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1、英语句子成分英语句子成分及基本结构及基本结构 （一）句子成分的定义（一）句子成分的定义 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分和次要成分； 主要成分有主要成分有主语主语（subject）和和谓语谓语（predicate）； 次要成分有次要成分有表语表语(predicative)、宾语宾语(object)、定定语语(attribute)、状语状语(adverbial)、补足语补足语(complement)和同位语和同位语(appositive)。（二）（二）句子的具体成分句子的具体成分 主语主语（subject)：主语是一
2、个句子所叙述的：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问句（当主语不是是疑问词时）和倒装句疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表等表示。示。 1 During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词） 2 We often
3、speak English in class.（代词） 3 One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词） 4 To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） 5 Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词） 6 The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） 7 When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句） 8 It is nece
4、ssary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）谓语谓语(predicate) 谓语说明主语所做的谓语说明主语所做的动作动作或具有的或具有的特征和状态特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词、复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：原形构成。如
5、：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. 表语表语(predicative) 表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。从句表示。 Our teacher of English i
6、s an American. （名词） Is it yours?（代词） The weather has turned cold. （形容词） The speech is exciting. （分词） Three times seven is twenty one? （数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词） The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词） The truth is
7、that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）宾语(object) 宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词及物动词和介词后 面。例如： They went to see an exhibition yesterday.（名词） The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词） They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（
8、名词化形容词） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语） I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）宾语补足语(complement of object) 英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如为：某些及物动词（如make等等+宾语宾语+宾宾
9、补）。宾补可由补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。 His father named him Dongming.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语
10、）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）定语定语(attributive) 修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词） His rapid pr
11、ogress in English made us surprised.（代词） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）He is reading a book that he has never read.（定语从句）状语状语(adverbial) 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个
12、句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示： Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语） Wait a minute.（名词） Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）状
13、语种类如下 How about meeting again at six?（时间状语） Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语） I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语
14、） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语） She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语） I am taller than he is.（比较状语）同位语 同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词或名词短语对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如： We students should study hard. We all are students. Car
15、ol , an American teacher, will come to our school.独立成分 有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分感叹词感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。 肯定词肯定词yes 否定词否定词no 称呼语称呼语：mum, dad。 插入语插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。 如: The story, I think, has never come to the end情态词情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概,actually实际上,certainly
16、当然，等。 简单句、并列句和复合句（一）句子种类两种分类法 1、按句子的用途可分四种： 1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!2、按句子的结构可分三种
17、： 1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.简单句的五种基本句型 1主语+不及物动词：( S V) We work. She came My head aches. The bell rang.2主语+系动词+表语(SVC) 系动词 一 be动词类： am、 is 、are 、was 、were 二 表示变化类：become、 get 、 turn 、 grow 、go 三 感官动词类: look sound smell taste feel appear, seem四 表示延续性的动
18、词 ：remain 、stay 、keep He is a student His face turned red The apple tastes sweet The soldier keeps still.3主语+及物动词+宾语(SVO） e.g. Henry bought a dictionary. Mike ate three cakes she drew a beautiful picture.4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）(SVIOO)(SVOiO) e.g. My father bought me a car.-My father bought a car fo
19、r me He gave me three yuan. -He gave three yuan to me5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）(SVOC) Tom made the baby laugh.We made him our monitor. I cant make myself understood. We want to have the desk repaired. 2) 并列句并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g. You help him and he helps you. He wants to g
20、o there but I dont hurry up, or you will be late. This house belongs to Mr.Smith；it costs millions of dollars. 3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句名词性从句、定语从句、定语从句和状语从句和状语从句等。e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall This is the book that I want. I think that he is right.