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1、语法是一个民族运用一种语言时句子层面所遵循的规则，也就是说，是大家造句或理解句子所遵循的规则。语法不是语言学家规定的，我们也不是为学语法而学语法。语法是对现成语言中规则的归纳和总结，以便学习者更快仿照驾驭一门外语。所以语法学问很重要，你不能用汉语的语法规则来造英语的句子，那样懂英语的人读不懂，同样不懂英语的语法规则也肯定读不懂英语短文。所幸的是，英语的规则既严格又简洁明确，随意性不大。因此被列为世界上最好学的语言之一，它事实上已经取代了世界语的地位。第一讲 简洁句的构成简洁句的构成是英语句子构造学问的根底，不管多么长多么困难的句子都是简洁句演化来的，所以简洁句的相关学问是特别重要和根本的。一词
2、性 (词类) part of speech 学习英语，有两个概念肯定要搞清晰，一是词性，一是句子成分。为什么要学习词性呢？词性是一个单词在句子中运用的标签。一个词性对应一个或几个句子成分；一个句子成分对应一个或几个词性。张道真在好用英语语法中讲到词性时说：要学好英语，第一件事就是分清词类。 每学一个词都要知道它属于哪个词类。可见它的重要性。大家知道英语有十种词性: 名词,代词,数词,形容词,动词,副词,冠词,介词,连词,感慨词，我们需着重学习其中五类的用法： 词性英语名称意义例词在句子中的作用名词（代词）noun (n.)指代人，事物或概念 smile, success, capability
3、, decoration,主要作1.主语；2.宾语；3.宾补还可作1.定语；2.主补；3.同位语动词 verb (v.)表示动作或状态succeed, enlarge, 1.限定形式作谓语； 2.非限定形式作除谓语以外的成分形容词adjective (a.)表示人或事物的特征free, ancient 1.放在名词前,修饰名词,作定语； 2. 作表语1宾补；2主补副词adverb (ad.)表示动作特征或形态特征可修饰动词，形容词，副词或整个句子作状语1.间或作表语; 2. 间或作宾补介词preposition (prep.)恒久不能单独运用；后面必需接名词构成介词短语,说明及别的词的关系介词
4、短语作1.表语；2.定语；3.状语1作宾补 二. 句子成分，五种句型一个句子有哪些成分，这及句子构造有关，或者说及它是哪种句型有关。1. 五种根本句型, 主要句子成分句型一： 主语+系动词+表语 (表语可以是名词，形容词或介词短语) That girl was my fiance. 那个女孩是我未婚妻。 The story is about my son. 这个故事是关于我儿子的。 The flower is red. 除了be动词，还有一些表示状态，改变的词，如feel, look, smell, taste, sound, seem, appear, become, get, grow,
5、turn, go, come, ran, fall, prove, remain, stay, keep等，也可作系动词用，如： She felt a bit dizzy. 她感到有点头晕。 You are not looking very well. (well 除了作“身体安康”解时作形容词，其他状况作副词, 如：He performs well in school.) The dish smells good. 这盘菜闻起来不错。 The medicine tastes awful. 这药吃起来糟透了。 The report sounds true. 这报道听起来是真实的。 He see
6、med quite normal. 他看起来很正常。 She appeared calm. 她显得很冷静。 His advice proved sound. 他的建议证明是合理的。 She remained calm. 她保持安静。 They stayed awake to see the eclipse. 他们熬夜看月蚀。 He looked in splendid health. 他看起来安康状况极好。句型二： 主语+不及物动词 The sun is rising. 太阳正在升起。 Tim is sleeping. 蒂姆正在睡觉。 The accident occurred suddenl
7、y. 事故突然发生了。 It is snowing. 天在下雪。 The train is arriving. 火车要到站了。 We waited and waited. 我们等了又等。 He danced for joy. 她兴奋地跳起舞来。 She often dreams. 她常常做梦。 She trembled all over. 她浑身颤抖。句型三： 主语+及物动词+宾语He loved poetry. 他酷爱诗歌。Have you ordered your meal 你点了菜了吗？Silence means consent. 缄默意味着默许。He left school in 19
8、98. 他1998年离校。What did he say 他说的什么？句型四： 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+干脆宾语 He showed me the way. 他给我指了路。 She gave me her telephone number. 他给了我 号码。 He handed me the letter. 他把信递给了我。 Please throw me the key. 请把钥匙扔给我。 They awarded her a special scholarship. 他们颁发她一项特殊奖学金。 They never denied us assistance. 他们从不回绝给我们扶植。 H
9、e assigned the students a few books to read. 他指定了几本书给学生读。 Can you lend us your car 你能把车借给我吗？ I owned him $50. 我欠他五十美元。 They appointed him commander. 他们任命他总指挥。 She sang us a folk song. 她给我们唱了首民歌。 She found you a position. 她给你找了个职位。 He bought himself a new suit. 他给自己买了套新衣服。 She cooked us a delicious m
10、eal. 她给我们做了一顿美味的饭菜。 Could you fetch me the evening paper 你能否给我把晚报拿来？ Thatll save us a lot of trouble. 那会省去我们不少费事。 They fined her $200. 他们罚了她二百美元的款。 Careless driving cost him his life. 开车马虎使他陪了命。 They forgave him his crimes. 他们宽恕了他的罪行。句型五： 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 （形容词，名词，介短可充当宾补） He found his new job rather
11、 boring. 他发觉他的新工作相当乏味。 Sit down and make yourself comfortable. 坐下来，坐舒适。 He got his clothes wet. 他把衣服弄湿了。 Good food keeps you healthy. 良好的饮食使人安康。 Ill have my hair cut this evening. 今晚我要把头发剪了。 The noise was driving him mad. 噪音快让我疯了。 I like my tea very strong. 我喜爱喝浓点的茶。Facts have proved these worries g
12、roundless. 事实证明这些忧虑毫无依据。Finally they set him free. 最终他们把他放了。They call their daughter Mary. 他们叫女儿玛丽。They name the city Leningrad. 他们把这座城市命名为列宁格勒。 We elected Smith our chairman. 我们选史密斯为主席。 All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只工作不玩耍，聪慧小孩也变傻。The appointed him chairman of the committee. 他们任命他为主任委
13、员We all consider the book a master piece. 我们都认为这本书是杰作。The doctor thought that a good sign. 医生认为这是一个好迹象。They kept their marriage a secret. 他们对结婚保密。Shelley counted this experience a part of his education. 雪莱把这段经验看作是他经受的一段教化。I found her in better spirits when we met again. 再次见面时我发觉她精神好些了。This placed he
14、r in a very difficult position. 这使她境况很困难。 They soon got the fire under control. 他们不久就限制了火势。This will bring us all into harmony. 这回会使我们和谐起来。下面这些意义的正确表达就关系到动词的正确用法。*计算机给我们带来了便利. bring us convenient *我们的世界变得越来越现代化. change modern *这些现代设施使我们生活不那么凄惨. make our life was not miserable *以前我们用蜡烛照明. we light us
15、e candle *象这样的例子有许多. As this example is a lot. 留意：a.“及物动词+双宾”及“及物动词+复合宾语”的区分：“及物动词+双宾”句型中两个宾语都是名词，都是这个及物动词的宾语；而在“及物动词+复合宾语”句型中，宾补可以不是名词，宾语和宾补之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。如：He teaches me English. 就是“及物动词+双宾”构造；He called me Jean. 就是“及物动词+复合宾语”构造。 b 除以上五种句型外，还有一种特殊的表示客观存在的there be 句型。 c. 每一个陈述句都有否认和疑问形式，留意各种时态的形式改变。 d.
16、 当表示吩咐或恳求时，不用陈述句形式，而用祁使句形式，即无主语，用动词原形开头。 2. 次要成分大家看到各种句型的句子分别有哪些句子成分了。 以上这些成分都是必要成分，也就是说，某种句型的句子必需要具备其完好的句子成分。详细用哪个句型及你表达的意义有关，及你选用的动词也有关。比方说，你要表达“他找到了一个新工作”就可用句型3：主语+及物动词+宾语，He found a new job；而要表达“他发觉他的新工作相当乏味。”则用句型5：主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补, He found his new job rather boring。有的动词可以有多种用法，用于多个句型。有的动词用在不同句型中时
17、意义不同，如He found a new job和 He found his new job rather boring中的find, 因为动词的用法和它的意义是相应的。但是我们看到的英语句子为什么常常不象我们上面说的那样简洁呢？缘由之一就是除了以上必要成分，还有两种次要成分：定语和状语。之所以叫次要成分是因为一个句子没有定语状语也是成立的。 如：The hospital is big. Everyone works. He loved poetry. They awarded her a scholarship。但事实上很少有有这样简洁的句子。它们的信息量太少了，句意不明确。所以虽然叫次要成
18、分其实是特别重要，特别常见的的成分。定语是修饰名词的，状语是修饰动词，形容词，副词或整个句子的。一个名词可以有多个定语从不同角度修饰它，一个动词也可以有多个状语。如：The hospital run by my father was big enough to hold 1000 patient during the anti-Japanese war period. 主要成分：句型一主语（n.）+系动词+表语(a.，n.，介短)句型二主语+不及物动词句型三主语+及物动词+宾语(n.)句型四主语+及物动词+间接宾语(n.)+干脆宾语(n.)句型五主语+及物动词+宾语(n.)+宾语补足语（n.，
19、a.，介短）次要成分： 定语 （a.，n.，介短）； 状语（ad.，介短）定语：句中修饰名词的成分，可以由形容词，名词，或介词短语充当。A beautiful flower comes out in the garden. summer vacationThe flower in the vase is expensive. Childhood friendI have something important to do. Greenhouse effect状语：句中修饰动词，形容词或整个句子的成分，可以由副词，或介词短语充当。Listen attentively attentively 是状
20、语,修饰动词listen;He said in contempt. in contempt 是状语,修饰动词 said;live a comparatively wealthy life comparatively 是状语,修饰形容词 wealthy;Summer reading was not the innocent entertainment I had assumed it to be, not a light-hearted, instantly forgettable escape in a hammock. instantly 是状语,修饰形容词 forgettable 3 句子
21、的种类在英语中，一个句号标记着一个句子的完毕。英语的句号和汉语的句号作用不一样，汉语的句号表示一个意思表达完了，起意义协助作用；英语表示一个句子构造完好了，起语法协助作用。英语的句子种类有三种：简洁句，只有一套主谓构造；只能是我们前面讲的五种句型或there be 句型中的一种。并列句，由并列连词and, but, or, for 等将两个或多个构造完好的简洁句连接在一起形成的更高级更困难的句子。复合句，当一个句子的某个成分由一个句子充当时，这个句子就是复合句。第二讲 困难句子的理解及造句在实际生活中，由于表达的需要，我们不仅需要一个词的概念作一个句子成分，还可能需要一个动作的概念甚至一个句子
22、的概念来作句子成分，比方：我们可能会说：药能扶植你退烧，Medicine can help you relieve the fever; 也可能会说：洗个凉水澡能扶植你退烧， having a cool shower can help you relieve the fever. 我们可能会说：簇新的鸡蛋特别有养分，fresh eggs can be very nutritious; 也可能会说：煮的半生的鸡蛋特别有养分，half-done eggs can be very nutritious; 也可能说，曾被科考队带到南极去的鸡蛋特别有养分，the eggs that had been t
23、aken to the south pole by the scientific expedition are very nutritious; 还可以说：科学家们去年培育的新品种的鸡产的蛋特别有养分，the eggs produced by the new breed of hens the scientists produced last year are very nutritious。可见除了词类可干脆作句子成分，非谓语形式和从句也是构成句子成分的重要内容。但要正确理解全句的关键是抓住句子的主干，即全句的主语和谓语。那么怎么抓全句的主谓成分呢？分清英语动词的谓语形式和非谓语形式就显得至
24、关重要。一 动词的谓语形式和非谓语形式谓语形式又叫限定形式。 什么意思呢？就是说，作谓语这个动词的形式受时态和主语人称限制，作相应的形式改变，不能是原形，或非谓语形式。所以任何一个句子的谓语都有时态改变和人称改变，如：She bought chicken and turkey. This is a strong wine. I walk for two hours every day. He walks for two hours every day. 但是，句子不行能都这样简短，这样信息量太少。一个句子中动词常常不止一个，那么除了谓语动词，其它动词只能用非谓语形式，作非谓语成分，如主语，宾语
25、，宾补，定语，状语。非谓语形式又叫非限定形式，即不受句子时态人称限制。如：I want to buy a book.。 I wanted to buy a book.。非谓语动词有三种形式：不定式 to do，分词形式doing, done，动名词形式doing。非谓语动词在句中可以充当除了谓语之外的任何成分，详细如下：不定式的用法1 作主语To compromise appears advisable. To ignore this might have serious consequences.To stop the work now seems impossible. 但这种状况下往往用
26、it作形式主语，而把不定式真正主语放到后面去，避开主语太长出现头重脚轻的现象。To say which is better is difficult. It is difficult to say which is better. To know all these facts is essential. It is essential to know all these facts. Its an honour to meet you. Its a pity to waste so much money.2 作表语 His ambition was to be a film star. Hi
27、s goal is to be a scientist. This wall is to keep people out of the garden.3 作宾语有些动词的承受者不肯定是have a good idea, steal money 这样的名词概念，也可能是个动作，如“同意做某事，回绝倒戈，停顿埋怨，他成认犯了个错误”等。那么用英语怎么表达呢？在英语中这个动词后的动词就不行能是谓语形式，而只能是非谓语形式了。至于用哪种非谓形式，就看前面那个主要动词的要求了。如：同意agree to do sth； 回绝refuse to surrender；停顿stop complaining；成认
28、he admitted making a mistake。哪些动词后面要求不定式，哪些要求动名词，大家要记一记。但也不完全是死记，一般说来，不定式表示即将发出的动作，动名词表示整个动作。要求不定式作宾语的动词有：afford v.(供的起，出得起，买的起) I cant afford to buy you a car, darling! 其它用法：I cant afford your tuition. agree v. (同意，容许，一样) He agreed to pay $4,ooo for the car. aim v.（目的是，旨在） Harry aims to become a do
29、ctor. attempt v. (试图，企图) They were caught when they were attempting to flee. begin （开场） He began to prepare for the dinner. bother（费事，take trouble） Dont bother to answer the letter personally. 我们把某些形容词后带的不定式也叫定语，如： She was eager to see her friends. I am afraid to tell her. I was sorry to hear that y
30、ou were ill. Helen was pleased to see him. Im proud to be a Chinese. She was surprised to see George walk in. 4 作宾补 advise （建议） the doctor advised me to rest for a week. allow （允许） please allow me to introduce myself.ask （恳求做；叫做） I asked Gorge to convey my best wishes to his mother.beg （恳求） He begge
31、d her to forgive him.cause （致使，导致） what has caused the plants to diechallenge （挑战） he challenged me to mand （吩咐） the officer commanded his man to fire.但在某些感观动词(see, watch, hear, feel)使 动词(have, make let) 及notice后的不定式须省略to.如: Did you see anyone enter the house I heard her lock the door. She wont let
32、me do it. Did you notice a man came in I wont have him cheat me like that.5 作定语We have a lot of things to do today.This is not the right attitude to take.He was the second man to hear the news.He was the only one to survive the crash. 6 作状语不定式主要作目的状语，如：We slept together to keep warm.To do good work,
33、 one must have the proper tools.作结果状语主要用于only to 构造中表一种出乎意料的状况，如：He hurried to the place only to find the house empty. If you arrive so late at the airport to find the guest has gone already, whats the use of your going there不定式的逻辑主语It wont be easy to find a new job. It wont be easy for you to find
34、a new job. It isnt right to marry for money. It isnt right for people to marry for money.To run fast is dangerous. for an old man to run fast is dangerous. Theres no reason to doubt his words. Theres no reason for us to doubt his words.动名词我们在前面说了，由于表达的需要，主语，宾语，表语不肯定是个名词概念，可能是个动词或动词短语，如：如今找工作不简洁；漫步是我
35、唯一的运动。这里的“找工作”和“漫步”既是动词（动词短语），又要作主语，就只能用动名词（finding a job, walking）了。动名词事实上就是动词或动词短语加上ing 后，句法作用变成了名词。所以名词在句中有什么功能，动名词在句中就有什么功能，也就是说，名词在句中可作主语，宾语（介词宾语），表语，宾补，动名词也可作这些成分。Her hobby is collecting stamps. (表语) Growing rose is her hobby. （主语） Gambling is forbidden in our country. （主语） There pastime is go
36、ing to movies. (表语) Please stop talking. （宾语）He was arrested for smuggling.（介词宾语）不定式在句中大致也能作这些成分，那么他们的区分是什么呢？要抓住不定式和动名词的根本意义：不定式表示一个动作即将发出，而动名词表示这个动作的概念。以上四个例句中的动名词换成不定式明显就不适宜了。再如To compromise appears advisable. To stop the work now seems impossible. 不定式和动名词作宾语的区分也基于两者根本意义的差异，为了保险起见，大家最好记住接不定式作宾语和动名
37、词作宾语的动词，以便自动运用。I suggested bring the meeting to an end. He admitted taking the money. Do you enjoy teachingAvoid over-eating. I couldnt help laughing. He considered going to see Paul in person. He loves playing the piano. I hate lying and cheating. He kept complaining. I couldnt risk missing the tra
38、in. Theyre practicing singing the new song. He denied making any statement to that effect. So you prefer living abroadWould you mind moving your car？He didnt recall saying it. Your coat wants brushing. 动名词的逻辑主语 Their coming up to help was a great encouragement to us. Marys grumbling annoyed him.动名词还
39、有一个重要的功能，就是作定语：swimming pool swimming suit speaking contest sleeping pill drawing pinwriting paper diving board filling station watering can drinking water waiting room walking stick parking lot sewing machine hearing aid operating table fishing line sleeping bag writing desk 分词分词在句中的主要作用是作定语和状语，它的根
40、本意义大家可以通过下面几个例句来理解：如今分词The manager approached us smiling He rode away whistling. Who is the woman talking to JimThere were 220 children studying in the art school.The girl sitting next to me was my cousin. 通过分析以上例句，可见如今分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语，为了避开再用一套主谓构造，英语采纳了分词形式。过去分词What is the language spoken in that coun
41、tryIn the end the program offered by Wilson was adopted.The experience gained will be of great value to us.Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent. Judged by ordinary standards, he was reliable. They came in, followed by their wives.可见，如今分词和过去分词的作用是一样的，只是如今分词和句子主语之间是一种主谓关系，而过去分词和句子主语之间是一种动宾关系。从句从句共分三类：名词性从句，形容词性从句，状语性从句1 名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）名词性从句有三种类型：1. That 引导的That prices will go up is certain. it is certain that prices will go up.Its a shame that youre sick. Its said that there has been an earthquake in India. Ill call Betty and remind her that we are meeting at 8.She inform