤维制成的纸。The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. 为英语教学编写的第一套教科书出台于16世纪。表示情感的动词
17、的ed形式作定语表示情感的动词的ed形式常见有disappointed(失望的)，astonished(惊讶的)，excited(激动的)，interested(感兴趣的)，frightened(害怕的)，moved(感动的)，pleased（高兴的）， puzzled （不解的），satisfied(满足的)，surprised(惊奇的)，touched （感动的），worried（担忧的）等。这类此都有“被怎样了的”意义”表示中心词的状态，中心词一般是人。The excited football fans were singing in loud voices.那些兴奋的球迷在高声唱歌。T
18、he frightened child kept trembling all the time.那个被吓坏的男孩一直在发抖。己完全形容词化动词的ed形式作定语有些动词的ed形式己完全形容词化，作前置定语时，其含义与同形的作后置定语的动词的ed形式不完全相同。Im going to buy some used books tomorrow.明天我要去买一些旧书。（旧的）The books used are still new now .用过的书现在仍然很新。（用）Well meet at a given time and place .我们将在一个固定的时间、地点见面。（固定的）The time
19、 and place given to us are not decided yet .给我们的时间和地点还没定下。（给巧用“令(使)人”解的动词分词式过去分词作表定，修饰通常是人称。表示“使人”怎么样，皆由外因出感情。现在分词作表定，主语常是事、物名。表示“令人”怎么样，说明性质或特征。（3）作宾语补足语动词的-ed形式作宾语补足语时，它前面的宾语就是它的逻辑主语；如果主动句改为被动句，宾语补足语则变成了主语补足语。动词的-ed形式一般在感觉、感官动词和使役、致使役动词后作宾语补足语表示已经完成的被动意义。感觉、感官动词后作宾语补足语或主语补足语，这类动词有find，feel，hear，li
20、sten to，look at，notice，observe，see，smell，watch等。We found the door locked.我们发现门锁上了。（宾补）The door was found locked.门被发现锁上了。（主补）She saw the thief caught by the policeman.她看见那个小偷被警察抓去了。（宾补）The thief was seed caught by the policeman. 有人看见那个小偷被警察抓去了。（主补）What should you do if you find a person trapped under
21、 a car?如果发现有人被压在车下，你该怎么办?使役、致使役动词后作宾语补足语或主语补足语，这类动词有catch, get，have, leave，set，start, keep等。The speaker raised his voice but still couldnt make himself heard. 那个演讲人提高了嗓门，但人们还是听不见。She had her foot injured in the fall.她跌倒了，脚受了伤。“have/get sth.+-ed分词作宾补”的不同含义“have/get sth.+-ed分词作宾补”归纳起来有3种不同含义:a. 表示让/叫别
22、人(为自己)做某事。Mrs Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had repaired went wrong. 布朗太太看到她请人修的洗衣机坏了非常失望。Hes going to have his hair cut.他要去理发。She had her house repaired.她(请人)修理了房屋。They are going to get their telephone put in.他们打算请人安装电话。b.表示“使完成某事”，可以是别人完成，也可以是自己参与完成。We must have /
23、get the work finished by 10 oclock. 我们在 10点钟之前得把工作做完。In that year he had a hundred yuan saved. 那一年他积蓄了100元。c.表示“遭遇某事”，常指不幸之事。She had her house damaged in the storm. 她的房屋在暴风雨中毁坏了。Charles was sentenced to death and would have his head cut off the next day. 查尔斯被判处死刑，次日将被砍头。（4）作状语动词的-ed形式作状语时，用来进一步说明谓语动
24、词的动作或状态，其逻辑主语通常应与句子的主语一致，即句子的主语就是动词的-ed形式这一动作的承受者。在意义上可表示时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件、让步等，这时它相当于一个状语从句。它的位置比较灵活，可以置于句首、句中或句尾，有时用逗号分开，有时也不用。一般用作时间、原因、条件状语时，这些短语通常位于句子的句首；当用作方式、结果、伴随状语时，通常位于句末。作时间状语作时间状语时相当于when或while引导的从句。Shot in the leg(=When he was shot in the leg), he continued to fire back with his gun.当他的腿被击中
25、了后，他仍继续还击。Heated,（=When it is heated） the metal expands.金属受热要膨胀。作原因状语时相当于as, since, because引导的从句。这类状语多方在前半部。Well designed and built(=Because it was well designed and built), the building lasted long.因为设计和施工都好，这座建筑撑的时间长。Greatly frightened, the man ran into the room back of the workshop.那人大吃一惊，跑到车间后面的
26、屋子里去了。Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. 他陷入了沉思，险些撞到他前面汽车上。作方式伴随状语时不能用状语从句替换，但可以改成并列句。He hurried to the hall, followed by two guards. （=He hurried to the hall and was followed by two guards.）他快步走进大厅，身后跟着两个卫兵。He turned away disappointed. (=He was disappointed and turned away
27、.)他非常失望地走了。Dr Watson and I will spend the night, locked in your room.我和华生医生将要锁在你的屋里过夜。作条件状语时相当于if, unless引导的从句。Given another chance(=If I am given another chance), I will do it much better.如果再给我一次机会，我会干得更好。Compared with Mr. Smith, he is young.和史密斯相比，他很年轻。United we stand； divided we fall.团结就是胜利，分裂必然失
28、败。作让步状语时相当于though, even if等引导的从句。这类状语多放在前半部。Born a free man（Though he was born a free man）, he was now in chains.他生来是个自由人，现在却戴上了镣铐。Wounded（Though he was wounded）, the brave solider continue to fight.虽然受伤，那个勇敢的战士仍然继续战斗。Left alone, the boy will get into trouble.放任不管，这个男孩会惹麻烦。动词的-ed形式作状语时,前面有时可以用一个连词，表
29、示强调或出于表达需要。常用的连词有：when, while, after, before, if, though, whether, unless, as if 等。If followed, he would eat all the food in the house.如果被允许，他会把家里的食物全吃了。Even if invited, I wont go to his party.即使被邀请，我也不去参加他的聚会。When asked why he did it, he said nothing.当问到他为什么做这件事时，他什么也没说。Once seen, it can never be f
30、orgotten .一旦看见它，就不会忘记它。（5）动词的-ed形式构成的独立主格结构 名词(代词)+动词的-ed形式构成的独立主格结构这种结构多用来表示行为方式或伴随状况，有时用来表示时间、原因、条件等。这时-ed分词与前面的名词通格或代词主格是被动的逻辑主谓关系。The question settled, the meeting was over. 问题解决后，会议结束了。He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.他满脸是汗跑了进来。His work finished, he prepared to go home.干完活后，
31、他就准备回家。 with+宾语+动词的-ed形式独立主格结构这种结构多用来表示伴随情况。The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 杀人犯被带入， 两手绑在背后。He was lying with his eyes shut. 他躺在那里，眼睛闭着。There was also a gun and a thin piece of rope with the end tied in a circle.还有一支枪和一根细绳，绳子的末端扎成一个圈。With his home-work finished ahead
32、 of time, he began to use his computer to write his diary.他提前把作业做完了，接着就开始用电脑写日记。3、动词的-ing形式与动词的-ed形式的区别动词的-ing形式与动词的-ed形式的区别主要表现在语态和时间概念上。（1）语态上不同：动词的-ing形式（除被动式外）表示主动意思；而及物动词的动词的-ed形式表示被动意义。Who is the girl standing over there? 站在那里的小女孩是谁呀？（主动）What is the language spoken in Australia?澳大利亚讲什么语言？（被动）I
33、 saw her opening the door. 我见她开了门。（主动）I saw the door opened. 我见门开了。（被动）Seen from the hill , the city looks beautiful.从山上望去，这座城市很美。（被动）Seeing from the hill, you will see the city beautiful. 从山上望去，你会看到美丽的城市。（主动）（2）时间概念上的不同：动词的-ing形式表示正在进行的动作；而动词的-ed形式表示己经完成的动作。the changing world正在变化的世界 the changed world己经变化了的世界the rising sun冉冉升起的太阳 the risen sun 已经升起的太阳a developing country发展中国家 a developed country发达国家-第 6 页-