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1、-从句（Subordinate Clause）是中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和部分，由that、who、whom，when，why，where。how，which等引导词（Connective）引导的非主句部分。从句的分类从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，就像一个句子一样。所不同在于，从句须由一个（connective）引导。 根据引导从句为主不同大大可分为：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句等。从句有、和6类。前四类由于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句在句子的功用相当于名词，所以通称；定语从句功能相当于，称为形容词性从句；而状语从句功能相当于，称为副词性从
2、句。状语从句还可以分为、方位状语从句和。 1.从句（Subject Clause）：用作主语的从句叫主语从句。引导主语从句的关联词有、缩合连接副词等。 2.表语从句（Predicative Clause）：用作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大都一样。 3.宾语从句（Object Clause）：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。 4.同位语从句是名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句)中的主要从句之一，从句作同位语表示与之同位的名词()的实际内容，它的作用相当于名词，对前面的
3、名词(短语)加以补充说明或进一步解释，相当于一个表语从句，它们之间的关系是同位关系，即主表关系。 5.从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。 6.状语从句可分为： (1)时间状语从句：(adverbial clause of time) (2)地点状语从句：(adverbial clause of place) (3)原因状语从句：(adverbial clause of cause) (4)条件状语从句：(adverbial clause of condition) (5)目的状语从句：(adv
4、erbial clause of purpose) (6)让步状语从句：(adverbial clause of concession) (7)比较状语从句：(adverbial clause of comparison) (8)方式状语从句：(adverbial clause of manner) (9)结果状语从句：(adverbial clause of result) 宾语从句定义宾语从句就是一个句子作动词或介词的宾语。 三要素连接词、语序和。 连接词一般都是that(指事务或人),which（指事）,who（指人） 1从句为，常选择连接词that或将that省略，直接与主句相连。 2
5、从句为，常选择连接词if或whether。在whetheror not结构中不能用if替换。 3从句为，常选择what,when,where,which,who,how等的疑问代、副词作连接词。 当who为主语时，句式为：who+其他 判断时态： 1.主句是，从句为各种时态情况 2.主句是，从句为各种相应过去时态。注意：从句描绘客观事实，用一般现在时 3.主句是，一般从句为一般现在时（“主将从现”） 例题： 1. The teacher told the children that the sun round. A. was B. is C. were D. are 选B，因其陈述为无可争议的
6、客观事实 2. I believe that our team the basketball match. A. win B. won C. will win D. wins 选C ，这是讲话人现在对将来情况的主观推测 3.The soldiers soon reached( )was once an old temple( )the villagers used as a school. A.which;where B.what;which C.where;which D.what;where 答3：选B，动词reach后接宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，where不可，which引导宾语从句时表疑
7、问含义“哪一个”而此句中并非疑问含义，不知道哪一座庙宇，而是用what从句表陈述含义，意“过去的一座旧庙宇”；temple后为对其修饰的定语从句，用关系代词which代替，并在从句中作动词used的宾语，use sth. as“把用作 宾语从句，在中作宾语，位于后； Tell him which class you are in Do you know what he likes？ (1)主、从句： 主句谓语过去时，从句相应过去时； He answered that he was listening to me. 主句谓语现在时，从句时态任所需； He says (that) he will
8、leave a message on my desk. They know (that) he is working hard. 具体过去永不变，真理格言现在时； He told me that he was born in 1980. Father told me that practice makes perfect . （2）否定前移，及完成； 在think / believe / suppose / guess / imagine / expect等动词后跟宾语从句否定式时，应转移到主句上去，完成时，应与从句主、谓保持一致。（注: 否定前移的条件是，主句主语是第一人称） I dont
9、think you are right ,are you ? I dont believe they have finished their work yet,have they ? （3）在表示建议suggest , advise 要求demand 、desire、require、request、propose； 决定 decide; order、command; 坚决主张 insist; 等动词后跟宾语从句，用（should）+v（） eg I suggested that you（should）study hard He ordered that we should go out at
10、once （4）如果宾语从句后有，用it作，把宾语从句后置 egYou may think it strange that he would live there （5）宾语从句that常可省略，但在以下情况下不能省略 A当主句谓语动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时，可以省略第一个that，其他不能省略。 egI believe（that）you have done your best and that things will get best? B当it作形式宾语时 egShe made it clear that she had nothing to do with him C当宾语从句前置
11、时 egThat our team will win，I believe 分类A 、作动词的宾语: egI heard the news I 主语heard 谓语动词the news.名词作宾语 I主语heard that he would come here later on.一个句子作宾语-宾语从句 B 、作介词的宾语: egHe said nothing about this plan 。 He主语said 谓语动词nothing 作动词的宾语 about 介词 the plan. 名词作介词的宾语 带有宾语从句的复合句的构成带有宾语从句的复合句就是用连接词把一个主句和一个宾语从句连接在
12、一起。连接词有：that(可省略)，what, who, when, where, why, which, if, whether, how. 注意A 宾语从句必须用陈述语序。 False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job. Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job. B 有时候可以用it 作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。 Bad: I thought that he could finish thisjob in just two
13、 hours impossible. Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours. Bad: He left whether we should continue this project to my judgment. Good: He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project. C 带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。 Bad: I think he doesnt like the En
14、glish teacher. Good: I dont think he likes the English teacher. DFalse: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner. Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner. 4.同位语从句（Appositive Clause）： 与先行词同位或等同的从句叫作同位语从句。其关联词多为that。 5.定语从句（Attributive Clause）：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般皆放在被它所修饰的名（代）词
15、之后，这种名（代）词就叫作（Antecedent）。引导定语从句的关联词为(或称引导词、等）。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等；在定语从句中用作状语。 引导定语从句的关联词有who, whom, whose, that, when, where, why 和 which. 在非限制定语从句中, 只可用which, who, whose, where , when., 如果指代前面整个句子, 多用which. 例句： The dog that/which was lost has been found.（失踪的狗已经找到了。） Those who are in favor of th
16、e proposal are expected to discuss it in detail after the meeting.（有人认为那些对这个提案有兴趣的人最好是在会后再具体讨论它。） There are many organizations whose purpose is to help the homeless.（存在着许多旨在帮助无家可归者的组织。） The days when we had to rely on wool, cotton or silk for our clothes have now passed.（那种必须依赖羊毛，棉花或者蚕丝做衣服的日子已经过去了。）
17、 Air moves from places where the pressure was high to places where the pressure is low.（空气从压强高的地方流向压强低的地方。） This is the reason why he refused to help us.（这就是他拒绝帮助我们的原因。） He was born in 1976, when an earthquake struck the country.（他出生于1976年，这一年这个城镇发生了地震。） They turned a blind eye to the suffering of t
18、he people, which enraged all of us.（他们对受苦人们的漠视激怒了我们。） 当引导定语从句的先行词前有all, any, no, little, much, very first 等词, 或先行词前为形容词所修饰时,或先行词为all, anything, nothing, something, everything 时,从句的引导词只能用that. The only thing that matters to the children is how soon they can have their holiday.（孩子们唯一关心的是他们什么时候放假。） The
19、se are the very points that puzzle me.（真正困扰我的是这些观点。） Is there anything that bothers you?（有什么事烦着你吗？） This is the best film that was ever produced by the company.（这部是那个公司有史以来拍摄得最好的电影。） as 可做引导词引导定语从句, 多和such, the same 连用. As 引导的定语从句也可修饰整个句子, 既可放在先行词后,也可放在句子开头. 例句： Such people as you describe are rare
20、nowadays.（你描述的那一类人现在很少了。） The boy was run over by a , as often happened in pre-liberation Shanghai.（那个男孩被一辆摩托轧过去了，这种事在解放前的是不少见的。） As is often the case, the girl forgot to bring her dictionary.（正如往常一样，这个女孩又忘了带上字典。） We are opposed to such ideas as are not based upon objective facts.（我们是反对这种毫无事实根据的想法的。
21、） 介词+which/whom/whose从句 The driver is the man from whose room she had stolen the gold watch.（她就是从那个司机的房间偷了金表的。） Language is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other.（语言就是人们用来和其他人交流的一种工具。） Jane spent all evening talking about her latest book, of which none of us had ever hear
22、d.（Jane一晚上都在谈论着也最近学课本，那些内容我们闻所未闻。） 例题： Water dissolves a part of nearly everything _ it comes in contact. a. where b. that c with which d as soon as 代/名+介词+which 从句 He is needing a book, the name of which I dont know.（他需要一本书，但是我不知道书名。） In factories and in our daily life, there are many waste materia
23、ls, all of which can be turned into useful things under certain condition.（在工厂里，在我们的日常生活中都有很多垃圾，其实这些垃圾在某种情况下是可以转变为有用的东西的。） To make an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions, each of which has only one correct answer.（为了能够客观地测试，老师写了一串答案唯一的问题。） 同位语从句和定语从句 The news that he has been adm
24、itted by Harvard University is very pleasing.（他被录取的消息非常令人兴奋。） The news that you told me was really exciting.（你告诉我的好个消息真的是很激动人心。） 难句: NO.1He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group.（他是被选为代表该团队的人中一员。） NO.2He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.（他
25、是那些男孩中唯一一个愿意再接受任务的人。） NO.3I shall never forget the day when we first met. NO.4I remember the morning when he first came to school. NO.4I shall never forget the days which I spent in the countryside. NO.5The room where he lived is kept in good repair. NO.6Alva found a place in the cellar where he use
26、s as his first laboratory. NO.7The way in which/that you answered the questions was admirable 时态1用一般现在时，从句可用任意时态。 2主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。 3主句用过去时，从句是真理时，只用一般现在时。 宾语从句的几类连接词从属连词 连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that，if，whether. that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,而if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句. 例句： He told that he would go to the college the next y
27、ear 他告诉我他下一年上大学. I dont know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车. Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam. 没人知道他是否会通过考试. 连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever,whatever, whichever等. 连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述. 例句： Do you know who has won Red Alert game? 你
28、知道谁赢了这一局红警游戏吗? I dont know whom you should depend on. 我不知道你该依靠谁. The book will show you what the best CEOs know. 这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解些什么. Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone? 你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗? 连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等. 例句： He didnt
29、 tell me when we should meet again. 他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面. Could you please tell me how you read the new panel? 你能展示给我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗? None of us knows where these new parts can be bought. 没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到. 动词的宾语从句大多数动词都可以带宾语从句 We all expect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger. 我们都预
30、料他们会赢,因为他们的队员更强壮. He told us that they would help us though the whole work. 他告诉我们在整个工作中,他都会帮忙的. “动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句 例句： I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out. 我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了. Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip? 你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗? 也可以带宾语从句 常见的这
31、些词有：make sure确保 make up ones mind下决心 keep in mind牢记 例句： Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in. 在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误. 形式宾语it代替的宾语从句动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置. 例句： I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day
32、 . 我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的. I feel it a pity that I havent been to the get-together. 我没去聚会,感觉非常遗憾. I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 我每天写日记成了习惯. We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater. 我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要. 有些动词带宾语从句时寻要在宾语与从句前加it 这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have
33、, see to. 例句： I hate it when they with their mouths full of food. 我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话. He will have it that our plan is really practical. 他会认为我们的计划确实可行. We take it that you will agree with us. 我们认为你会同意我们的. When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral. 开启发动机时, 一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置. 若宾语从句
34、是wh-类,则不可用it代替 例句： We all consider what you said to be unbelievable. 我们都认为你所说的是不可信的. We discovered what we had learned to be valuable. 我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的. 介词的宾语从句用wh-类的介词宾语从句 例句： We are talking about whether we admit students into our club. 我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部. The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 ma
35、nned spaceship was sent up into space. 这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升如太空的. 用that,if引导的介词宾语从句有时候except,but,besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句 例句： I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company. 对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一无所知. 形容词的宾语从句常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,a
36、fraid,satisfied,surprised 例句： I am sure I will pass the exam. 我确信我会通过考试. I am sorry that I have troubled you so long. 很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你. He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill. 他很高兴在他生病的时候能去看望他. if,whether在宾语从句中的区别if和whether在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,后一般不用if 少数动词
37、,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether. whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以. 在前只能用whether. 如： I cant decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。 避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if. 八、哪些宾语从句不可以省略that 1.当that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的时; 2.当宾语从句较长时; 3.当主语状语置于主句尾,宾语从句之前时; 4.当主语谓语动词(包括)与宾语从句之
38、间有时; 5.当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,此时第一个that可以省略,第二个that不可以省略; 6.当宾语从句中的主语是this,that或this,that做主语的定语时; 7.当宾语从句是双宾语中的时; 8.当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时; 9.当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时; 10.当宾语从句有it做其先行词时; 11.在中,转述把宾语从句隔开时. 宾语从句的否定转移主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,expect,fancy,guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的一般要转移到主句上
39、来,其反义一般与宾语从句一致. 例句： I dont think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he wont come to my party. 我认为他不会来我的舞会. I dont believe that man is killed by Jim,is he? 我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是? 如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式. 例句： We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he? 我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课,
40、是不是? 宾语从句的时态和语序当主句为现在时或将来时的时候,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响。 当主句为过去时的时，细分为一下几种情况： 从句用一般过去时或表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生 例句： I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didnt know what country he was in. 我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书,可不知道是哪个国家. He asked me if I was reading the story “The Old Man and the Sea ”when he was in.
41、 他问我他进来的时候我是否正在读. 从句表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前 例句： He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already. 他告诉我他已经把有关会议的事情告诉的了Mary. 从句谓语用表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后 例句： The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do. 记者问政府是否会采取必要的措施镇压骚乱. 如果从句是一个客观真理,那么从句的时候不根据主句的时态而变化 例句： Th
42、e teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday. 老师昨天说月亮绕着地球转. 当宾语从句的引导词是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑问时,不能按正常语序安排,经常将这类引导词置于句首 例句： Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year? 你认为今年公众会选谁为他们最喜欢的歌手。 同位语从句从句用法比较固定,把关键的几个词背下来（下面这个材料供参考）： 一、在复合句中用作同位语的
43、从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。如： I heard the news that our team had won我听到了我们队获胜的消息。 I had no idea that you were here我不知道你在这里。 二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。如： Ive come from Mr wang with a message that he wont be ab
44、le to see you this afternoon 我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。 三、英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词 that，whether，连接副词 how,when,where等。（注：if 不能引导同位语从句。）如： l have no idea When he will be back我不知道他什么时候回来。 He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。 四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。 如： Several y
45、ears later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them 几年以后，有消息传来说要亲自视 察他们。 The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city 他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。 五、同位语从句与定语从句的区别。 1、同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。如： The news that l have passed the exam is true我通过了考试这一消息是真的。 （同位语从句，即从句所表达的意思就是前面名