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1、-loving and hating New York习题全解-第 12 页. 1. Olmsted : Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. ( 1870 - 1975 ), American landscape architect. A Harvard graduate (1894),he studied under his father, Fredcrick Law Olmsted, and began practice as landscape architect in 1895. He was landscape architect for the Metropolit
2、an Park System of Boston, 1898-1920; Baltimore Park and Park Commission, 1902-1917; member of the National Capital Park and Planning Commission in 1929, and again from 1945. He acted in consulting capacity for and designed portions of the parks or other public improvements of many towns and cities a
3、nd numerous instiutions, land subdivisions, and private properties. Among his designs in Washington D.C. were those for Rock Creek and Ana-costia Parks, the Mall, and the White House grounds. He wrote numerous articles and reports on professional subjects. 2. Bach. John Sebastian Bach (1685-1750),Ge
4、rman composer and organist, one of the greatest and most influential composers of the Western World. He brought poly- phonic baroque music to its culmination, creating masterful and vigorous works in almost every musical form known in his period. Born into a gifted family, Bach was devoted to music
5、from childhood; he was taught by his father and later by his brother Johann cristoph. His education was acquired largely through independent studies. Since few of Bachs many works were published in his lifetime, exact dates cannot be fixed for all of them, but most can be placed with some certainty
6、in the periods of his life. At Arnstadt and Miihlhausen he began a series of organ compositions that culminated in the great works of the Weimar period; the Passacaglia and Fugue in C Mi-nor. At Cothen he concentrated on instrumental compositions, especially keyboard works: the Chromatic Fantasy and
7、 Fugue; the English Suites; and Book I of the celebrated 7he Well-Tempered-Clavier. He also wrote several un- accompainied violin Sonatas and cellosuites, and the Brandenburg Concertos, recognised as the best concertigrossiever composed. As musical director of St Thomas atLeipzig, he composed many o
8、f his superb religious compositions, the Christmas Oratorio, the St. lat hew Passion, etc. The principal keyboard works of this period were Book of The Well-Tempered Clavier and the four books of clavier pieces in the Clavier Cibung, which includes: six partitas (1726-1731) the Italian Concerto and
9、the Partita in B minor (1735) and the Goldberg Variations. The bulk of his work is religious. In addition, he composed an astonising number of instrumental works, many of them designed for the instruction of his numerous pupils. In his instrumental and choral works he perfected the art of polyphony,
10、 displaying an unmatched combination of inventiveness and control in his great, striding fugues. During his lifetime, Bach was better known as an organist than as a composer. For decades after his death his works were neglected, but in the 19th century his genius came to be recognized, particularly
11、by romantic composers such as Mendelssohn and Schumann. Since that time his reputation has grown steadily. .1. N0, his hometown is Seattle, a seaport in west central Washington State on Puget Sound. See paragragh 4. 2. These signs show that New York is no longer the leading city in the United States
12、. 3. New York no longer begets the styles and sets the trends.It is no longer a paeesetter. 4. Other cities have buildings more inspired architecturally. The center of music and sports have also shifted to other cities. As a tourist attraction it is inferior to New Orlcans, San Francisco, Washington
13、 or Disneyland. Finally, there are many beter cities to live in than New York. 5. The Europeans call New York their favorite city because they like its cosmopolitan complexities, its surviving European standards and its alien mixtures. Perhaps some of these are reassured by the international names o
14、f jewelers, shoe stores and designer shops. But what most excites Europeans is the citys charged, nervous atmosphere, its vulgar dynamism. 6. Tim writer went to New York because he likes to live there and he could practice the kind of journalism he wanted in that city. 7. The young people go to New
15、York to test themselves and to avoid giving in to the most banal and marketable of their talents. In New York they also find the company of many other young people similarly fleeing from the constricting atmosphere of smaller cities. 8. New York is still the banking and communications head- quarters
16、 for America. The networks news centres, the largest book publishers, the biggest magazines, the ad agencies are all here, appraising and ratifying the films, the plays, the music, the books that others have created. 9. Newcomers can find or form their little groups and, though these groups lie clos
17、e to each other, there is no contact or intercourse between groups. This gives the city its sense of freedom. 10. Despite all the faults of the city, a New Yorker still prefers to live in New York because he prefers the unhealthy hassle and vitany of urban life. What he finds attractive about New Yo
18、rk is its rawness, tension, urgency; its bracing competitiveness the rigor of its judgements; and the congested, democratic presence of so many other New Yorkers, encased in their own worlds. 11. It is in fact the first truly international metropolits because here one finds a much wider mixture of n
19、ationalities Asians, Africans, Latins and all varieties of Europeans. .1.This article is a piece of expository writing. The main theme or thesis is stated by the title Loving and Hating New York, or more specifically, by the first sentence of the last paragraph: “Loving and hating New York becomes a
20、 matter of alternating moods, often in the same day. 2. Griffith develops his main thesis by both objective and emotional description of New York and the life and struggle of New Yorkers. It is very effective. (See the answer to 4.) 3. This article is full of American English terms, phrases and cons
21、tructions. Such as T-shirt, hassle, plush, holdout, comeback, putdown, measure up, expense-account, etc. 4. The writer states that he both loves and hates New York, but the reader fails to see where or why he hates New York. It is clear that Griffith loves New York and feels exhilarated living there
22、. He may sometimes feel exasperated but this feeling is never strong enough to turn to hate. The writer shows his love for New York with the words such as energy, contention striving, etc. 5. The first five paragraphs act as a general introduction, set- ting forth the present status of New York city
23、 in the Unit- ed States and in the eyes of foreigners. The last sentence of paragraph 5 also acts as a transition to the actual de- scriptions of New York city itself: the charged, nervous atmosphere, its vulgar dynamism of the last line of paragraph 5 leads to the energy, contention, and striving i
24、n the first line of paragraph 6. 6. The topic sentence of paragraph 8 is the first sentence. Nature s pleasures are much qualified in New York. The writer uses many examples to develop this paragraph and to back up the statement made in the topic sentence. 7. In New York, a shrewd understanding or a
25、bility to appraise things is appreciated and paid for, and skill and learning by themselves are not considered valuable. 8. Free. Students choice. .1. Nowadays New York cannot understand nor follow the taste of the American people. 2. New York boasts that it is a city that resists the prevailing tre
26、nds (styles, fashion)of America. 3. Situation comedies made in Hollywood and the actual performance of Johnny Carson now replace the scheduled radio and TV programs for California. 4. New York is regaining somewhat its status as a city that attracts tourists. 5. A person who wins in New York is cons
27、tantly disturbed by fear and anxiety (because he is afraid of losing what he has won in the fierce competition). 6. The chance to enjoy the pleasures of nature is very limited. 7. At night the city of New York is aglow with lights and seems proudly and haughtily to darken the night sky. 8. But a pur
28、e and wholehearted devotion to a Bohemian life style can be exaggerated. 9. In both these roles of banking and communications head- quarters, New York starts or originates very few things but gives its stamp of approval to many things created by people in other parts of the country. 10. The televisi
29、on generation was constantly and strongly influenced by extravagant promotional advertising. 11. Authors writing long serious novels earn their living in the meantime by also writing articles for popular magazines. 12. Broadway, which seemed unable to resist the cheap, gaudy shows put on in the surr
30、ounding areas, is once again busy and active. 13. (If you tell a New Yorker about the vigor of outdoor pleasures, he will reply that) he prefers the unhealthy turmoil and animated life of a city. 14. Those who failed in the struggle of life, the down-and-outs, are not hidden away in slums or ghettoe
31、s where other people cant see them. 15. New York constantly irritates and annoys very much but at times it also invigorates and stimulates. . See the translation of the text. .1. holdout: (Americanism) a place that holds out; hold out= continue resistance; stand firm; not yield 2. live: transmitted
32、during the actual performance 3. charged : tense ; intense 4. put-down: (American slang) a belittling remark or crushing retort 5. foothold: a secure position from which it is difficult to be dislodged 6. measure up: (Americanism) prove to be competent or qualified 7. jingle: a verse that jingles; j
33、ingling arrangement of words or syllables 8. expense-account. (Americanism) an arrangement whereby certain expenses of an employee in connection with his work are paid for by his employer 9. illustration= a picture, design, diagram, etc. used to decorate or explain something 10. commercial: (radio a
34、nd TV) a paid advertisement 11. distancing: be reserved or cool toward; treat aloofly 12. democratic: treating persons of all classes in the same way; not snobbish 13, jealous : very watchful or careful in guarding or keeping 14. high-rise: (Americanism) designating or of a tall apartment house, off
35、ice buil ding, etc., of many stories /(noun) a high-rise building 15. mean: poor in appearance; shabby. .1. skyline: noun+ noun=noun Examples: bookcase; teacup; skyrocket; sealskin; sea port ; pigsty 2. pacesetter : noun + verb + er = noun Examples : shareholder ; leaseholder ; pathfinder ; painstak
36、er ;watchmaker 3. trash-strewn : noun + past participle = adjective Examples: homespun; bloodstained; landlocked; henpecked ; homemade 4. international: a combining form+ adjective=adjective Examples: inter American; interchangeable; interdepartmental ; interplanetary ; intersectional 5. anti-septic
37、ally : prefix 4-adverb = adverb Examples : preemptively; preeminently; predominantly; prefiguratively ; prehistorically 6. juxtaposition: a combining form+ noun=noun Examples: photochemistry; photocopy; phonograph; telephone ; television 7. NBC: composed of initials N+B+C from National Broadcasting
38、Company Examples: BBC - British Broadcasting Corporation; NCO - noncommissioned officer; UN - United Nations; MIA - missing in action; PFLI - Peking Foreign Languages Institute 8. Wasp: an acronym from white Anglo-Saxon protestant Examples: Awacs - airborne warning and control system (a sophisticate
39、d surveillance plane); UFO - unidentified flying object; Nato - North Atlantic Treaty Organization; Asean - Association of South-east Asian Nations; Anzac - (a soldier in the) Australian and New Zealand Army Corps 9ad：a shortening of “advertisement” Examples：auto(automobile)；kilo(kilogram)；exam(exam
40、ination)；gent(gentleman)；pram(perambulator) 1 0Cabana：a loan word from Spanish Examples： blitz (German)； judo (Japanese)； discontheque (French)； kolkhoz (Russian)； solo (Italian) 11sitcom：a blend word from “sit(uation)+corn(edy)” Examples：smogsm(oke)+(f)og；smazesm (oke)+(h)aze；brunchbr(eakfast)+(1)u
41、nch； mopedmo(tor)+ped(a1)；motel-mo(tor)+ (ho)tel 12Buick：a trade name for a car Examples：Omega(a watch)；Kodak(a camera)：Boeing(an airplane)；Fiat(a car)；Biro(a ball point pen) .指带着极大的信心，但却没有经客观证实的一种明确的陈述。如：He asserted that mans nature would never changedeclare指公开地或者正式地断言，通常是针对反面而言。如：They declared the
42、ir independenceaffirm指在一个人的陈述中隐含着一种极深的说服力，而且不可能为他人所否定。如：I cannot a所Fill that he was there 隐含着一种结构上的精密，以致于很容易打碎。如a fragile china teacup。brittle隐含着一种僵硬性、无弹性，以致于在重压和打击之下很容易破碎。如：The bones of the body become brittle with age 隐含着一种多种事物相昆合，以致于在其形成的新事物中，不管单个的元素组成部分能否互相区别开来，它们都协调地结合在一起。如to mix paints。mingle通
43、常隐含着在这种结合中，各个单个的元素组成部分能互相区别开来。如mingled feelings of joy and sorrow。merge强调在这种结合过程中单个元素组成部分的差别消失，或者指一种事物完全为另一事物所吸收。如：The companies merged to form a large corporation 4common用来形容在一个组织或者在一个机构等单位中，为所有的人或者大多数人所能共享的、或者是人们经常碰见的事物，而且还隐含着一种通常性、广泛性，或者一种贬义，一 种劣质性。如a common belief，a common car。general隐含着一个类别、一个种
44、类、一个组织中的所有的或者大多数的事物的相互连接，强调一种广泛性。如general unrest among the people。popular隐含着在通常公众的场合或者在人民大众之中的一种广泛流行的时尚，为人所接受和喜爱。如a popular song。 FormalInformal 1patheticpitiful 2beget bring into being 3pristineunspoiled 4exasperatemake angry；irritate 5congenial agreeable 6regard with great respect look up to 7mall
45、eable capable 0f being molded 8proximity closeness 9exhilarate makecheerful 10precariously unsafely；uncertainly；unstably 11tumultuous wild and noisy 12congestedovercrowded 13metropolis a large city 14frivoloussilly；lighthearted 15diversity variety 1Hollywood：USmotion picture industry or its life 2Ti
46、n Pan Alley：the publishers，writers，and promoters of popular music：center of popular music 3Madison Avenue：the advertising industry，its practices， influence，etc 4Fifth Avenue：fashionable shopping center 5. Broadway: the New York commercial theatre or entertainment industry 6. Greenwich Village: cente
47、r for artists, writers, etc. , in New York 7. Disneyland : (after an amusement center near Los Angeles, created by Walt Disney) a place or condition of unreality, fantasy, incongruity, etc. 8. Wall street: the U. S. money market or the U. S. financiers and their power, influence, policies, etc .1. alliteration, metaphor 2. metonymy 3. metaphor, metonymy 4. personification 5. metaphor, synecdoche 6. irony 7. euphemism 8. personification . 1. This paragraph is taken from Down and Out in Paris and London by George Orwell. In this paragraph he paints the difference bet