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1、句子构造及成分 相关概念1. 词性的英文缩写在英语学习中，驾驭单词词性特别重要。假如我们在记单词的时只记拼法、读音而不记词性的话，我们就不知道如何运用它们，所以我们在记单词时确定要把单词词性记准记牢。缩写字母原词代表词性n. noun 名词v.verb动词vt. transitive verb及物动词 vi. intransitive verb不及物动词modal v.modal verb 情态动词aux. v.auxiliary verb助动词adj. adjective形容词adv. adverb 副词num.numeral数词interj.interjection感慨词pron. pro
2、noun 代词prep.preposition介词art.article冠词 conjconjunction连词 2. 及物动词与不及物动词实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。实义动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词。The door opened. (open后面没跟宾语，此时，open是不及物动词。)He opened the door.(open后面有宾语the door, 此时，open是及物动词。)留意：英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，关键是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语。有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，词义一样。如：The meeting began a
3、t six. We began the meeting at six. 有(答疑qq 329950885)些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，但词义不同。如：The man walked away. (walk不及物动词，意为“走”)He walked the dog every day. ( walk及物动词，“遛”)She washes clothes at home. (wash及物动词，“洗”)The clothes washes well. (wash不及物动词，“耐洗”)英语中一些单词是及物还是不及物，可能与汉语不同。He listens to the music every d
4、ay. (listen为不及物动词，而汉语中“听”是及物动词。)指出下列句中斜体动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，及物动词填vt.，不及物填vi.。考点1. Most birds can fly.（ ）考点2. The children are flying kites in the park. ( )考点3. It happened yesterday.（ ）考点4. My watch stopped.（ ）考点5. The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. ( )考点6. She spoke at the meeting this morn
5、ing. （ ）考点7. Shall I begin at once（ ）考点8. She began working as a teacher after she left school.（ ）（ ）考点9. When did they leave Beijing（ ）考点10. They left last week. （ ）3. 实义动词、助动词与情态动词实义动词与助动词是依据动词在句子中的含义与作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。实义动词指的是那些意义完全且可以独立作谓语的动词。如：He lives quite near. (live“住”，有明确的意义，单独作谓语，为实义动词。)I
6、like reading. （like “宠爱”，意思明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。）I bought a pen yesterday. （bought “买”，意义明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。）助动词助动词的“助”是“扶植”之意。因此，助动词是指那些用来扶植构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否认句、倒装句与扶植强调的词。这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。扶植构成时态的：The boy is crying.(is 用来扶植构成如今进展时，与crying一起作谓语，是助动词。)He has arrived. (has用来扶植构成如今完成时，与arrived一起作谓语，是助动词。
7、)I have been painting all day. （have been用来扶植构成如今完成进展时，与painting一起作谓语，都是助动词。）扶植构成否认句与疑问句的：Does he like English (does扶植构成一般疑问句，没有详细意义，是助动词。)He doesnt have lunch at home. (does只是扶植构成否认句，没有详细意义，是助动词。)扶植构成被动语态的Trees are planted in spring. (are扶植构成被动语态，没有详细意义，是助动词。)The house has been pulled down. (has be
8、en扶植构成时态与语态，是助动词。)扶植构成虚拟语气If he had come yesterday, I wouldnt have made such a mistake.(had, have扶植构成虚拟语气，是助动词，属于谓语的一局部。)扶植构成倒装句的So did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.(他如此爱他的母亲以致于他母亲生日那一天，他给她买了很多礼物。did只是扶植构成倒装句，没有详细意义，是助动词。)扶植构成强调意义的He did come yesterday. (他昨天的确来
9、过。did起强调作用，没有详细意义，是助动词。)因此可以看出，常见的助动词为do, be, have，它们为根本助动词。一个词既可以作实义动词也可以作助动词，详细是哪一种，主要看它们在句中的功能。He did his homework at seven oclock.(did单独作谓语，意为“做”，是实义动词。)Did he do his homework yesterday (did是助动词，扶植构成一般疑问句，do是实义动词，意为“做”，是实义动词。)He has had breakfast. (has是助动词，扶植构成如今完成时，(答疑qq 329950885)had是实义动词，意为“吃
10、”。has had一起构成了句子的谓语。)指出下列斜体单词是实义动词还是助动词。i. Does ( ) he like ( ) swimming ii. He does ( ) like ( ) swimming.iii. Where does( ) he live ( )iv. He does ( ) some washing after work.v. He has ( ) had ( ) supper already.vi. The bridge has( ) been( ) built( ) now.vii. I have ( ) been ( )waiting( ) for you
11、all day.viii. He was ( ) struck ( ) by a stone.情态动词情态动词同助动词一样，不能单独作谓语，要与实义动词一起作谓语。因此，情态动词也称为情态助动词。情态动词同根本助动词的区分在于，根本助动词本身无意义，而情态动词有自己的意义。如：He can swim across the river.(can的词义为“可以”)You must stay at home. (must词义为“必需”)I might leave tomorrow.（might的词义为“或许”）（详细用法参看P. 错误!未定义书签。Error! Reference source no
12、t found.）4. 谓语与非谓语在英语中，一个主谓构造中只能有一个谓语，再出现动词时，要变成非谓语形式，即：在前面加to构成动词不定式，或在后面加-ing构成动名词或如今分词，或在后面加-ed构成过去分词。也就是说，非谓语是指：动词不定式、动名词、如今分词与过去分词。先找出句中的谓语，然后改正句中的错误，并说明缘由。考点1. Get up early is good for our health.早起有利于我们的身体安康。考点2. I want go home now. 我如今想回家。考点3. My favorite sport is play football.我最宠爱的运动是踢足球。考
13、点4. There is a bird sings in the tree.有一只鸟正在树上唱歌。考点5. The boy sits over there likes singing.坐在那边的那个男孩宠爱唱歌。考点6. The house was built last year has been sold out.去年建的那座房子已经出售了。考点7. The girls are singing over there are my classmates.在那边唱歌的那些女孩是我的同学。考点8. My parents wanted him work hard.我父母亲想让他努力学习。考点9. I
14、 remember saw him that day.我记得那天看见过他。10. I saw him walked into the building.我看到他跑进那座建筑物。5. 主动关系与被动关系先看下面两个题：1. _ wonderful, this kind of food enjoyed a good sale.A. TastedB. Being tastedC. TastingD. Having tasted2. The food _ delicious sells well.A. smellsB. smelledC. smellingD. is smelling一些同学分别选A与
15、B。他们说，食物是被品味、被闻的，与食物构成被动关系，所以要用过去分词。这种说法是错误的。非谓语中的主动关系与被动关系，不是从谁做了这个动作着眼，而是从复原成一句话后是“主动语态”还是“被动语态”着眼。主动关系：从逻辑关系上看，相当于主动语态。如：The boy crying over there is Tom.(在那边哭的那个男孩) 从逻辑上讲，the boycry, 男孩哭，相当于主动语态，是主动关系。被动关系：从逻辑关系上看，相当于被动语态。如：The house built (答疑qq 329950885) last year is the strongest.(去年建的那座房子) 从
16、逻辑上讲，the house was built,房子被建，相当于被动语态，是被动关系。在上两题中，逻辑关系可以表达为：This kind of food tasted wonderful. The food smells delicious. 逻辑上food与taste、smell是一种主谓关系，是主动语态，因此填如今分词。因此，上两题的答案为C与C。6. 逻辑上的主谓关系在推断是否是宾语补足语时，一般说，“宾语与宾语补足语构成逻辑上的主谓关系”。一些同学对这句话不理解。如：He asked me to lend him some money.他让我借给他一些钱。“me”是宾语，“me to
17、 lend him some money”意为“我借给他一些钱”。从意思上看，这像一句话，“我”是主语，“借给他一些钱”是谓语局部，但在英语原句中，它们却不是真正的主谓关系。因此可以说“逻辑上的主谓关系”，是指，从意思上看像主谓关系，而事实上不是。“to lend him some money”是宾语补足语。推断下列句中画线局部是否是宾语补足语。(是的填T，不是的填F)写作专练1. I want him to come at once. ( )写作专练2. He lent me some money. ( )写作专练3. He made the boy cry again. ( )写作专练4.
18、 The teacher found him cheating in the exam. ( )写作专练5. Dont leave the door open at night. ( )7. 复合构造在我们学习语法的过程中，我们可能会听说“复合宾语”、“动名词的复合构造”与“动词不定式的复合构造”。事实上，这几个“复合”，都有“逻辑上的主谓关系”之意。如：He invited us to come to the party.(us是宾语，to come to the party是宾语补足语；宾语与宾语补足语合在一起称为复合宾语。宾语与宾语补足语是逻辑上的主谓关系。)Its important
19、for us to learn English well.(it是形式主语，真正的主语是for us to learn English well。“us”是“to learn English well”的逻辑主语，二者构成了逻辑上的主谓关系。for somebody to do something是动词不定式的复合构造。)Its very kind of you to help me.（of you to help me也是动词不定式的复合构造。与for somebody to do something的区分参看P. 错误!未定义书签。Error! Reference source not f
20、ound.，you与to help me构成了逻辑上的主谓关系。）Toms coming late made our teacher angry.(Tom迟到使我们老师生气。coming是动名词，Toms coming late是动名词的复合构造。Tom是coming late的逻辑主语，二者是逻辑上的主谓关系。)8. 没有人称与数的改变先看下列三组句中have、do与be的改变形式I have a bookHe has a book.They have a book.I enjoy watching TV.You enjoy watching TV.We enjoy watching TV.
21、He is sleeping.I am sleeping.They are sleeping.“人称的改变”是指：谓语动词用什么形式，受前面主语是第几人称的影响。主语同为单数（表示一个人）， be在第一人称I后用am, 在you后用are, 在he后用is; do与have在一、二人称后用原形，在第三人称后用为does, has。“数”是指“单数与复数”。“数的改变”是指谓语动词用什么形式，还受前面主语是单数还是复数的影响。假如主语是复数，be要用are的形式，do与have用原形。假如主语是第三人称单数，be用is, do与have要用does与has。情态动词没有人称与数的改变。如：He
22、/ I / We can swim. 句子成分英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语与补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”与“同位语”的说法。但表语与系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语与宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一局部。1. 划分句子成分时的常用符号英语中划分句子成分的符号主语 在下面画直线 谓语 在下面画曲线 宾语 在下面画双横线 定语 在下面画虚线（一行点使我们想到一排钉子，“钉”谐音为“定语”的“定”） 状语 下面为短横线 （短横线使我们想到短木桩，木桩撞（状）钟）补语 上一短横，下一短横（下一短横
23、似乎是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙） 同位语 上下双曲线，（虽都有曲折，上下位置根本一样2. 主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语法构造：1.名词 2.代词 3.数词 4.名词化的形容词（如the rich）5.不定式 6.动名词 7.主语从句等表示。在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。 During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. We often speak English in class. One-third of the
24、students in this class are girls. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. Smoking does harm to the health. The rich should help the poor. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. It is necessary to master a foreign language. That he isnt at home is not true.改正下列句中的错误，并说明缘由。H
25、e failed the exam is the reason why he dropped out. That why he was late for school was that his mother was ill.Beyond the mountains lie a small village.Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot.Play basketball is my favorite sport.Give up English is not an option.正确运用主语的各种形式（P. 错误!未定义书签。)
26、3. 谓语谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征与状态。谓语的构成如下：简洁谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.He reads newspapers every day.复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there.I have been waiting for you all the time.I would stay at
27、home all day.由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要与表语一起作谓语。如：We are students.Your idea sounds great.4. 表语表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征与状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）(答疑qq 329950885)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。画出下列句中的表语，并说明由什么充当。a) Our teacher of English is an American. b) Is it yo
28、urs c) The weather has turned cold. d) The speech is exciting. e) Three times seven is twenty one.f) His job is to teach English.g) His hobby（爱好）is playing football. h) The machine must be under repairs. i) The truth is that he has never been abroad.5. 宾语宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词与介词后面。宾语分为动词宾语
29、与介词宾语，分别构成动宾构造与介词构造。画出下列句中的宾语, 并说明由什么充当。They planted many trees yesterday. (How many dictionaries do you have) I have five. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. I wanted to buy a car. I enjoy listening to popular music.I think（that）he is fit for his office.6. 宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词，除有一个干脆宾语以外
30、，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完好。宾语补足语与(答疑qq 329950885)宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语与从句充当。用下画线画出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补与宾语之间的逻辑关系。His father named him Dongming. They painted their boat white. Let the fresh air in. You mustnt force him to lend
31、 his money to you. We saw her entering the room.We found everything in the lab in good order.We will soon make our city what your city is now.I want your homework done on time.7. 主补对主语的补充。含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。He was elected monitor.She was found singing in the next room.He was advi
32、sed to teach the lazy boy a lesson.8. 定语定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“的”表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。在英语中，很多状况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，也是很多同学不能读懂长句的主要缘由。a) 副词用作定语一般要后置。 People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们)He didnt like the man downstairs. （楼下的那个人）b) 形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后
33、。The next man is a scientist.The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边的那个人）c) 介词短语作定语时要后置。The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩）The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩）d) 如今分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语常后置。I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话)The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩）The hou
34、se built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子） 口头翻译下列句子，用下画线标出定语局部，留意定语的位置，并说明定语是由什么词性或构造充当。 The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu. The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother. We need a place twice larger than this one. She carried a basket full of eggs. Its a book worth no more than one dollar. It
35、s a city far from the coast. He has money enough to buy a car. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city. Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat. A boy calling himself John wanted to see you. He picked up a wallet lying o
36、n the ground on the way back home. There are many clothes to be washed. Most of the singers invited to the party were from America. Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.用活形容词短语作后置定语（P. 错误!未定义书签。） 9. 状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。He writes carefully. He w
37、alks slowly.(仔细地写，渐渐地走，修饰动词用副词，作状语)This material is environmentally friendly.（修饰形容词用副词，作状语）He runs very slowly.（修饰副词slowly, 因此very是副词，作状语）Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. （修饰整个句子用副词，作状语）几个并列状语的先后依次：方式地点时间一个句中有几个并列状语时，其依次较敏捷，但一般是：方式地点时间。如：He worked hard at his lessons last year.I found a lost
38、 pen outside our school yesterday morning.He was walking slowly outside the park at that moment.正确支配并列状语的依次（P. 错误!未定义书签。）频度副词often, always, usually, sometimes, never等在句中的位置位于情态动词、系动词、助动词之后, 实义动词之前。You can never tell what he will do.He is often late.He is always helping others.He often came late.留意频度
39、副词的位置（P. 错误!未定义书签。）状语按意义分类在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比拟好分辨，假如这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、缘由、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式与让步等。指出下列画线局部属于什么状语。I. How about meeting again at six II. Mr. Smith lives on the third floor. III. Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. IV. She put the eggs
40、into the basket with great care. V. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. VI. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. VII. To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business. VIII. The boy needs a pen very much. IX. The boy really needs a pen. 10. He was so t
41、ired that he fell asleep immediately. 11. She works very hard though she is old. 12. I am taller than he is. 13. I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 14. On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 15. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. 10. 同位语同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后
42、置定语。如：We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批“学生”）Its good to us students. 选择正确答案，并口头说出句中那个是同位语。The young man, _,works in the office.A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me Our English teacher, _, often helps us with study.A. Mrs. WangB. Mrs. Wangs C. Mrs. Wangs.D. of him _
43、, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train.A. ThemB. HeC. TheyD. Theirs 简洁句的五种根本构造英语句子的根本构造可以归纳成五种根本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。驾驭这五种根本句型，是驾驭各种英语句子构造的根底。英语五种根本句型构造如下：主语 谓语用符号表示为： （主谓） （主谓宾） （主谓间宾直宾） （主谓宾宾补） （主系表）主语（subject）谓语（predicate）宾语（object）定语（attribute）状语 (adverbial)补语（complement）表语（predicative）
44、根本句型一： （主谓）这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语，但可以带状语。如: It is raining now. ( )Weve worked for 5 hours. ( )The meeting lasted half an hour. ( )Time flies. ( )分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种根本句型中的哪一种。1. Dark clouds hung overhead. ( )2. Gradually a smile appeared on her face. ( )3. He is smiling all over his face. ( )4. I
45、did well in English. ( )5. He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. ( )根本句型二： （主系表）系动词主要是be，但还有一些动词有些时候也可作系动词，有人称之为半系动词。如何区分系动词有些动词既可作连系动词，又可以作实义动词。(答疑qq 329950885)如何来区分呢？有一个最简便的方法，即用连系动词be交换句子中的这些动词，句子仍旧成立就是连系动词；反之，不能交换的，就是行为动词。如： She looks beautiful. (looks变为is之后，她是漂亮的，句意没有大的改变，looks是系动词。) Loo
46、k at the picture.(look不能换为be, look为实义动词。) He felt the book with his right hand.(feel是“摸”的意思，不能换为was, 是实义动词。) The silk feels soft.(这种丝绸摸起来很松软，feels换为is之后，句意改变不大，因此是系动词。)区分下列斜体动词是系动词还是实义动词。 The door stays open at night. He tasted the food, and the food tasted delicious. The book still lies open on the desk. What he said proved t