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1、什018Connecting to CompeteTrade Logistics in the Global EconomyThe Logistics Performance Index and Its Indicators1.1 The six components of the international Logistics Performance Index 8How precise are LPI scores and ranks? 91.2 Logistics performance boosts trade integration, but by just how much?11U
2、se of the LPI in research and policy-making literature323.1 Assessing logistics skills, competencies, and training: A new toolkit 35Logistics policy makingin Oman 37FiguresLPI score as a percentage of the best performer, 2012-1825.1 Respondents reporting that shipments arc “often or nearly always55
3、cleared and delivered as scheduled, by LPIquintile 35.2 Cybersecurity threats and preparedness by income 4(Cumulative distribution of LPI scores, 2018131.1 LPI components score, by LPI quintile, 201814Change in LPI component score by income group, 2016-18151.2 LPI overperformers and underperformers1
4、6LPI score as a percentage of the best performer, 2012-18161.3 Weighted aggregate international LPI score, 2012-1818Respondents rating the quality of trade and transport infrastructure as improved or much improved5 ? since 2015, byLPI quintile 20Respondents rating the quality of each infrastructure
5、type as high or very high； by LPI quintile, 201418202.1 Respondents rating the quality of each infrastructure service type as high or very high； bottom LPI quintile,2014-18222.2 ftedian import time and average clearance time, by LPI quintile 23ftedian export lead time, by LPI quintile 242.3 ftedian
6、export lead time, by income group 24Respondents rating the quality and competence of quality and inspection agencies as high or very high； by LPIquintile, 2014-1825Respondents rating the quality and competence ofhcalth and sanitary/phytosanitaty agencies as high or very high； byLPI quintile, 2014-18
7、26Red tape affecting import and export transactions, by LPI quintile262.4 Respondents reporting that shipments are “often or nearly always55 cleared and delivered as scheduled, by LPIquintile 282.5 Respondents reporting that shipments are often or nearly always cleared and delivered as scheduled, by
8、 World Bankdeveloping country7 region 292.6 Shipments not meeting company quality criteria, by LPI quintile 29Increased use of electronic trading platforms (business to business and business to consumer) by shippers mean that our business volumes have. 333.1 Cybersecurity threats in logistics have.3
9、4Our firms preparedness for cyberthreats has.343.2 The demand for green logistics34A6.1 Composition of respondents, by income group 63A6.2 Composition of respondents, by region 63viii CONNEC TING TO COMPETE ft018 TRADE LOGISTICS IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMYTablesS.l Top 10 average and lowest 10 average LPI
10、 scores, 2007-1821.1 Top 10 LPI economics, 2018111.2 Bottom 10 LPI economies, 2018111.3 Top-perfbrmingupper-middle-income economies, 2018121.4 Top-pcrfbrminglower-middle-income economics, 2018121.5 Top-performing low-income economies, 2018121.6 Deviation on each component from the overall IPI score,
11、 by quintile141.7 Respondents reporting an “improved or much improved,? logistics environment since 2015, by LPI quintile152.1 Respondents rating the quality of each infrastructure type high or very high； by LPI quintile192.2 Respondents rating the quality of each infrastructure type high or very hi
12、gh； by World Bank developingcountty region212.3 Respondents rating the quality and competence of each service provider type high or very high； by LPI quintile212.4 Difference between respondents rating services high?, or c(very high?, and those rating infrastructure uhigh,? or avery high/5by World B
13、ank developing country region 222.5 Respondents indicating that listed customs procedures are available and being used, by LPT quintile 232.6 Respondents rating the quality and competence of three border agencies as high or very high； by LPI quintile252.7 Respondents reporting that shipments are “of
14、ten or nearly always delayed, by delay category and LPI quintile273.1 Interaction of LPI performance quintile and logistics priorities 38A5.1 ftcthodologj for selecting country groups for survey respondents59A5.2 Results of principal component analysis for the International LPI 201860A5.3 Component
15、loadings for the International LPI 201860ixixCONNEC TING TO COMPETE ft018 TRADE LOGISTICS IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMYAggregate LPI ranking and scores, 2012-18This years edition of Connecting to Compete features the aggregated 2012-18 results. The methodology is included in appendix 1. The 2018 single-year
16、 results can be found in appendix 2.Mean LPI % ofMean LPI % ofMean LPI % ofMean score, highestMean score, highestMean score, highestEconomyrank 2012-18 performer Economyrank 2012-18 performer Economyrank 2012-18 performerCountries with missing values for one or two editions. For details, see appendi
17、x 1.Germany14.19100.0Bulgaria573.0071.7Moldova1132.5260.1Netherlands24.0797.2Botswana*582.9670.7Comoros1142.5160.1Sweden34.0797.2Kuwait592.9670.6Guatemala1152.5159.9Belgium44.0596.9Egypt, Arab Rep.602.9570.5Armenia1162.5159.9Singapore54.0596.6Malta612.9470.3Uzbekistan1172.5059.7United Kingdom64.0195
18、.7Argentina622.9370.0Zambia*1182.4959.4Japan73.9995.3Kenya632.9369.9Togo1192.4859.4Austria83.9995.2Philippines642.9169.6Lao PDR1202.4859.2Hong Kong SAR, China93.9694.6Rwanda652.9069.3Nepal1212.4558.6United States103.9293.7Cote dIvoire662.8969.0Guyana1222.4558.6Denmark113.9293.6Tanzania*672.8868.8Aze
19、rbaijan*1232.4558.5Finland123.9293.5Serbia682.8367.7Georgia1242.4558.5Switzerland133.9193.4Ukraine692.8367.5Cameroon1252.4358.1United Arab Emirates143.8992.8Ecuador702.8267.4Djibouti1262.4358.1France153.8692.2Colombia712.8167.1Trinidad and Tobago*1272.4157.5Luxembourg163.8491.8Uganda*722.7966.7Guine
20、a-Bissau1282.4057.4Canada173.8190.9Brunei Darussalam*732.7866.5Mongolia1292.4057.3Spain183.7890.3Peru742.7866.5Sudan1302.4057.3Australia193.7790.0Uruguay752.7866.4Ethiopia*1312.4057.2Norway203.7489.3Jordan762.7866.3Kyrgyz Republic1322.3857.0Italy213.7389.2Kazakhstan772.7766.2Congo, Rep.1332.3856.7Ne
21、w Zealand223.6888.0Bosnia and Herzegovina782.7665.8Fiji1342.3756.7Korea, Rep.233.6587.3Costa Rica792.7465.4Venezuela, RB1352.3756.5Taiwan, China243.6587.2Namibia*802.7365.1Bolivia1362.3656.5Ireland253.6386.8Iran, Islamic Rep.*812.7164.8Madagascar1372.3556.1Czech Republic263.6286.4Lebanon822.7164.7Ga
22、mbia, The*1382.3456.0China273.6086.1Paraguay832.7064.6Myanmar1392.3455.9Portugal283.5685.1Malawi*842.6964.3Chad1402.3455.9South Africa293.5183.8Russian Federation852.6964.2Senegal1412.3455.8Qatar303.5083.7Dominican Republic862.6864.1Turkmenistan*1422.3455.8Poland313.5083.5Morocco*872.6763.8Congo, De
23、m. Rep.1432.3355.6Hungary323.4181.5日 Salvador882.6663.6Papua New Guinea1442.3155.2Israel*333.3981.0Cambodia892.6663.5Guinea1452.3054.9Thailand343.3680.2Bahamas, The902.6563.3Liberia1462.2954.7Malaysia353.3479.9Mauritius*912.6563.3Tajikistan1472.2954.6Estonia363.3078.8Sri Lanka*922.6563.2Niger1482.29
24、54.6Turkey373.2978.6Benin932.6563.2Yemen, Rep.*1492.2754.3Iceland383.2978.6Montenegro942.6563.2Central African Republic*1502.2654.0Slovenia393.2978.5Pakistan952.6462.9Bhutan1512.2553.7Chile403.2878.4Burkina Faso962.6362.9Cuba1522.2353.4Panama413.2677.8Maldives972.6362.8Lesotho1532.2253.0India423.227
25、7.0Albania*982.6262.5Burundi1542.2253.0Lithuania433.2076.4Macedonia, FYR992.6262.5Libya1552.2152.9Greece443.1976.2Bangladesh*1002.6062.0Equatorial Guinea*1562.2152.7Vietnam453.1675.5Ghana1012.6062.0Mauritania1572.2052.5Oman463.1675.5Mozambique*1022.5961.9Gabon1582.1952.3Slovak Republic473.1475.0Nige
26、ria1032.5961.8Iraq1592.1852.2Croatia483.1274.4Tunisia1042.5961.8Angola1602.1852.1Cyprus493.1074.0Sao Tome and Principe1052.5661.3Zimbabwe1612.1751.8Romania503.1074.0Honduras1062.5661.2Eritrea1622.1150.4Indonesia513.0873.6Algeria1072.5661.1Syrian Arab Republic1632.1050.2Saudi Arabia523.0873.6Nicaragu
27、a*1082.5661.0Sierra Leone*1642.0649.3Mexico533.0873.6Mali*1092.5560.9Afghanistan1652.0448.7Bahrain543.0673.2Belarus1102.5460.6Haiti1662.0248.3Latvia553.0272.3Jamaica1112.5260.3Somalia*1672.0047.7Brazil563.0272.1Solomon Islands1122.5260.2X CONNEC TING TO COMPETE ft018 TRADE LOGISTICS IN THE GLOBAL EC
28、ONOMYSummary and key findingsCONNEC TING TO COMPETE ft018 TRADE LOGISTICS IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMYThis sixth edition of Connecting to Compete, the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) report, presents the latest worldwide view on trade logistics performance across more than 160 countries as seen by logist
29、ics professionals. This biennial information on logistics infrastructure, service provision, cross-border trade facilitation, and other aspects is invaluable for policy makers, traders, and a wide audience of other stakeholders, including researchers and teachers.The LPI survey data provide numerica
30、l evidence on how easy or difficult it isin these countries to transport general merchandise typically manufactured products in unitized form. The six main indicators of the international part of the LPI summarize on a five-point scale the assessments of logistics professionals worldwide trading wit
31、h the country.The domestic part of the LPI indicates the quality and availability of key logistics services within a country, but due to the small number of responses, these data are more informative in comparisons by region or income group.Logistics is understood as a network of services that suppo
32、rt the physical movement of goods, trade across borders, and commerce within borders. Itcomprises an arrayofactivities beyond transportation, including warehousing, brokerage, express delivery, terminal operations, and related data and information management.The global turnover generated by these ne
33、tworks exceeds US$4.3 trillion, so a better understanding of their operation is no trivial issue.1 For individual countries, logistics performance is key to economic growth and competitiveness. Inefficient logistics raises the cost ofdoingbusi- ness and reduces the potential for both international a
34、nd domestic integration. The toll can be particularly heavy for developing countries trying to compete in the global marketplace.Logistics performance mattersNot surprisingly, an effective logistics sector is now recognized almost everywhere as one of the core enablers of development. Previous editi
35、ons of Connecting to Compete have highlighted how implementing better policies leads to better logistics performance. Such policies cover, for example, regulating services; providing transportation infrastructure; implementing controls, especially for international goods; and raising the quality of
36、publicprivate partnerships (PPPs).The policy focus has evolved since 2007, when the first LPI report was published. Initially, logistics policies tended to concentrate on facilitating trade and removing border bottlenecks. Today, international logistics is increasingly intertdned with domestic logis
37、tics. Policy makers and stakeholders deal with a wide range of policies. Growing concerns include spatial planning; skills and resources for training; the environmental, social, and economic sustainability of the supply chain; and the resilience of the supply chain to disruption or disaster (physica
38、l ordigital).Gaps in logistics performance persistOverall, the score profile of the entire set of more than 160 countries has remained similar since the 2007 edition, an indication of the robust nature of underlying data.2 The modest convergence of scores from 2007 to 2014 was explained in the 2014
39、edition by a perceived improvement in the trade-supporting infrastructure of low- and middle-income countries and, to less extent, in their logistics services and customs and border management. ThisCountries that have traditionally dominated the supply chain industry occupy the top 10 rankings: eigh
40、t in Europe plus Japan and Singaporeexplanation appeared largely valid for most countries being ranked. In 2016, however, the gap seemed to widen between the top and the bottom, with the highest average scores ever for the top 10 countries (4.13 on a scale from 1 to 5) and the lowest scores since 20
41、07 for countries at the bottom (1.91; table S.l).In 2018, the gap between top and bottom performers narrowed again. The average score for the top 10 countries dropped to 4.03, whereas the bottom 10 countries scored an all- time high of 2.08 (figure S.l).High-income countries occupied the top 10 rank
42、ings in 2018/ eight in Europe plus Japan and Singapore-countries that have traditionally dominated the supply chain industry. Germany is at the top, scoring 4.20. The scores of the following nine countries are in a tight interval, with Sweden in 2nd with a score of 4.05 and Finland in 10th with a sc
43、ore of 3.97.The bottom 1() countries are mostly low- income and lower-middle-income countries in Africa or isolated areas. Some are fragile economies affected by armed conflict, natural disasters, and political unrest. Others are landlocked countries naturally challenged by geography or economies of
44、 scale in connecting to global supply chains. Afghanistan ranks 160th with a score 1.95, preceded by Angola (2.05), Burundi (2.06), and Niger(2.07).Among the lower-middle-income countries, large economics such as India (44th with a score of 3.18) and Indonesia (46th with a score of 3.15) and emerging economies such as Vietnam (39th with a score of 3.27) and Cote dIvoire (50th with a score of 3.08) stand out as top performers. ftost of these countries either have access to sea or are located close to maj