《英语基础知识手册(排版直接打印).docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语基础知识手册(排版直接打印).docx（16页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、英语根底学问手册词性一、实词1.名词(nouns）n.：名词是词性的一种，也是实词的一种，是指代人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实体或抽象事物的词。名词可以分为专出名词（Proper Nouns）和一般名词 (Common Nouns），专出名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。一般名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。2.代词（pronoun）pron.：代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具出名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、互相代词、疑问代词
2、、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词九种。 3.数词从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、缘由介词和其他介词。4.形容词(adjective）adj.或a.；很多语言中均有的主要词类中的一种。主要用来修饰名词的词，表示事物的特征。形容词用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态，和特征的程度好坏，与否。5.副词（adverb)adv.：是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。副词是一种半虚半实的词。副词可分为：时间副词、地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词、连接副词、关系副词、
3、频率副词和说明性副词等。6.动词（Verb）v.：动词，就是用来形容或表示各类动作的词汇。根本上每个完好的句子都有一个动词，要表示第二个动作时可运用不定词、动名词、对等连接词、附属连接词或增加子句等方法连结。9.连词（conjunction）conj：连词是一种虚词， 它不能独立担当句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为4类：并列连词、转折连词、选择连词和因果连词。10.助词：助词是附着在词，短语，句子的前面或后面，表示构造关系或某些附加意义的虚词。助词有构造助词，时态助词，语气助词三种。11.叹词：（interjection）interj.：叹词是语法学术语。表
4、示感慨、呼喊、应答的词。（numeral）Num.：表示“多少”和“第几”的词，叫数词。其用法相当于名词或者形容词。数词分为基数词和序数词两种。 二、虚词7.冠词（article) art.：冠词是虚词,本身不能单独运用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,扶植指明名词的含义。冠词可以说是名词的一种标记，它不能分开名词而独立存在。表示的主语数量或者特征。8.介词（preposition）prep.：介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般出名词、代词，或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或三、推断词Yes和No四、其他1、动名词：动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征
5、的非限定动词。它可以支配宾语，也能被副词修饰。动名词有时态和语态的改变。2.、动词不定式：不定式定义：由to+动词原形构成。不定式是一种非限定性动词。而非限定动词是指那些在句中不能单独充当谓语的动词，可分为不定式，动名词，如今分词和过去分词3、分词：participle具有动词及形容词二者特征的词;尤指以-ing或-ed,-d,-t,-en或-n结尾的英语动词性形容词,具有形容词功能,同时又表现各种动词性特点,如时态,语态、带状语性修饰语的性能及带宾词的性能句子成分句子的组成局部,包括主语，句子陈述的对象谓语，谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。宾语，又称受词，是指一个动作（动词）的承受者。宾语分为
6、干脆宾语和间接宾语（间接宾语也称宾语补足语）两大类，其中干脆宾语指动作的干脆对象，间接宾语说明动作的非干脆，但受动作影响的对象。一般而言，及物动词后面最少要有一个宾语，而该宾语通常为干脆宾语，有些及物动词要求两个宾语，则这两个宾语通常一个为干脆宾语，另一个为间接宾语。名词、代词、数词、动名词、To do不定式、一个句子 都可以做宾语，而to do不定式用于宾语补足语。定语，定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。主要有形容词此外还出名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定语。 汉语中常用的表示。定语和中心语之间是修饰和被
7、修饰、限制和被限制的关系。在汉语中，中心语与定语二者之间有的须要用构造助词“的”，有的不须要，有的可要可不要。 “的”是定语的标记补语，英语补语的作用对象是主语和宾语,具有显明的定语性描写或限制性功能,在句法上是不行或缺的。补语是起补充说明作用的成份。最常见的是宾语补足语。名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、如今分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分表语，它常位于系动词（be, become, appear, seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell等词）之后十六种时态种。 一般如今时，一般过去时，一般将来时，一般过去将来时；如今进展时，
8、过去进展时，将来进展时，过去将来进展时；如今完成时，过去完成时，将来完成时，过去将来完成时；如今完成进展时，过去完成进展时，将来完成进展时，过去将来完成进展时根本句型（Basic Sentence Patterns）：英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种根本句型组合、扩展、改变而来的：1）主 + 动（SV）例如：I work. 我工作。2）主 + 动 + 表（SVP）例如：John is busy. 约翰忙。3）主 + 动 + 宾（SVO）例如：She studies English. 她学英语。4）主 + 动 + 宾 + 补（SVOC）例如：Time would prove me ri
9、ght. 时间会证明我是对的。5）主 + 动 + 间宾 + 直宾（SVOiOd）例如：My mother made me a new dress. 我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。句子的种类（一）按运用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感慨句。1）陈述句（Declarative Sentences）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。Light travels faster than sound. 光比声速度快。（说明事实）The film is rather boring. 这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）2）疑问句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出问题。有以下四种：a.一般疑问句（G
10、eneral Questions）：Can you finish the work in time你能按时完成工作吗？b.特殊疑问句（W Questions; H Questions）：Where do you live 你住那儿？How do you know that 你怎么知道那件事？c.选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）：Do you want tea or coffee你是要茶还是要咖啡？d.反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）：He doesnt know her, does he他不相识她，对不对？3）祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：
11、提出恳求，建议或发出吩咐，例如：Sit down, please. 请坐。Dont be nervous! 别惊慌！4）感慨句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示说话人惊异、喜悦、生气等心情，例如：What good news it is! 多好的消息啊！（二）句子按其构造可以分为以下三类：1）简洁句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一个主谓构造句子叫简洁句，例如：She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜爱集邮。(主) (谓)2）并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含两个或两个以上主谓构造的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并
12、列连词或分号来连接，例如：The food was good, but he had little appetite.(主) (谓) (主)(谓)食物很精致，但他却没什么胃口。3）复合句（Complex Sentences）：包含一个主句从句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由附属连词引导，例如：The film had begun when we got to the cinema. 主句 从句 我们到达电影院的时候，电影已经开演了。复合句可分为：1).定语从句（The Attributive Clause）； 2).状语从句（The Adverbial Clause）；地点状语从句地点状
13、语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。Where I live there are plenty of trees.Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.方式状语从句方式状语从句通常由as, (just) asso, as if, as though引导。1）as, (just) asso引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) asso构造中位于句首，这时as从句带有比方的含义，意思是正如，就像，多用于正式文体，例如：Always do to the others as you would be done by.你盼望人家怎样待
14、你，你就要怎样待人。As water is to fish, so air is to man.我们离不开空气，如同鱼儿离不开水。Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.正如清扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。2）as if, as though两者的意义和用法一样，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说状况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作仿佛似的，似乎似的，例如：They completely ignore these facts
15、 as if (as though) they never existed.他们完全忽视了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：He stared at
16、me as if seeing me for first time.他聚精会神地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。He cleared his throat as if to say something.他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。缘由状语从句比拟：because,since,as和for1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的缘由，答复why提出的问题。当缘由是自不待言的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。I didnt go, because I was afraid.Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our jou
17、rney.2） 由because引导的从句假如放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来代替。但假如不是说明干脆缘由，而是多种状况加以推断，就只能用for。He is absent today, because / for he is ill.He must be ill, for he is absent today.目的状语从句表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, in case等词引导，例如：You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.Better
18、take more clothes in case the weather is cold.结果状语从句结果状语从句常由so that 或 suchthat引导，驾驭这两个句型，首先要理解so和such与其后的词的搭配规律。比拟：so和 such其规律由so与such的不同词性确定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。so foolish, such a foolso nice a flower, such a nice flowerso many / few
19、 flowers, such nice flowersso much / little money, such rapid progressso many people, such a lot of people（ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。）sothat与suchthat之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。The boy is so young that he cant go to school.He is such a young boy that he cant go to school
20、条件状语从句连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。unless = if not.Lets go out for a walk unless you are too tired.If you are not too tired, lets go out for a walk.让步状语从句though, although留意： 当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用Although it
21、s raining, they are still working in the field.3) ever if, even though. 即使Well make a trip even though the weather is bad.4) whetheror- 不管都Whether you believe it or not, it is true.5) no matter +疑问词 或疑问词+后缀everNo matter what happened, he would not mind.Whatever happened, he would not mind.留意：no matt
22、er 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.你如今说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given,（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given. 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。比拟while, when, a1）as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。Just as / Just whe
23、n / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不行用as 或 while。When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.3）从句表示随时间推移连词能用as，不用when 或while。As the day went on, the weather got worse.日子一每天过去，天气越变越坏。比拟until和till此两个连词意义一样。确定形式表示的意思是做某事直至某时，动词必需是持续性的。否认形式表达的意思是直至某
24、时才做某事。动词为持续性或非持续性都可 以。 正确运用这两个连词的关键之一就在于推断句中的动词该用确定式还是否认式。确定句：I slept until midnight. 我始终睡到半夜时醒了。Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。（在确定句中可用before代替 Lets get in the wheat before the sun sets.）否认句： She didnt arrive until 6 oclock.Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.1)Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。Until you
25、told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.直到你告知我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。2)Until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首。-Until when are you staying 你呆到什么时候？- Until next Monday. 呆到下周一。留意：否认句可用另外两种句式表示。(1)Not until 在句首，主句用倒装。Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.直到19 世纪初，人类才知道热能是什么。Not unti
26、l I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.直到我开场工作，我才相识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。(2) It is not until that10 表示一就的构造hardly/scarcelywhen/before, no soonerthan 和as soon as都可以表示一就的意思，例：I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.As soon as I go
27、t home, it began to rain.留意：假如hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必需用倒装构造：Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.3).名词性从句（The Noun Clause）；宾语从句（The Object Clause）宾语从句在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词一样。宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语，作短语动词的宾语，介词的宾语。 宾语从
28、句：及物动词的宾语Everybody knows that money doesnt grow on trees.宾语从句：短语动词的宾语Please go and find out when the train will arrive.宾语从句：介词的宾语I am interested in what she is doing.宾语从句：否认的转移I dont suppose youre used to this diet.我想你不习惯这种饮食。I dont believe shell arrive before 8.我信任她8点之前不会到。表语从句（The Predicative Clau
29、se）表语从句 在句子中起表语作用的从句叫做表语从句。表语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词一样。What the police want to know is when you entered the room.This is what we should do.Thats why I want you to work there.as if, as though, because也可用来引导表语从句。She seems as if she had done a great thing.It is because you eat too much.虚拟语气：表语从句主语是idea, notion
30、, proposal, suggestion, request等名词时,作表语从句的动词为原形动词或should+原形动词。My suggestion is that we (should) go and help him.Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible.同位语从句（The Appositive Clause）同位从句一般跟在某些名词如answer(答案)，hope(盼望)，fact(事实)，belief (信仰)，news(消息)，idea(办法；观念)，promise(承诺)，infor
31、mation(信息)，conclusion(结论)，order(吩咐)， suggestion(建议)，problem(问题)，thought (想法)等后面。例如：I had no idea that you were here.She told us her hope that she would become a pianist.He made a promise that he would never come late.同位语从句：whetherwhether可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用whether作为引导词。He hasnt made the decision wheth
32、er he will go there.I have small doubt whether he is suitable for the job.同位语从句：whatwhat可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用what作为引导词I have no idea what he is doing now.同位语从句：howhow可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用how作为引导词Its a question how he did it实义动词即行为动词,表示动作的动词。它分为及物动词和不及物动词两种及物动词（带例子）后面必需跟宾语，意义才完好的实义动词，叫做及物动词(transitive verb
33、)。如：I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我信任委员会将会考虑我们的建议。“How long can I keep the book ”Harry asked.哈里问：“这本书我可以借多久”Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫给我们树立了好典范。Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有很多有用的物质。不及物动词本身意义完好，后面不须跟宾语的实义动词，叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如：Birds
34、fly.鸟会飞。It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三二年六月。My watch stopped.我的表停了。She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。3)兼作及物动词和不及物动词 英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的状况：a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，意义不变。试比拟：Shall I begin at once我可以立即开场吗(begin作不及物动词)She began working as a librarian after she left sch
35、ool.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)When did they leave Chicago他们是什么时候分开芝加哥的？(leave 作及物动词)They left last week. 他们是上周分开的。(left 作不及物动词)b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，有时意义不尽一样。如：Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。Does this cloth wash well 这布经得起洗吗使役动词使役动词 (例子）Causative verb1.使役动词是表示使、令、让、帮、叫等意义的不完全及物动词,主要有leave.get.keep.make(
36、使,令), let(让), help(扶植), have(有；让；从事；允许；拿)等。2.使役动词后承受词,再接原形不定词作受词补语。接宾语时，人称代词用宾格。He made me(宾格) laugh.他使我发笑。I let him go.我让他走开。I helped him repair the car.我帮他修理汽车。Please have him come here.请叫他到这里来。3.使役动词还可以接过去分词作受词补语。I have my hair cut every month.我每个月理发。4.使役动词的被动语态的受词补语用不定词,不用原形不定词。(主)He made me lau
37、gh.他使我笑了。(被)I was made to laugh by him.我被他逗笑了。使役动词有以下用法：a. have somebody do sth让某人去做某事I had him arrange for a car.b. have somebody doing sth.让某人持续做某事。He had us laughing all through lunch.留意：用于否认名时，表示“允许”i wont have you running around in the house.我不允许你在家里到处乱跑。* 小议“使役动词”的用法1. have sb do 让某人干某事e.g:Wha
38、t would you have me dohave sb/sth doing 让某人或某事处于某种状态，听任e.g: I wont have women working in our company.The two cheats had the light burning all night long.have sth done 让别人干某事，遭遇到e.g:you d better have your teeth pulled out.He had his pocket picked.notes: done这个动作不是主语发出来的。2.make sb do sth 让某人干某事e.g:The
39、y made me repeat the story.What makes the grass grownotes: I was made to repeat the story.make sb/sth done/adj./ne.g. The news made him happy.He couldnt make himself heard above the noise of the traffic.His actions made him universally respected.He made her his wife.3.get sb to do 使某人干某事e.g: I cant
40、get anyone to do the work properly.get sth done 让别人干某事e.g: I must get my hair cut.Can you get the work finished in time4.leave sb to do sth 让某人干某事e.g: We left him to paint the gate.Ill leave you to settle all the business.leave sb doing 让接着处于某种状态e.g: Dont leave her waiting outside in the rain.We lef
41、t him painting the gate.leave sth done/adj./prep.phrasee.g:Please excuse me if I have left any of your questions unanswered.His illness has left him weak.I was left with a ray of hope.*使役性动词（Causative Verb）1.make /have/ let +sb +do sth.2.get/set/leave + sb to do/doing sth.系动词系动词，亦称连系动词（Link Verb）。作为
42、系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必需跟表语，亦称补语（形容词），构成系表构造说明主语的状况、性质、特征等状况定义例如：He felt ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。（feel是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语状况。）有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语。关于连系动词后接不定式 连系动词 be 后根据状况可自由地接不定式作表语：1).My dream is to be a scientist. 我的幻想是当一名科学家。2).All you have to do is to listen. 你只须要听。 seem, appear, prove, tu
43、rn out, grow 等连系动词后也可接不定式(尤其是 to be)短语作表语：1).The man seemed to be ill. 这个人似乎病了。2).The plan proved to be useful. 这个安排证明是有用的。3).He appears to know this. 他似乎知道这一点。4).The weather turned out to be fine. 天气结果很好。5).He has grown to like studying English. 他慢慢喜爱学英语了。若所接不定式为to be，通常可以省略be。 sound, smell, feel,
44、taste, become 等连系动词后通常不能接不定式：(也可以理解为用主动表被动）误：These oranges taste to be good. (应去掉 to be)误：The roses smell to be nice. (应去掉 to be)连系动词look后有时也可接to be，但以省略to be为多分类状态系动词可用来表示主语性质或状态，只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher. 他是一名老师。（表示主语的身份性质）He is ill. 他病了。（表示主语的状态）持续系动词用来表示主语接着或保持一种状况或看法，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay
45、, lie, stand, 例如：He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持缄默。This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。表像系动词用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：He looks tired. 他看起来很累。He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很难过。感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。改变系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，改变系