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1、名词对应。（Kinesics）：the nonverbal behavior related to the movement of the body or part of the body.（身势）：非言语行为相关的运动身体肌肤上或局部的身体。（etiquette）：it refers to manners and behavior considered acceptable in social and business situations.(礼仪): 它指的是礼貌和行为认为是可以接受的,在社会和商业管理硕士学位。(pragmatics)：it is the study of how spe
2、akers use the language to reach successful communication, and the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behaviors.(语用学): 它是研究如何说话者可以运用语言达到成功的交际,而且该研究结果的语言对人类的观念和行为。(power distance):the degree to which power differences are expected and accepted by society.(权力距离): 在何种程度上的力量和接
3、受不同是被期望的社会。(Values): a learned organization of rules for marking choices and for resolving conflicts.(价值观): 学会组织的规则为标志的选择和解决冲突。（reverse culture shock）:it refers to the “shock” one experiences upon returning to ones home culture after growing used to a new one.(反向文化冲击): 它指的是“震惊”一经使用后返回到一个新的增长一对一的家居文化
4、体验。(Recovery stage):a stage of culture shock characterized by gaining some understanding of the new culture.(恢复期): 一阶段的文化冲击获得一些新的文化的理解的特点。 (Semantics): it is the study of the meaning of words, a system that relates words to meaning.(语义): 这是含义的话，一个系统，涉及词意义的研究。(Memo):it is a hard-copy document, used f
5、or communicating inside an organization, usually short.（备忘录）：这是一个硬拷贝文件，供组织内，通常短暂交流使用。(proxemics):the study of peoples perception and use of space.(空间关系学): 人们的看法和空间利用研究。(uncertainty avoidance):the degree to which the society is willing to accept and deal with ambiguity and uncertainty.(不确定性规避): 在何种程度
6、上愿意为社会接受和处理模糊性和不确定性。(Individualism):the degree to which individual decision-making and action is accepted and encouraged by the society.(个人主义): 在何种程度上个人决策和行动是社会所接受和鼓励。(taboos):practices or verbal expressions considered by a society or cultures as improper or unacceptable.（禁忌）：方式或一个社会或文化视为不当或不可接受的口头表
7、达。(superstitions):beliefs that are inconsistent with the knows laws of science or what society considers to be true and rational.（迷信）：信仰与科学规律的认识还是什么社会认为是真实和理性的不一致。(culture shock):this term expresses the lack of direction, the feeling of not knowing what to do or how to do things in a new environment
8、, and not knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate.（文化冲击）：这个词表达了缺乏方向，在不知道该怎么做或如何在新的环境的东西，不知道什么是适当或不适当的感觉。(rejection): a coping mechanism against culture shock in which we think we dont need anybody, and we are coping fine alone.（拒绝）：一对文化的冲击中，我们认为我们不需要任何人，我们是很好应付独自应对机制。(customs):they are behavior
9、s generally expected in specific situations and are established, socially acceptable ways of behaving in given circumstances. （习俗,）：他们普遍预计的具体情况和建立行为，在一定情况下表现为社会接受的方式。(personal territory):it refers to the space that people have for their own activities. (个人领域）：它指的是空间，人们为自己的活动二正负判断。（F,T）三，名词解释。 （一）Hof
10、stedes four cultural dimensions (please provide examples if possible) 霍夫斯泰德的四个文化维度（请提供例子，如果可能的话）答案：mean: Hofstede developed a model that identifies four primary dimensions for diferentiating cluture .is:1. Power Distance :include 1. small power distance cluture. 2. large power distance cluture .2. I
11、ndividualism Versus Collectivism 3. Masculinity versus Femininity 4. Uncertainty Avoidance For example, the power of the United States views with the views of Arab countries there is a big difference to the U.S. power is not very fancy, they pay more attention to personal ability to play, the pursui
12、t of power to be a lot less than the Arab countries; Arab countries due to national Institutional relations, focusing on the power of binding, thus, the Arab countries, institutions, whether government departments or enterprises are more or less with the power of color.（比如，美国对权力的看法跟阿拉伯国家的看法就存在很大的差异，
13、美国不是很看中权力，他们更注重个人能力的发挥，对权力的追求比阿拉伯国家要逊色不少；阿拉伯国家由于国家体制的关系，注重权力的约束力，由此，阿拉伯国家的机构，不管是政府部门或者企业都多多少少带有权力的色彩。）(二) low context culture (please provide an examples if possible)低语境文化（请提供一个例子，如果可能的话）答案 the low context culture is the listener knows very little and must be told practically everything.低语境文化就是听众知道很
14、少，几乎一切都必须被告知)Example:1: A German, an American, a Japanese to the same restaurant, ordered a hamburger are the result of the negligence of the cook the meat of the three have burned the hamburgers, and asked the three people would say German paste directly criticize the meat, criticized the chef; Ame
15、ricans said that although the meat tastes very good, but bread, salad, shallot taste pretty good; The Japanese would say, bread, salad, onion is delicious. (一个德国人，一个美国人，一个日本人到同一家餐厅，都点了一个汉堡，结果由于厨师的疏忽把三个汉堡中的肉都烤糊了，问，三个人会对此次说什么:德国人会直接批判这个糊了的肉，批评这个厨师；美国人会说，虽然肉的口味不太好，但是面包，沙拉，香葱的味道还不错； 日本人会说，面包，沙拉，香葱的味道不错。
16、)2. American contracts are usually about ten times longer than French contracts. Americans like to have a lot of the context stated explicity.The French dont care very much about the explanation,as much of the information is taken for granted.（三）high context culture (please provide an examples if po
17、ssible) 答案：the high context culture is listener is already contexted and so does not need to be given much background information.（在高语境文化监听器已经contexted等并不需要给予太多的背景资料。）两个题目的例子可以用上一个来解释4.企业文化(corporate culture)（请提供一个例子，如果可能的话）答案：In simple term, corporate culture is the way things work in a corporation
18、. (如果记不住,主要这一句就可以了).Corporate culture is the individual consciousness and the meaning of the general, the energy embodied in the enterprise organizational behavior. Specifically refers to the entire staff in the business operation process of the formation of training, organizational behavior and bus
19、iness associate, and in fact become the mainstream consciousness of all employees to abide by the highest goals, value system, the basic beliefs and the organization code of conduct Combined.（简单来说，企业文化是“事物的方式在公司工作。”企业文化是企业个性意识及内涵的总称，其能以企业组织行为所体现。具体指企业全体员工在企业运行过程中所培育形成的、与企业组织行为相关联的、并事实上成为全体员工主流意识而被共同
20、遵守的最高目标、价值体系、基本信念及企业组织行为规范的总和。）Example: 四，简答题 1）what is nonverbal communication? what are the functions of nonverbal communication in general? 答案：Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and i
21、nterpretation of messages in a given situation or context. Nonverbal communication, according to Samovar and Porter, involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his use of the environment and that have potential message value for the sour
22、ce or receiver. “Nonverbal communication is a way of communication without words.”Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used. Nonverbal communication is everything except the actual words.Nonverbal communication plays an important part in intercultural communication
23、, even more important than verbal communication.There are six functions of nonverbal communication in general: accenting, complementing, contradicting, regulating, repeating and substituting.1）什么是非语言的沟通？什么是一般非语言沟通的功能？答案：非语言的沟通是通过非言语行为的使用，单独或与言语行为的交流与组合在特定的情况或上下文的消息解释的过程。非语言沟通，根据萨莫瓦尔和波特，涉及所有那些在通信设置，同
24、时由他的来源和使用环境，而且有潜在的源或接收消息值生成非语言刺激。 “非语言沟通是没有文字的沟通方式。”1。非语言交流是通过非语言行为的使用过程。非语言的沟通是一切，除了实际的话。2。非语言沟通在跨文化沟通中扮演一个重要组成部分，甚至比语言沟通的重要。3。有六大功能一般非语言沟通：重音，补充，矛盾，调节，重复和替代。2) Do you know any taboo in chinese culture? Or any taboo in other cultures? 答案：In China, messages should not be written in red ink as this h
25、as connotations of death. The biggest taboo in Chinese culture is “death”. When the Chinese are talking about it, they rarely say the word directly, but find some other expressions to take the place of it. They often say someone is “sleeping” or “gone”.2）你知道中国文化中的任何禁忌？或在其他任何禁忌的文化？答案：在中国，消息不应该用红墨水写，因
26、为这已经死亡的内涵。中华文化中的最大忌讳的是“死亡”。当中国正在谈论它，他们很少直接说这个词，但发现一些其他表达式采取它的地方。他们经常说某人是“睡眠”或“消失”。中文 英语 复制在中国，白色常是大悲之色和贫穷之色1,In China, white is often mantra of color and poverty of color .2,In early China, the feminist higher than male is taboo在中国早期，女权高于男权是禁忌. 3). What kind of influence cultural differences may hav
27、e on negotiation? Give some examples if possible. 什么样的影响文化差异对谈判吗?举例说明,如果可能的话。答案：（1）.Negotiating Goal: Contract or Relationship Example: Americans consider a signed contract as a definitive set of rights and duties that strictly binds the two sides and determines their interaction thereafter. Most Sp
28、anish and French negotiators have also claimed that their primary goal in a negotiation was a signed contract. The Chinese often think that the goal of a negotiation is not a signed contract, but the creation of a relationship between the two sides. 美国人都认为签订合同,一套明确的权利和义务严格使双方相互作用并决定了他们的音讯。大多数西班牙语和法语
29、谈判代表声称,他们的主要目标在谈判签订合同。中国人往往认为这个目标的谈判并非签订合同,但是关系的创造两块。 (2).Negotiating Attitude: Win/Win or Win/Lose Example: Chinese love from Lose/Win to Win/Win way (3).Personal Style :Informal or Formal It has been observed, for example, that Germans have a more formal style than American. A negotiator with a fo
30、rmal style insists on addressing counterparts by their titles, avoids personal anecdotes, and refrains from questions touching on the private or family life of members of the other team.(4).Communication: Direct or Indirect Example: Some groups place emphasis on losedirect and simple methods. It has
31、 been observed, for example, that whereas Germans, Americans and the Spanish are direct, the French and the Chinese are indirect.(5).Form of Agreement: General or Specific Example: Americans prefer very detailed contracts that attempt to anticipate all possible circumstances and eventualities, no ma
32、tter how unlikely. Other cultures,such as the Chinese,prefera contract in the form of general principles rather than detailed rules.3）。什么样的影响文化差异可能对谈判？举几个例子，如果可能的。答案：（1）谈判目标：。合同或关系例如：美国人认为，作为一个权利和义务明确的设置，严格约束，并确定双方随后签署的合同及其相互作用。大多数西班牙和法国的谈判也声称，他们在谈判的主要目的是签署合同。在中国往往认为谈判的目的不是签署合同，但双方之间的关系创造。（2）谈判态度：赢/
33、赢或赢/输例如：中国人喜欢从输/赢到赢/赢的方式.。（3）个人风格：正式或非正式据观察，例如，德国人比美国人更正式的风格。一个有正式文体谈判代表坚持在解决他们的职称同行，避免个人轶事，从对其他团队成员的私人或家庭生活的感人问题和摆在眼前。4）通讯：。直接或间接例如：有的直接和简单的方法，小组中进行的重视。据观察，例如，而德国人，美国人和西班牙是直接的，法国和中国都是间接的。（5）表格的协议：一般或特定例如：美国人喜欢很详细的合同，企图预计到所有可能出现的情况和发生的情况，无论多么不可能的。其他文化，如中国，在详细的规则，而不是一般原则的形式prefera合同。4). What is cultu
34、re shock? What are the the stages of culture shock? 答案：（1）.A: Culture shock expresses the lack of direction, the feeling of not knowing what to do or how to do things in a new environment, and not knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate. B:five stages of culture shock can be identified as: hone
35、ymoon stage, hostility stage, recovery stage, adjustment stage, adjustment stage and biculturality stage. C: The symptoms of culture shock include two aspects: physical and psychological. D: People can suffer from the symptoms of culture shock in a new place and in their own country as well. E: Ther
36、e are some mechanisms against culture shock, such as repression, regression, isolation and rejection. Culture shock can be alleviated, or minimized.(2).A: The Honeymoon Stage B: The Hostility Stage C: The Recovery Stage D: The Adjustment stage E: The Biculturality Stage 4）。什么是文化冲击？什么是文化冲击的阶段？答案：（1）：。文化休克表示缺乏方向，在不知道该怎么做或如何在新的环境的东西，不知道什么是适当或不适当的感觉。乙：五个阶段的文化冲击，可确定为：蜜月阶段，敌对阶段，恢复阶段，调整阶段，调整阶段和biculturality阶段。丙：文化休克的症状包括两个方面：身体和心理。：人们可能会感受到一个新的地方文化休克症状，并在自己的国家也是。电子邮件：有一些对文化冲击的机制，如镇压，回归，孤立和排斥。文化冲击可以得到缓解，或最小化。（2）：。蜜月期乙：舞台的敌意空调：恢复阶段D：该调整阶段E：自然Biculturality阶段朗读