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1、-P38 低不确定性规避与高不确定性规避Uncertainty Avoidance不确定性规避指的是人们忍受模糊或者感到模糊和不确定性威胁的程度。根据霍夫斯特的调查研究,不确定性规避度在不同的国家会有不同的体现。不确定性规避度高的国家,如亚洲国家,会尽量去避免不确定的和模淩两可的东西,制定更多的正式的规则,不喜欢非同寻常的想法和做法,寻求一致。人们认为 生活中充满了可能发生的危险,对于书面的规定、计划、规则有着强烈的要求,依次来使生活有规则。 相反,在不确定性规避较低的国家,如美国、瑞典、丹麦、芬兰等,人们会容易地接受生活中的不稳定性,容易接受非同寻常的想法和做法。他们喜欢创新,喜欢冒险,不喜
2、欢循规蹈矩,不喜欢等级分明的社会制度。日本是不确定性规避较高的国家,(严谨)而美国是不确定性规避较低的国家。(随性)不确定性规避的表现通常可以从对规则的诉求愿望、对具体指令的依赖、对的执行程度去考虑。一些文化中的雇员推崇明确,并非常乐意接到其主管的具体指令。这些雇员具有高度的不确定性规避,并偏好于回避工作中的模棱两可,别处的雇员则以相反方式进行反应,因为模棱两可并未威胁到他们对稳定和安全的较低。这些雇员中甚至可能会对工作中的不确定性如鱼得水。 不确定性规避倾向影响一个使其活动结构化需要的程度,也就是影响到一个组织对风险的态度。在一个高不确定性规避的组织中,组织就越趋向建立更多的工作条例、或规范
3、以应付不确定性,也相对是以工作和任务指向为主,多为。在一个弱不确定性规避的组织中,很少强调,工作条例和流程和程度较低。 在任何一个社会中,人们对于不确定的、含糊的、前途未卜的情境,都会感到面对的是一种威胁,从而总是试图加以防止。防止的方法很多,例如提供更大的职业稳定性,订立更多的正规条令,不允许出现越轨的思想和行为,追求绝对真实的东西,努力获得专门的知识等等。不同民族、国家或地区,防止不确定性的迫切程度是不一样的。相对而言,在不确定性避免程度低的社会当中,人们普遍有一种安全感,倾向于放松的生活态度和鼓励冒险的倾向。而在不确定性避免程度高的社会当中,人们则普遍有一种高度的紧迫感和进取心,因而易形
4、成一种努力工作的内心冲动。 不确定性规避的实例日本是不确定性避免程度较高的社会,因而在日本,“”这一员工广泛参与的管理形式取得了极大的成功,“” 也得到了很好的推行。与此相反,美国是不确定性避免程度低的社会,同样的人本主义政策在美国企业中则不一定行得通,比如在日本推行良好的“全面质量管理 ”,在美国却几乎没有成效。中国与日本相似,也属于不确定性避免程度较高的社会,因而在中国推行员工参与管理和增加职业稳定性的人本主义政策,应该是适合的并且是有效的。此外,不确定性避免程度低的社会,人们较容易生活中固有的不确定性,能够接受更多的意见,上级对下属的被执行得更为彻底,员工倾向于自主管理和独立的工作。而在
5、不确定性避免程度高的社会,上级倾向于对下属进行严格的控制和清晰的指示。Uncertainty avoidance measures a nations preference for strict laws and regulations over ambiguity and risk. According to the Hofstedes research, Greece is the most risk-averse culture, and Singapore the least. Protestant and Chinese culture countries rank relative
6、ly low; Catholic, Buddhist, and Arabic countries tend to score high in uncertainty avoidance. Ironically, high uncertainty avoidance cultures tend to have a less efficient infrastructure than low uncertainty avoidance cultures. Some characteristics of a low uncertainty avoidance culture: Typically t
7、he country is newer or more recently settled (but not always, as in the case of China). The population tends to be ethnically diverse. Risk is valued in business (i.e. U.S.A.) Frequent innovations. Citizens are proud of the nation. Foreigners or minorities are encouraged to assimilate. Examples: U.S
8、.A., Singapore, Jamaica, Ireland, Sweden, China Some characteristics of a culture high in uncertainty avoidance: Generally older countries/cultures with a long history. The population is more ethnically homogeneous. Risk is avoided in business (i.e. Germany) Low tolerance for innovation, prefer to s
9、tick to traditional routines. Citizens are often critical of their own nation. People tend to be more superstitious. Smoking is more common. Higher maximum speed limits and a higher rate of motor vehicle accidents. is common and foreigners/minorities tend to be ostracized. Examples: Greece, Portugal
10、, Japan, Israel, Spain, Latin America Given the characteristics known to be associated with uncertainty avoiding societies, this dimension could also be conceptualized more broadly as cultural paranoia versus cultural trust. Uncertainty avoidance is a cultural index developed by Dutch sociologist Ge
11、ert Hofstede. It measures a nations preference for strict laws and regulations over ambiguity and risk. According the Hofstedes research. Greece is the most risk-averse culture, and Singapore the least. Look up Index in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Index can be defined as: an ordered list, plural
12、 indexes a number or variable, plural indices. . Geert Hofstede is an influential Dutch expert on the interactions between national cultures and organizational cultures, author of several books including Cultures Consequences (2nd, fully revised edition, 2001) and Software of the Mind. . Protestant
13、and Chinese culture countries rank relatively low;in uncertainty avoidance. Ironically,low uncertainty avoidance cultures tend to have a more efficient infrastructure than high uncertainty avoidance cultures.Some characteristics of a low uncertainty avoidance culture:Typically the country is newer o
14、r more recently settled (but not always, as in the case of China). The population tends to be ethnically diverse. Risk is valued in business (i.e. U.S.A.) Frequent innovations. Citizens are proud of nation. Foreigners or minorities are encouraged to assimilate. Examples: U.S.A., Singapore, Jamaica, Ireland, Sweden, China-第 8 页-