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1、8. Pacta sunt servanda （treaties are to be observed）条约必须遵守原贝U1Application of treaty条约的适用28.1 Non-retroactivity （无追溯力）of treaties28.2 Territorial scope of treaties 条约的领土范围28.3 Conflict of treaties条约的冲突2Third States第三国38.4 General rule般原贝II38.5 Treaties providingforobligations for third States为第三国提供义务
2、的条约38.6 Treaties providingforrights for third States为第三国提供权利的条约3Revision of treaty （条约的彳修订） 38.7 Amendment of treaty （条约的彳修正） 38.8 Modification of treaty （条约的修改） 4Invalidity of Treaties （条约的无效） 48.9 Non-compliance with municipal law违反国内法48.10 Error （错误） 5Temple of Preah Vihear case （Cambodia v. Thai
3、land）CJ962.柏威夏寺案件（柬埔寨诉泰国），国际法院，1962年。58.11 Fraud （诈欺）78.12 Corruption （贿赂） 78.13 Coercion （强迫）78.14 Conflicting with a peremptory norm of general international law （jus cogens）国际强行法7The termination of treaties （条约终止） 88.15 Treaty provision条约规定88.16 Consent同意88.17 Denunciation （解除） or withdrawal （退出）
4、 88.18 Conclusion of a later treaty the same 后来签订的条约也是如此88.19 Material breach （重大违约）88.20 6 Supervening impossibility of performance （履约不能） 98.21 Fundamental change of circumstances （rebus sic stantibus T青势变迁） 9Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project case/CJ, 1997斯洛伐克和匈牙利。水坝案98.22 Severance （断绝） of Diplomatic o
5、r Consular Relations118.23 lus Cogens （新的一般国际强制规则产生）11Interpretation of Treaties 条约 的解释118.24 Theory 理论方法118.25 General rule （Art. 31） 一般规则128.26 Supplementary means （Art. 32）补充手段（第32条）128. Pacta sunt servanda （treaties are to be observed）条约必须遵守原则A fundamental principle of international law, proclai
6、med in 1648. 1648年宣布的国际法的基本原 则。条约必须遵守原则：缔约方对于符合国际法且有效缔结的条约有遵守的义务。要求：1、当事方要遵守对其有效的条约（有效成立且在有效期内），违反的话会产生国家责任的问 题。2、有效的履行，实现其目的和宗旨。不得以国内法为由不履行条约。（国际层面上先看国际法 要求）a. Every treaty in force is binding upon the parties to it and must be performed by them in good faith【每一项有效的条约对缔约国都有约束力，必须由缔约国真诚地履行】防洪。1989年，
7、由于公众强烈抗议该项目对环境的影响，匈牙利单方面暂停并随后放弃了 该项目。于是，捷克斯洛伐克制定了一项计划（变式C）,该计划偏离了条约，将多瑙 河单方面改道进入其境内的一条旁路运河。1992年5月，匈牙利通知终止1977年条约。 1993年，匈牙利和斯洛伐克将此案提交国际法院，请法院就匈牙利暂停和放弃工作的合法 性作出裁决；捷克斯洛伐克采用和实施变式C；以及匈牙利终止该条约。匈牙利还认为，它 有权援引一些事件，这些事件累积起来会造成情况的根本变化。在这方面，它具体说明了 政治性质的深刻变化、项目的经济可行性日益下降、环境知识的进展以及国际环境法新准 则和规定的发展。】The Court rec
8、alls that, in the Fisheries Jurisdiction case, it stated that “Article 62 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties . may in many respects be considered as a codification of existing customary law on the subject of the termination of a treaty relationship on account of change of circumstances.
9、【法院回忆说，在渔业管辖权的情况下，它指出，“维也纳公约第62条的法律 条约在许多方面可能被视作一个现有的习惯法编纂的终止条约关系的变化的环境”】The prevailing political situation was certainly relevant for the conclusion of the 1977 Treaty. But the Court will recall that the Treaty provided for a joint investment program for the production of energy, the control of flo
10、ods and the improvement of navigation on the Danube. In the Courts view, the prevalent political conditions were thus not so closely linked to the object and purpose of the Treaty that they constituted an essential basis of the consent of the parties and, in changing, radically altered the extent of
11、 the obligations still to be performed.当前的政治局势当然与 1977年条约 的缔结有关。但法院会记得，该条约规定了一个联合投资项目，用于生产能源、控制洪水 和改善多瑙河的航运。因此，法院认为，普遍的政治条件与条约的目标和宗旨并没有 密切的联系，因此它们构成了当事各方同意的基本基础，并且在变化中，从根本上改变了 仍需履行的义务的范围。】The same holds good for the economic system in force at the time of the conclusion of the 1977 Treaty. Besides,
12、even though the estimated profitability of the Project might have appeared less in 1992 than in 1977, it does not appear from the record before the Court that it was bound to diminish to such an extent that the treaty obligations of the parties would have been radically transformed as a result.【这同样适
13、用于1977年条约缔结时有效的经济制度。除此之外，尽管估计项目的盈 利能力可能会出现1992年低于1977年，它没有出现从法院前的记录，一定会减少的条约义务, 当事人会被彻底改变了。】The Court does not consider that new developments in the state of environmental knowledge and of environmental law can be said to have been completely unforeseen. What is more, the formulation of Articles 15,
14、19 and 20, designed to accommodate change, made it possible for the parties to take account of such developments and to apply them when implementing those treaty provisions.【：去 院认为，在环境知识和环境法方面的新发展可以说是完全没有预见到的。此外，为了适应 变化而制定的第15、19和20条使缔约方能够考虑到这些发展，并在执行这些条约规定时加 以实施。】The changed circumstances advanced
15、by Hungary are, in the Courts view, not of such a nature, either individually or collectively, that their effect would radically transform the extent of the obligations still to be performed in order to accomplish the Project. A fundamental change of circumstances must have been unforeseen; the exis
16、tence of the circumstances at the time of the Treatys conclusion must have constituted an essential basis of the consent of the parties to be bound by the Treaty. The negative and conditional wording of Article 62 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties is a clear indication moreover that th
17、e stability of treaty relations requires that the plea of fundamental change or circumstances be applied only in exceptional cases.去院认为，匈牙利所提出的已改变的情况，无论是单独或集体而言，其性质都不可能从根本上改 变为完成该项目仍需履行的义务的范围。情况的根本变化一定是没有预见到的；条约 缔结时的情况的存在，必须构成各方同意受条约约束的基本基础。维也纳条约法公 约第62条消极和有条件的措词清楚地表明，条约关系的稳定要求仅在例外情况下才适用 根本改变或情况的请求。
18、】Severance （断绝）of Diplomatic or Consular Relations断绝外交关系/领事关系，不会导致所有条约的无效，只有与外交/领事关系相关的条约才会 无效。does not affect the legal relations established between them by the treaty except in so far as the existence of diplomatic or consular relations is indispensable for the application of the treaty 不影 响他们之间根
19、据条约建立的法律关系，除非外交或领事关系的存在对条约的适用是必不可 少的】lus Cogens （新的一般国际强制规则产生）任何现有条约与其发生冲突时，“法不溯及既往”，之前有效，但现在不得继续履行juscogens 和ius cogens14. Interpretation of Treaties 条约的解释Theory理论方法objective approach客观解释，强调文本用于分析 subjective approach主观解释：强调缔约各方的共同意志 teleological approach目的解释,条约的目的和宗旨的实现 在实践中不会只考虑其中的一种，通常为多方面要素14.1
20、General rule (Art. 31)一般规则维也纳条约法公约31条(一般规则，先考虑)，32条(补充性规则)A treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose.一项条约应根据条 约条款在其范围内的一般意义，并根据其目的和宗旨，善意地加以解释。】构成要件：1、善意原则，若解释不合
21、理，应采取其他方法；2、条约解释的最终目的都是为 了确定用语的通常含义，考虑上下文和目的宗旨a. good faith: guiding principleb. ordinary meaning of the terms: starting point(1) context (Art. 33.(2)第2、3款,说明什么是上下文上下文包含全部的约文，包括序言和附件(案例：全面禁止核试验条约)，包括全体缔 约国同时缔结的相关的文件/协议，包括当事方私后订立的有关协议(案例：1951年难民 公约，1996年)/文件/实践(案例：维也纳外交关系公约规定可带同户口家属，看具 体实践)；包括与其相关的国际
22、协议等text, including its preamble and annexesagreement or instruments in connection with the conclusion of the treatysubsequent agreement or practicerelevant international rules(ii)object and purpose【案文，包括其序言和附件与缔结条约有关的协定或文书后续协议或惯例有关国际规则 对象和目的】Supplementary means (Art. 32)补充手段(第32条)准备的资料，(起草的草案，缔约后不存在
23、)；官方谈判的记录等目的都是为了确定根据第31条得出的解释结论，使之更有说服力；根据31无法得出结论or结 果荒谬，可以看32a. the preparatory work of the treaty (travaux preparatoires)条约的准备工作b. the circumstances of its conclusion role 结论作用 的情况a. confirm 确认b. determine 确定(i) the meaning remains ambiguous or obscure; or 意 义含糊不清(ii) the result is manifestly abs
24、urd or unreasonable.或(二)结果明显荒谬或不合理。b. A party may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform atreaty.【当事人不得援引国内法的规定作为不履行条约的理由。】9. Application of treaty条约的适用9.1 Non-retroactivity （无追溯力）of treatiesIn the absence of contrary intention 没有相反的意图条约自生效之日起开始适用，一
25、般情况下，条约没有溯及力。”法不溯及既往原则”条约特别约定优于条约法的一般规定9.2 Territorial scope of treaties 条约的领土范围Unless a different intention appears from the treaty or is otherwise established, a treaty is binding upon each party in respect of its entire territory.【除非条约有不同的意图或另有规定，否则条 约对每一缔约国就其整个领土具有约束力。】适用范围：若未明确规定条约适用范围，否则包括缔约国的
26、整个领土范围9.3 Conflict of treaties条约的冲突缔约方对同一事项缔结了几个不同的条约，产生冲突原则：1、联合国宪章义务优先，首先根据宪章内容确定。（联合国宪章一般规定的是最基本的义 务）2、根据条约的约定确定。（如规定“后订立的条约优先”、“后订立的条约不得违背该条 约”）3、后法优于先法。若缔约国家完全一致，且无特殊规定，则后法优于先法。若不一致，相互 之间适用共同签订的条约。（Eg条约甲ABC,条约乙AB,则AB之间适用乙，C与其他两国 适用甲）a. Obligations under UN Charter prevailb. Provisions of treaty
27、 prevailc. The latter treaty prevailsWhen all the parties to the earlier treaty are parties also to the later treaty, the latter treaty prevails.d. When the parties to the later treaty do not include all the parties to the earlier one:（i） as between States parties to both the latter treaty prevails;
28、（ii） as between a State party to both treaties and a State party to only one of the treaties, the treaty to which both States are parties governs their mutual rights and obligations.a0以联合国宪章义务为准；bo以条约规定为准；co后一项条约占上风如果前一项 条约的所有缔约国也是后一项条约的缔约国，则以后一项条约为准。do后一项条约的缔约 国不包括前一项条约的所有缔约国：（i）后一项条约在两个缔约国之间均适用；两项
29、条约的缔 约国与其中一项条约的缔约国之间，其相互权利和义务均以两国为缔约国的条约为准。】10. Third States第三国10.1 General rule一般原则A treaty does not create either obligations or rights for a third State without its consent. Exception: customary international law【未经第三国同意，条约不得为第三国规定义务或权利。例夕卜：习 惯国际法】一般情况下，只有在国家同意的情况下，才能有拘束力。习惯国际法除外。非经第三国同意，不得为其创立权利
30、或义务。习惯国际法内容除外。10.2 Treaties providing for obligations for third States为第三国提供义务 的条约a. parties intend to establish the obligation, andb. the third State expressly accepts that obligation in writing【各方打算确立该义务，并且b。第三国明确以书面形式接受这项义务】 创设义务需第三国书面明示同意10.3 Treaties providing for rights for third States为第三国提供权
31、利的条约a. parties intend to accord that right, andb. the third State assents, and its assent shall be presumed so long as the contrary is not indicated【各方打算给予这项权利，并且b。第三种国家的同意，只要不表示相反，即应推定为其 同意】权利：第三国没有相反表示即为同意案例：君土坦丁堡公约“苏伊士运河对其他国家永久开放”，全世界国家只要不表示反对，就 可以航行11. Revision of treaty （条约的修订）11.1 Amendment of
32、 treaty （条约的修正）在有效期内变更条约内容即为条约的修订两种方式，一种是修正（全体缔约方，以协议方式），一种是修改（部分缔约方）all the parties各方unless the treaty otherwise provides notification to allcontracting states right to participateentitlement to become a party to the amended treatyThe amending agreement does not bind any State already a party to th
33、e treaty which does not become a party to the amending agreement【除非条约另有规定，向所有缔约国通知参加的 权利；有权成为经修正的条约的缔约国；修改后的协定对已经成为条约缔约国而尚未成为 修改后的协定缔约国的国家不具有约束力】修正案需2/3多数同意通过。通知所有缔约国，若有国家未同意修正内容，按照条约冲突方式适用11.2 Modification of treaty （条约的修改）part parties部分国家修改，不能随意进行。可修改情况：1、条约明确规定可以修改条约；2、条约本身并未禁止修改，且修改没有影响其他当事国的权利和
34、义务，且修改为涉及到条 约目的和宗旨的重要条款。a. the possibility of such a modification is provided for by the treaty; orb. the modification in question is not prohibited by the treaty and:（i） does not affect rights and obligations of other parties;（ii） does not relate to a provision, derogation from which is incompatibl
35、e with the effective execution of the object and purpose of the treaty as a wholeObligation to notify【a。条约规定了这种修改的可能性；或b。该条约并不禁止有关的修改，并且：（一）不影 响其他当事人的权利和义务；（二）不涉及与有效执行整个条约的目标和宗旨相抵触的减损条 款通知的义务】12. Invalidity of Treaties （条约的无效）条约因不符合国际法规定的条约成立的实质要件而无效 三个理由：1、明显违反国内法关于缔约权限的重要规定，主体权限问题2、违反自由同意原则3、内容方面，
36、明显违反国际强行法12.1 Non-compliance with municipal law违反国内法违反国内法关于缔约权限的规定规定必须具有重要性违反的事实必须是明显的（要将国内的权限限制明确告知其他签署国家）a. regarding competence （权限） to conclude treaties b. a rule of its internal law of fundamental importance c. the violation is manifest （明显）The Court noted that the Nigerian head of state had si
37、gned the Declaration and that a limitation of his capacity would not be manifest unless at least properly published. This was especially so since heads of state are deemed to represent their states for the purpose of performing acts relating to the conclusion of treaties. The Court also noted that “
38、there is no general legal obligation for stats to keep themselves informed of legislative and constitutional developments in other states which are or may become important for the international relations of these state. （Cameroon v. Nigeria case, ICJ, 2002）ao关于能力（权限）缔结条约；bo其内在法则的规则具有根本的重要性；Co违反清单 （明
39、显）法院指出，尼日利亚国家元首已签署了该声明，除非至少适当公布，否则他的能力 限制将不会“明显”。这一点尤其如此，因为国家元首被认为代表其国家执行与缔结条约 有关的行为。法院还注意到，“统计数据并没有普遍的法律义务，使它们随时了解其他国 家的立法和宪法发展，这些发展对这些国家的国际关系是或可能是重要的。（喀麦隆诉尼 日利亚案，国际法院，2002年）】表达方面不符合的要件：12.2 Error （错误）定义：国家基于错误的认识签订的条约，可以主张“错误”，条约无效错误需要与事实相关，重要错误例外：如果国家知道/应当知道错误/错误是自己造成的，则事后不得主张“错误”若错误只是语法上的错误，不影响使
40、用效力，则仍然有效relates to a fact or situation which was assumed by that State to exist at the time when the treaty was concludeda. formed an essential basis of its consent to be bound by the treaty exception:if the state knew or ought to know of the error, or it contributed to the error, the state can not
41、 invoke the errorb. an error relating only to the wording of the text of a treaty does not affect its validityao与该国在缔结条约时假定存在的事实或情况有关bo构成其同意受条约约束的基本基 础例外：如果状态知道或应该知道错误，或者它导致了错误，则状态不能调用错误 Co仅与 条约案文措辞有关的错误并不影响条约的效力】Temple of Preah Vihear case (Cambodia v. Thailand), ICJ, 1962.柏威夏寺案件(柬埔寨诉泰国）,国际法院,1962年
42、。1904 Treaty: the boundary should follow the watershed line and provided for the details to be worked out by a Mixed Franco-Siamese Commission.Annex I map: the Temple is located in Cambodia. However, the map was never approved by the Commission.Thailand argued that the map embodied a material error
43、because it did not follow the watershed line as required by the treaty. It argued this even though, as the Court found, the Siamese had received and accepted the map.【1904年条约：边界应遵循分水岭线，并规定细节由一个混合的法-暹罗委员会制定。附图 一：寺庙位于柬埔寨境内。然而，该地图从未得到委员会的批准。泰国认为，这幅地图体现 了一个重大错误，因为它没有按照条约规定的分水岭线走。法院发现，尽管暹罗人已经收 到并接受了这幅地图，
44、但他们仍坚持自己的观点。】It is an established rule of law that the plea of error cannot be allowed as an element vitiating consent if the party advancing it contributed by its own conduct to the error, or could have avoided it, or if the circumstances were such as to put that party on notice of a possible error
45、. The Court considers that the character and qualifications of the persons who saw the Annex I map on the Siamese side would alone make it difficult for Thailand to plead error in law. These persons included the members of the very Commission of Delimitation within whose competence this sector of th
46、e frontier had lain.【建立法治，错误不能被允许作为元素的请求损害当事人同意 推进它由自己的错误行为，可以避免它，或情节如把党在通知一个可能的错误。法院认为， 仅是看到附件一地图的人的性格和资格就会使泰国难以为法律上的错误辩护。这些人包括 了划界委员会的成员，该委员会的职权范围就在这一边境地区。】An inspection indicates that the map itself drew such pointed attention to the Preah Vihear region that no interested person, nor anyone charg
47、ed with the duty of scrutinizing it, could have failed to see what the map was purporting to do in respect of that region. If, as Thailand has argued, the geographical configuration of the place is such as to make it obvious to anyone who has been there that the watershed must lie along the line of
48、the escarpment, then the map made it quite plain that the Annex 1 line did not follow the escarpment in this region since it was plainly drawn appreciably to the north of the whole Preah Vihear promontory. Nobody looking at the map could be under any misapprehension about that.【一次视察表明，这张地图本身 引起了对柏威夏地区如此尖锐的注意，任何有关人士或任何负责审查该地区的人都不可能 看不出这张地图对该地区有什么意义。泰国认为，如果这个地方的地理配置使它明显等人 都去过那里的分水岭必须躺在悬崖，然后映射相当简单，附件1线并不遵循悬崖在这个区域， 因为它显然是画明显向北整个柏威夏寺的海角。看地图的人对此不会有任何误解。】Next, the map marked Preah Vihear itself quite clearly as lying on the Cambodian side of the l