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1、Lesson Three: Appositive ClauseName: Date:Learning Aims:1. Review the grammar we have learned: 同位语从句2. Learn to apply it to writing3. Do some exercisesStep 1: Review what we have knownStep 2: Learn some knowledge同位语从句一、概念1 .同位语：紧跟在名词或代词之后，用于说明该名词或代词是何人、何物的词语叫做同位 语。同位语与被它限定的词的格式要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。a.名词作同位语M
2、r. Wang, my childs teacher, will be visiting us on Tuesday.b.短语作同位语1, the oldest girl in the family, always had to care for the other children.c.接引语作同位语But now the question comes to their minds, “Did she die young because she was a clone?”d.句子作同位语The girls were surprised at the fact that ocean ships
3、 can sail up the Great lakes.【练习】1）我们中国人热爱我们的祖国。2）作为年纪最小的儿子的我经常受到最好的照顾。3）我是李华，这个学校的一名普通学生。2.同位语从句：在主从复合句中作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。例:A. Creators and victims face quite different things in life.B. Creators and victims are masters of their lives.C. Victims can influence more people than creators.D. Compared with
4、 victims, creators are more emotional.4. The examples mentioned in Paragraph 4 show thatA. strong attachment to sufferings in life pulls people into victims.B. people need family support to deal with challengers in life.C. it takes creators quite a long time to get rid of their pains.D. ones experie
5、nces determine his attitude toward life.5. What is the authors purpose in writing this passage?A. To define victims and creators.B. To evaluate victims against creators.C. To explain the relationship between victims and creators.D. To suggest the transformation from victims to creators.He told me th
6、e news that he would come home from abroad soon.同位语从句（补充说明news是什么）a. I have no idea what I should do with the problem.b. The news that he had won the game spread over the whole campus.3 .语序解题策略：名词性从句中从句要用陈述语序，陈述语序即 主语+谓语+其他 He told me the news that h。would come homa from abroad soon.I主语 谓语 宾语【练习】1）我
7、们做出决定：我们必须立即行动。2）毫无疑问他适合这份工作。二.同位语从句的功能及引导词1 .同位语从句对名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，置于某些抽象名词之后。换言之， 同位语从句和所修饰的名词在内容上为同一关系，对其内容作进一步说明。常见的抽象名词有：advice, answer, announcement, argument, belief, claim, conclusion, demand, doubt, desire, evidence, explanation, fact, fear, feeling, hope, idea, impression, information, k
8、nowledge, message, news, opinion, order, problem, question, proof, promise, proposal, remark, reply, report, request, saying, statement, suggestion, story, thought, truth, treat, warning, wish, word, chance, probability, possibility 等。1) The news that he will leave for Shanghai is true.2) The order
9、that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.3) I had no idea when the storm would end.4) The question whether all the students will be admitted to the stadium hasnt been solved at the meeting.2 .常用来引导同位语从句的连词有(切记，if不能引导同位语从句)：附属连词 that, whether;连接代词 what, who, whom, whose 等 连接副词
10、how, when, where, why1） At last I made a decision that I would never come back again.2） I have some doubt whether he will finish the job on time.3） All of us had no idea why he refused our help.4） The question what we should do with this situation is under discussion.注意：1）如果同位语从句意义完整，应用that引导同位语从句，t
11、hat不充当任何成分，只起连 接作用，但不可省略。例：The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.【活学活用】翻译a.孩子们不能按时回来了，这个消息让所有的家长都很着急。b.你在哪儿听说我不能来？规律总结：同位语从句通常由that引导2）如果同位语从句意义不完整，需增加“是否”的含义，用whether引导同位语从句。（注:if不能引导同位语从句）例：Li asked me the question whether the novel was worth reading.【练习】翻译b.我
12、们将讨论运动会是否会如期举行的问题。c.我不知道他是否回来。3）如同位语从句意义不完整，那么根据从句成分和含义选择适当的连接代词和连接副词。 例：5） I have no idea what he enjoys doing.6） I have no impression how he went home, perhaps by bike.7） We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.【练习】翻译1）我不知道他何时离开。2）他在哪住，我没有什么印象。3）怎样到那，这个问题
13、我们还没有决定。小结:连接词词义功能that无词义不作成分，只起连接作用whether是否不作成分，起连接作用what什么作主语、宾语、表语who, whom, whose谁，谁的作主语、宾语、定语when, where, how, why什么时候/地方，怎么样，为什么作状语三.同位语从句的语序和时态同位语从句要用陈述句的语序；一般来说同位语从句的时态要和主句的时态保持一致。但 在表示请求、命令、建议等意思的名词后的同位语从句中的谓语动词应用(should)do,表 示一种虚拟语气。如：1) I accepted my father advice that I(apologize) to my
14、 friend.2) The order came that all the goods(send) to the train station at once.3) His suggestion that our boss (should) pay us more is reasonable.四.同位语从句的位置同位语从句一般情况下紧跟在名词之后，但有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而 是被别的词隔开，尤其是当主句的谓语较短，而同位语从句较长时，同位语从句常后置， 称为隔裂式同位语从句。例如：1) Several years later, word came that Napoleon hi
15、mself was coming to inspect them.几年以后，有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自视察他们。2) The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。【活学活用】1)几天前，消息传来说他已经出国了 2)他突然想起自己可以用零花钱在妈妈生日时给她买花。五.同位语从句与定语从句的区别同位语从句和定语从句相似，都放在某一名词或代词后面，但同位语从句不同于定语从 句。(1)性质不同同位语从句对名词加以解释说明，是名词全部内容的表达，同位语从句所表达的内容与 作为中心词的名词短语所
16、表达的内容可以划上一个等号，且名词和同位语从句的引导词 均不在从句中作成分；定语从句说明先行词的性质与特征，与先行词是修饰与被修饰的关系，且名词和定语从 句的引导词均在从句中作成分。区分时可以在先行词与与从句之间加一个系动词be,使之构成一个新句子，如果句子通 顺且符合逻辑，那么为同位语从句，反之，那么为定语从句。例：a. He came to the decision that he must act at once.一 The decision was that he must act at once.中心词表语从句b. The news that we are having a holi
17、day tomorrow is not true.一The news was that we are having a holiday tomorrow.中心词表语从句判断下面是什么从句：1) The report that he was going to resign was false.2) He heard the news that his team had won.3) He came to the decision that he must act at once.4) The news that appeared in the papers this morning was we
18、ll received.5) The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.6) The fact that you are talking about is important.7) I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich.8) The mother made a promise that pleased all her children.选择：1) Information has been put forward mo
19、re middle school graduates will be admitted intouniversities.A. while B. that C. when D. as2) It is said that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. This is the information has been put forward.A. what B. that C. when D. as3) She heard a terrible noise,brought her heart int
20、o her mouth.A. it B. which C. this D. that(2)先行词不同定语从句所修饰的名词那么非常广泛，可以是名词、代词、主句的一局部甚至整个句子。同位语从句所修饰的名词比拟有限，通常是表示概括意义的抽象名词，有一定的内涵。常见 的有 idea, situation thought, fact, evidence, belief, doubt, fear, hope, question, theory, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, truth, possibility, promise, order, news, or
21、der, ability 等等。判断从句类型:1) This is the house which we sold fifteen years ago.2) This is all that I have.3) The idea why he was chosen attracted our attention.位置区别定语从句一般跟在它所修饰的先行词后面，有限定性和非限定性之分。一般情况下同位语从句跟在先行词后，但有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词 后，而被别的词语隔开。例： Word came that he had been arrested.（4）引导词不同定语从句的引导词有关系
22、代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as等（没有what）,关系 副词where, when, why等。引导词起连接定语从句、代替主句中的先行词，甚至可能是 主句中的一卜分或者整个主句，在定语从句中充当句子成分等作用。同位语从句的引导词多是that, whether,也有连接代词what, who, whom, whose连接副 词 how, when, where, why 等。定语从句和同位语从句共同的引导词有：that, which, who, whom, whose, when, where, whyo1）引导定语从句的that是关系代词，在从句中充当某
23、种成分，作宾语时可省略；而引 导同位语从句的that是连接词，在从句中不作任何成分，也不能省略。a. The news that our team has won the game was true.b. The news that he told me yesterday was true.c. The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday.d. The order that we received yesterday was that we should
24、send a few people to help the other groups.e. 引导定语从句的who, which, when, where等是关系代词和副词，不但在句中充当句 子成分，还有与其含义相当的先行词；而引导同位语从句的who, which, when, where 等，虽可以在从句中充当句子成分，但没有与之含义相当的先行词。a. I have no idea who is in charge of the project.b. He is the man who is in charge of the project.c. This is the factory whe
25、re my father worked.d. I have a question where your father worked.【练习】请填上恰当的关系代词或连词并区分属于是定语从句还是同位语从句。a. He put forward the suggestion the third question should be discussed first.b.The suggestion he had put forward was turned down.c. The news 1 have passed the exam is true.d. The news he told me jus
26、t now is true.e. The idea computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.f. The idea he gave surprises many people.同位语从句高考链接L（辽宁鞍山联考）One day, he came up with an idea he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches.2 .（广西南宁二中月 考） is important is that we let others know we care about them.3
27、 .（内蒙古师大附中月考）Over the next several months, my professor taught me one story was so much better than the other.4 .（河南开封四模）A study found girls ate five or more family meals a week had a muchhealthier relationship with food in later life.5 .（四川成都七中二诊）Perhaps my mother had told me was deeply rooted in m
28、y mind.6 .（山西太原五中月 考）Even more upsetting was the fact the driver didn*t stop afterward.7 .（黑龙江双鸭山一中月考）But, from Pve heard, perhaps he worked too hard.8 .（黑龙江双鸭山一中月考）Well, there is a rumor going around the head of the Department is leaving.9 .（云南玉溪一中月 考）The easiest way to do this is to make a simple
29、list of it tmeans o be respectful at school.10 .（甘肃兰州一中月考）There is a new market near my house.My mother often goes there and buys we need for our mealsStep 3: Finish some exercises.一、名词性从句高考连接高考链接11 （辽宁鞍山联考）One day, he came up with an idea he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches.12 （广西南宁二中月 考
30、） is important is that we let others know we care about them.13 （内蒙古师大附中月考）Over the next several months, my professor taught me one story was so much better than the other.14 （河南开封四模）A study found girls ate five or more family meals a week had a muchhealthier relationship with food in later life.15
31、（四川成都七中二诊）Perhaps my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind.16 （山西太原五中月 考）Even more upsetting was the fact the driver didnt stop afterward.17 （黑龙江双鸭山一中月考）But, from I*ve heard, perhaps he worked too hard.18 （黑龙江双鸭山一中月考）Well, there is a rumor going around the head of the Department is leaving
32、.19 （云南玉溪一中月 考）The easiest way to do this is to make a simple list of it tmeans o be respectful at school.20 .（甘肃兰州一中月考）There is a new market near my house.My mother often goes there and buys we need for our meals21 . As natural architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly thick the adobe wall
33、s neededto be to make the cycle work on most days.22 . Im not sure is more frightened, me or the female gorilla（大猩猩）that suddenlyappears out of nowhere.23 . What students do at college seems to ma注er much more than they go.24 . （2021 年目匕京卷）The poor woman wasnt able to give him any information about
34、she lived.25 . is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes.26 . It is possible caffeine may cause birth defects （缺陷）in humans, too.27 . Gabriela was experiencing was a cultural clash in expectations.28 . You never know it might lead you in the life journey.29 . Have you e
35、ver wondered you would do to solve math problems if you didnt have acalculator or computer or even pencil and paper?30 . Spanish sport newspaper Marca noted that Wu has answered those who doubted his move to the club and“ his quick adaptation to La Liga （西 甲）has surprised many people”.二、七选五 One of t
36、he best things you can possibly do is to start you own club. Its great fun especially if you are the sort of person who feels theres never anything to do during the school holidays.The first thing you need to come up with is an idea for your club. 2 Pets, clothes, pop music or dancing groups, sports
37、, making things? The list is endless.Next you need some friends to be in your club with you. 3 All you need is three or four other people who are interested in the same thing as you.4 You should all sit down somewhere together with lots of pieces of paper and write down every name you can think up.
38、Thafll keep you busy for ages.At your first meeting you should make up a rule book. And the first rule should be no grownups or little/big brothers or sisters! The best clubs are always secret!Now you have just about everything you need, except membership cards. These are very important and again yo
39、u can speed a lot of time making them. 5 Why not leave some space for a photo of yourself? That will make the membership card really look like it.So there you are, get clubbing! Once you get started youll think of loads of more interesting things to do!A. Thats easy.B. Enjoy your own club!C. Invite
40、a designer to join you.D. What are you interest in?E. Some vacation is just around the corner.F. Then you need to pick a name for your club.G. Use a bright thick pen to make a special design.三、阅读理解:You are given many opportunities in life to choose to be a victim or creator. When you choose to be a
41、victim, the world is a cold and difficult place. “They” did things to you which caused all of your pain and suffering. They, are wrong and bad, and life is terrible as long as they” are around. Or you may blame yourself for all your problems, thus internalizing（内化）your victimization. The truth is, y
42、our life is likely to stay that way as long as you feel a need to blame yourself or others.Those who choose to be creators look at life quite differently. They know there are individuals who might like to control their lives, but they dont let this get in the way. They know they have their weaknesse
43、s, yet they dont blame themselves when they fail. Whatever happens, they have choice in the matter. They believe their dance with each sacred（不中圣的）moment of life is a gift and that storms are a natural part of life which can bring the rain needed for emotional and spiritual growth.Victims and creato
44、rs live in the same physical world and deal with many of the same physical realities, yet their experience of life is worlds apart. Victims relish （沉溺）in anger, guilt, and other emotions that cause others-and even themselves-to feel like victims, too. Creators consciously choose love, inspiration, a
45、nd other qualities which inspire not only themselves, but all around them. Both victims and creators always have choice to determine the direction of their lives.In reality, all of us play the victim or the creator at various points in our lives. One person, on losing a job or a special relationship
46、, may feel as if it is the end of the world and sink into terrible suffering for months, years, or even a lifetime. Another with the same experience may choose to first experience the grief, then accept the loss and soon move on to be a powerful creative force in his life.In every moment and every c
47、ircumstance, you can choose to have fuller, richer life by setting a clear intention to transform the victim within, and by inviting into your life the powerful creator that you are.1. What does the word they in Paragraph 1 probably refer to?A. People and things around you.B.Opportunities and proble
48、ms.C. Creators and their choices.D.Victims and their sufferings.2. According to Paragraph 2, creators.A. seem willing to experience failures in lifeB.possess the ability to predict future lifeC. handle ups and downs of life wiselyD.have potential to create something new3. What can we learn from Paragraph 3?