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1、空气污染英国需要采取更多措施来净化污浊的空气Air pollution空气污染The big smoke雾都 Britain needs to do more to clean up its dirty air英国需要采取更多措施来净化污浊的空气 VISITING Oxford Street, a road teeming with tatty shops and overcrowded with people, is plainly a trial. Less plainly, levels of nitrogen dioxide (N02), a noxious gas, have bee
2、n found to be around three times higher there than the legal limit. In 2013 the annual mean concentration of N02 on the street was one of the highest levels found anywhere in Europe.来到牛津街，你会看到街道两边布满了各式杂乱的商店，而道路上人满为患。行走在这条街上，很明显是 个磨练。不为人觉察的是，这里有毒气体二氧化氮(N02)测出含量超出法定水平的约三倍以上。2 0 13 年，这条街的N02年均浓度是欧洲最高之一
3、。British air is far cleaner than it was a few decades ago. Fewer people use coal-burning stoves; old industrial plants have been decommissioned. But since 2009 levels of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter, coarse or fine particles that are linked to lung cancer and asthma, have fallen more slowl
4、y. The exact number of deaths caused by dirty air is unknown. But in 2010 a government advisory group estimated that removing man-made fine particulate matter from the atmosphere would increase life expectancy for those born in 2008 by an average of six months.英国的空气比几十年前干净多了。使用燃煤炉灶的人越来越少；老工业厂已经停产。但自
5、2009年起，氧 化氮、微粒物质、以及与肺癌和哮喘相关的粗、细颗粒含量的下降速度减慢了。因污浊空气所引发的死亡 人数是未知的但2010年，一个政府顾问组估算如果将大气中人为造成的微粒物质除去的话，2008年的 出生人口人均寿命将增加六个月。Much of the slowdown is the result of fumes from diesel cars, which were championed by successive governments because they use less fuel and thus produce less carbon dioxide than p
6、etrol cars. In 2001 only 14% of all cars ranon diesel; by 2013 electric cars have the entire fleet.) ones have not beenon diesel; by 2013 electric cars have the entire fleet.) ones have not beenthe proportion had increased to 35%. (Greener “hybrid” and increased ninefold since 2006, but account for
7、just 0. 5% of Second-hand cars are particularly noxious, but even newer as clean as hoped. Many cars that belched out few pollutants in tests produced more when on the roads.下降速度放缓的大局部原因在于柴油汽车排放的尾气一这为历任政府所支持，因为柴油汽车耗用更少的能 源，比汽油汽车排放更少的二氧化碳。2001年，仅14%的汽车使用柴油。2013年，这个比例上涨到了 35%。 （更绿色的“混合动力”和电瓶车自2006年以来增
8、加了九倍，但仅占汽车总量的0. 5%。）二手汽车尤其 有害，但新车也没所期望的那样清洁。很多车在污染物排放测试中排放量低，车在上路时却排放了更多。Climate change and geoengineering 气候变化与地质工程学 Fears of a bright planet 地球发光，令人担忧 Experiments designed to learn more about ways of geoengineering the climate should be allowed to proceed 为更好地利用工程学手段研 究气候问题所设计的实验应该获准进行下去。SHINY thi
9、ngs absorb less heat when left in the sun. This means that if the Earth could be made a little shinier it would be less susceptible to global warming. Ways to brighten it, such as adding nanoscale specks of salt to low clouds, making them whiter, or putting a thin haze of particles into the stratosp
10、here, are the province of geoengineering”. The small band of scientists which have been studying this subject over the past decade or so have mostly been using computer models. Some of them are now proposing outdoor experimentsusing seawater-fed sprayers to churn out particles of the exact size need
11、ed to brighten clouds, or spewing sulphur particles from underneath a large balloon 20km up in the sky,发光的物体放在太阳下面会吸收较少的热量。这就意味着如果让地球发 一点光的话，受到全球变暖的影响就会小一些。让地球发光的方式，比方说在低空云层上添加纳米级的盐 微粒，让云变得更白，或者是将一层薄的雾状物洒向平流层，这些都属于地质工程学的范畴。过去十年左 右研究这一领域的一小批科学家主要使用计算机模型，其中一些人现在提出要做室外实验一一就是用装有 now full. As a result pa
12、tients are having to travel long distances or wait months for care. To free up room, a mental-health centre in London has discharged patients to bed-and-breakfasts. Others are not so lucky: sufferers picked up by police are often diagnosed in jail cells. This week Norman Lamb, the minister for care,
13、 said that services for young people are stuck in the dark ages.A second challenge arises from the way the NHS is structured. Mental-health care is staffed and funded separately from physical caretreatment is focused on the mind or body, but rarely on both at once. Yet research shows depressed peopl
14、e are more likely than others to develop heart and lung disease, and to suffer from strokes. Mental illness also appears to make diseases more lethal. On average men with mental-health problems die 20 years earlier than those without them (most from causes other than suicide), says the British Medic
15、al Association.The government is alive to these problems. Britains spending on mental health may be inadequate, but it compares favourably with that of other rich countries. From April ministers have promised to limit the long waiting times that prevent many people using mental-health services. And
16、in 2012 the government pledged to give mental health care equal priority to physical care, enshrining this principle as part of the Health and Social Care Act. But critics complain that the promise has yet to deliver much practical change. Reform advocates would like better integration between menta
17、l- and physical-health care. Liaison psychiatry,/ involves placing mental-health specialists in hospitals to work alongside doctors. The Centre for Mental Health found that one such initiative in Birmingham reduced the length of hospital stays and the number of readmissions and improved the health a
18、nd well-being of patients. The centre calculated that the programme saved four times its costs. Yet such services are often meagre.It would be better and cheaper to keep sufferers out of hospital altogether, says Emma Stanton, who runs Beacon UK, a mental-health consultancy. Ms Stanton recommends tr
19、eatment at home through teams of doctors, nurses and social workers. Instead of swallowing antidepressants, health bosses would like sufferers of mild conditions to receive help under a programme called Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT), which aims to expand the use of treatments su
20、ch as cognitive behavioural therapy. This helps individuals challenge the gloomy thinking that can lead to anxiety and depression. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), which evaluates treatments, considers it good value. Yet David Clark, an adviser for IAPT, says it reaches
21、only a fraction of those who need it. He would like its budget doubled.Convincing politicians to cough up more funds will be tough. Some critics fear that beefing up treatment of the most common mental-health problems risks saddling the system with overwhelming costs. Fortunately there is a lot that
22、 can be achieved without more cash. Many mental-health services still do not meet the standards recommended by NICE, and communication between services is poor. Elaborate therapies are not always necessaryone effective treatment for those suffering mental illness is keeping them in a job. Other type
23、s of therapy, say advocates, should pay for themselves by saving healthcare costs and increasing productivity. Improving Britons mental health is not only humane, but economical.心理疾病治疗身体与灵魂一个专业性的分裂阻碍英国心理健康系统 在曼迪派克试图在浴室用电击自杀的第二天，她的家人将她送至且切姆斯福德的一家心理健康中心寻求 帮助。他们被告知中心没有空余床位，随即回家。两天之后，派克于一个多层停车场跳楼自杀。她死后还
24、 留下了一个女儿。如果派克到达医院时是腿部骨折的话，她就不会被医院拒收了。然而英国的国民医疗保健制度（NHS） 总是放弃了那些饱受残缺心灵折磨的人们。尽管没有确切数据，但平均每四个英国人中就有一个人在他们 生命中的某个时期受到心理健康问题的困扰，这些问题小到轻微的焦虑症，大到严重的精神分裂。可是不 到三分之一的人选择接受心理治疗。因为从某种程度来讲很多病人都羞于寻求这方面的帮助，但这也归咎 于NHS内部的资金缺口和杂乱无章。英国皇家精神科医学院的前任院长苏贝利称这样的结果使整个制度 陷入危机。这个失败的代价很高。据著有一本关于幸福的书的经济学家理查德莱亚德称，心理健康问题在英国给人 们带来的痛
25、苦多过生理疾病、贫困或失业。有严重心理疾病的人们比一般人有更高的生理疾病得病率。据 智囊团君主基金分析，这个每年耗费了 NHS80亿英镑（约合130亿美元）到13亿英镑。同时患有心 理疾病的患者犯罪几率更高；心理疾病已经成为索赔伤残补助的最常见的理由。经合组织（OECD,兴旺 国家组成的俱乐部）的研究人员估算如果将那些有心理疾病的人送回去工作，那么英国的就业率可以提高 将近5%。这问题有一局部原因是因为钱。根据智囊团心理健康中心调查，心理疾病致使英国经济一年花费至少 1000亿英镑，但NHS为此只花费了 113亿。一些像莱亚德一样的人了解其中的轻重缓急。一些医生一 年花费35亿英镑治疗大约60
26、0万患有抑郁和情绪障碍的英国成年人，这巨额费用中大局部都用来治疗 50万弥留病人的生理疾病。最近健康消费的削减使心理健康护理的境况跌入谷底，正如医生所说，人们对于心理健康的需求正在提升。 NHS提供给心理疾病患者的床位自2003年起已经减少了至少30%。很多设备现在也没有空余的了。因 此病人必须长途跋涉去别的地方或者排队等待数月来寻求治疗。为了腾出空间，伦敦一家心理健康中心向 出院病人提供住宿和早餐。其他的病人就没那么幸运了。一些病人经常碰到警察，被带回监狱诊断。本周 医疗部长诺曼兰布称，对于年轻人来讲，心理健康服务仍就停留在黑暗时期。第二个挑战来自NHS的制度结构。心理健康保健的提供和资助都
27、与生理健康保健是分开的。因为治疗通 常针对精神或身体，但鲜少两者兼顾。但研究显示抑郁的人比其他人更易患心脏和肺部的疾病，且更易患 中风。患上心理疾病似乎也更易患上绝症。通常患上心理疾病的人比那些没有患心理疾病的人少活20年 （大多心理疾病会导致患者死于除自杀之外的原因）。英国医学会如是说。政府已经意识到这些问题。英国对于心理健康的支出或许不够，但与其它富有国家相比算是不错的了、自 4月部长们已经承诺会限制阻止很多人使用心理健康服务的长时间等待。2012年政府保证给予心理健康 保健与生理保健平等优先权，并将这一原那么作为健康与社会保健法案的一局部。但批评家们抱怨承诺并未 带来很多实际变化。改革建
28、议者想要心理和生理保健更好的一体化。联络精神病学涉及到心理健康专家在医院和医生一起工 作。心理健康中心发现，伯明翰的一项此类实验减少了病人住院时间长度和再次入院的次数，并且提高病 人的健康和幸福感。中心计算得出这项计划花费只占本钱四分之一，但这类服务还不完善。心理健康咨询公司英国灯塔的运营者艾玛斯坦顿称，将患者在院外集中是个更好且更实惠的方法。斯坦 顿推荐在家通过治疗团队的医生、护士以及社会工作者治疗的方法。与服用抗抑郁药相比卫生官员们更希 望中等程度的病患接受一个名为使更多人获得心理治疗（IAPT）的工程的帮助。这个工程旨在扩大认 知行为疗法的使用。这能帮助个人挑战可能会导致焦虑和抑郁的悲观
29、想法。国家健康和护理研究所（NICE）评估此项治疗并且认为物有所值、但IAPT的顾问大卫,克拉克称工程预算只够一小局部需要它 的人接受治疗。他希望预算可以翻倍。说服政客们挤出更多的资金是艰难的。一些批评家担忧加强治疗最常见的心理健康问题会有本钱过高使体 系不堪重负的风险。幸运的是有很多事情无需更多金钱便可做到。很多心理健康服务不符合NICE推荐的 标准，并且服务之间的交流也很贫乏。复杂的治疗并不总是必要的一一对于病患来说，一个有效的治疗方 法就是让他们保持工作。提倡者称，其他的治疗方式应该通过节约健康保健本钱和提高生产力来为病患支 付。提高英国心理健康不仅是关乎人道，也关系到经济。Autism
30、 Why its not Rain Woman”Women have fewer cognitive disorders than men do because their bodies are better at ignoring the mutations which cause themAUTISM is a strange condition. Sometimes its symptoms of social blindness” （an inability to read or comprehend the emotions of others） occur alone. This
31、is dubbed high-functioning autism, or Aspergers syndrome. Though their fellow men and women may regard them as a bit odd, high-functioning autists are often successful （sometimes very successful） members of society. On other occasions, though, autism manifests as part of a range of cognitive problem
32、s. Then, the condition is debilitating. What is common to those on all parts of the so-called autistic spectrum is that they are more often men than womenso much more often that one school of thought suggests autism is an extreme manifestation of what it means, mentally, to be male. Boys are four ti
33、mes more likely to be diagnosed with autism than girls are. For high- functioning autism, the ratio is seven to one.Moreover, what is true of autism is true, to a lesser extent, of a lot of other neurological and cognitive disorders. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is diagnosed aroun
34、d three times more often in boys than in girls. Intellectual disability, a catch-all term for congenital low IQ, is 30-50% more common in boys, as is epilepsy. In fact, these disorders frequently show up in combination. For instance, children diagnosed with an autistic-spectrum disorderl often also
35、receive a diagnosis of ADHD.Autisms precise causes are unclear, but genes are important. Though no mutation which, by itself, causes autism has yet been discovered, well over 100 are known that make someone with them more vulnerable to the condition.Most of these mutations are as common in women as
36、in men, so one explanation for the divergent incidence is that male brains are more vulnerable than female ones to equivalent levels of genetic disruption. This is called the female-protective model. The other broad explanation, social-bias theory, is that the difference is illusory. Girls are being
37、 under-diagnosed because of differences either in the ways they are assessed, or in the ways they cope with the condition, rather than because they actually have it less. Some researchers claim, for example, that girls are better able to hide their symptoms.The weaker sexTo investigate this question
38、, Sebastien Jacquemont of the University Hospital of Lausanne and his colleagues analysed genetic data from two groups of children with cognitive abnormalities. Those in one group, 800 strong, were specifically autistic. Those in the other, 16,000 strong, had a range of problems.Dr Jacquemont has ju
39、st published his results in the American Journal of Human Genetics. His crucial finding was that girls in both groups more often had mutations of the sort associated with abnormal neural development than boys did. This was true both for copy-number variants (CNVs, which are variations in the number
40、of copies in a chromosome of particular sections of DNA), and single-nucleotide variants (SNVs, which are alterations to single genetic letters in the DNA message).On the face of it, this seems compelling evidence for the female-protective model. Since all the children whose data Dr Jacquemont exami
41、ned had been diagnosed with problems, if the girls had more serious mutations than the boys did, that suggests other aspects of their physiology were covering up the consequences. Females are thus, if this interpretation is correct, better protected from developing symptoms than males are. And, as f
42、urther confirmation, Dr Jacquemonts findings tally with a study published three years ago, which found that CNVs in autistic girls spanned more genes (and were thus, presumably, more damaging), than those in autistic boys.The counter-argument is that if girls are better at hiding their symptoms, onl
43、y the more extreme female cases might turn up in the diagnosed groups. If that were true, a greater degree of mutation might be expected in symptomatic girls as a consequence. However, Dr Jacquemont and his colleagues also found that damaging CNVs were more likely to be inherited from a childs mothe
44、r than from his or her father. They interpret this as further evidence of female-protectedness. Autistic symptoms make people of either sex less likely to become parents. If mothers are the source of the majority of autism-inducing genes in children, it suggests they are less affected by them.None o
45、f this, though, explains the exact mechanism that makes boys more susceptible than girls. On this question, too, there are two predominant theories. The first is that males are more sensitive because they have only one X-chromosome. This makes them vulnerable to mutations on that chromosome, because
46、 any damaged genes have no twin to cover for them. One cognitive disorder, fragile-X syndrome, is indeed much more common in men for this reason. Dr Jacquemonts study, however, found only a limited role for X-chromosome mutations. That suggests the genetic basis of the difference is distributed acro
47、ss the whole genome.The other kind of explanation is anatomical. It is based on brain-imaging studies which suggest differences between the patterns of internal connection in male and female brains. Male brains have stronger local connections, and weaker long-range ones, than do female brains. That
48、is similar to a difference seen between the brains of autistic people and of those who are not. The suggestion here is that the male-type connection pattern is somehow more vulnerable to disruption by the factors which trigger autism and other cognitive problems. Why that should be, however, remains
49、 opaque.自闭症为什么它不是雨女与男性相比，患有认知障碍的女性较少，因为她们自身的身体能更好的忽略导致认知障碍的基因突变 自闭症是一种奇怪的状态。有时它是由社会失明病症（无法阅读或理解他人的情绪）导致的孤独。这被 称为高功能自闭症，或亚斯伯格症候群。虽然他们的男性和女性同伴会认为他们有点奇怪，但高功能自闭 患者通常是成功的社会人士（有时非常成功）。然而，另一些场合，自闭症表现为一系列认知问题的一部 分。那么，条件逐渐衰弱。对于那些所有被称为自闭症患者范围的人来说共同点是男性远多于女性，以至 于一个学校认为自闭症意味着一种极端的在心理上表现为一名男性。比起女孩而言，男孩有四倍的可能性 被诊断为自闭症。至于高功能自闭症，比率到达7比1。此外，自闭症的真相，在较小程度上，就是神经病学的认知障碍的真相。被诊断为注意力缺乏症的男大约 是女孩的三倍。智力残疾，一个全面概括先天性智商低下的术语，在男孩中常见比例多达30%50%, 癫痫症也是。事实上，这些疾病经常共同出现。例如，被诊断为自闭症谱系障碍的小孩经常也收到 ADHD的诊断。导致自闭症