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1、Text课文本课的重点:重复使用关键词,用来突出你的主题写作特点:比照:通过事物之间的比照法,分析事物之间的差异。People tend to amass possessions, sometimes without being aware of doing so.人们喜欢收藏东西,有时并没有意识到自己在这样做。tend to趋向;易于;有的倾向;倾向于,常常tend 1 V to inf倾向于;往往会 2、V - (to/towards sth)趋向3、(to) sb/sth照料;照管;护理to care for sb/sth (过时用法)加to和不加to意思相近,有略微区别 tend sb
2、 “照看”某人或某事,就是说尽力保证他其的状态良好或改善他其的现状eg:To tend a fire, a shepherd tending his sheep well-tended gardenstend to sb 照料、照顾、护理”某人或某事,近义词是to care for及take care of4 VN (NAmE)招待,侍候,照顾,照料(商店、酒吧等的顾客)serve customers in a store, bar, etc. Tend the bar bar tenderwithout 介词短语做伴随状语:Without being aware of doing sth.=
3、unawaring of doing sth.Indeed they can have a delightful surprise when they find something useful which they did not know they owned.确实,一旦无意之中从自己的收藏品中找到某件有用的东西时,可以给人一种惊喜的感觉。delightful di lai tful adj.可爱的,可喜的;讨人喜欢的;令人愉快的,赏心,令人高兴的have a surprise有意外惊喜,主体多一些,wet得到,客体多一些,注意用语的区别。Own 1、adj, pron (用于强调)自己的
4、,本人的(一般不单独使用 跟在形容词性物主代词后)(用于强调)自己做的;单独干的;独立完成的(用于强调)自己所用的;具有自己特点的;特有的This is my own bike, (own 是形容词,作定语)This is a bike of my own. (own是代词,具有名词性质,作介宾)This bike is my own. (own是代词,具有名词性质,作表语)Lend him your bike. His own is broken, (own 是代词,有名词性质,作主语)Lend him your bike. He cant find his own. (own 是代词,有名
5、词性质,作宾语)2、vt拥有,有(尤指买来的东西)3、 to sth/to doing sth (old-fashioned) 成认 to admit that sth is true V (that) V to doHe owned to a feeling of guilt. She owned (that) she had been presentThose who never have to move house become indiscriminate collectors of what can only be described as clutter.那些从来不必搬家的人们成了
6、一种无所不容的收藏家,他们专门收藏那些只能被称作杂货的东西。搬家:move (动词其中一个具体用法);move house (明确)indiscriminate J ndl kkn: m工ngt|adj.任意的;无差异的;不分青红皂白的;不加选择的;不加鉴别的collector of,所有格介词of:什么方面的,对什么的What引导的名词性从句做宾语成分,本身what做从句主语。As Clutter介词短语做主补be described as被描述成被描写成,被描述为They leave unwanted objects in drawers, cupboards and attics for
7、 years, in the belief that they may one day6、有些只具有表语功能的形容词作定语时,必须后置。He was the only person awake at the moment.他是那时唯一醒着的人。He is one of the few workers alive today who took part in the strike.参加过这次罢工还活着的少数工人之一。In search of介词短语做目的状语。specimen *spesi mi n n. 样品, 样本; 标本, 试样A specimen of something is an e
8、xample of it which gives an idea of what the whole of it is like. 样本.for collectors are not confined to any one country.因为收藏家是不分国籍的。confine konYai n vt.限制;禁闭;(因疾病、残疾)无法离开(床、家、轮椅);将(自己或自己的活 动)局限于confine sb/sth to vt,只限于;关在里面;局限于;(限定于区域范围之内),注意介词toTo confine something to a particular place or group me
9、ans to prevent it from spreading beyond that place or group. 将(某事物)控制(在某地范围内)If you confine somebody or something, you prevent them from.leaving or escaping. 监禁.2. If you confine yourself or your activities to something, you do only that thing and are involved with nothing else.将(自己或自己的活动)局限于:He did
10、 not confine himself to the one language.局限于这一门语言。 limit表示时间,空间,数量等方面的限定,且限定到某一个点,如果超出这个点很可能受到罚或发生不好的事 restrict只说明限制范围,从名词也能看出restriction 一般指法律法规、约定、合同、条件等所施加的限制 Land development must be limited. He restricts himself to two cigarettes everyday.restrict sb to/ restrict sthrestrain v.抑制,克制,限制(可指彻底阻止也可
11、指将纳入控制/约束之中,强迫意味,可表示自我抑制) restrain sobs restrain tears restrain ones anger She was so excited that she could hardly restrain herself. restrain oneself from smoking restrain oneself from drinking confine v.将(某事物)控制(在某地范围内);将(自己或自己的活动)局限于;监禁coffin棺材 crampkraemp vt.限制(某人的活动或限制动植物的生长)cramp kraemp n.抽筋,痉
12、挛 Nobody can cramp children. -You can not cramp my activity.Over the years, one may well become an authority on ones hobby and will very probably be asked to give informal talks to little gatherings and then, if successful, to larger audiences.一人积了多年经验会成为自己这种爱好的权威,很可能应邀在小型集会上作非正式的讲话,如果讲得好, 可能向更多人发表演
13、说。for years表示一个动作持续的时间段,是非特指的时间段,意为“多年来”。He taught in this school for years.他在这所学校教了 10 年书。over the years表示一个相对特指的时间段,the,意为“这些年来” “几年来” “经过了这些年”。=as time goes on :随着时间的流逝may well有充分理由;很可能(主要用于加强推测的语气,Well用来加强语气,表具力,较大的可能性。) Her grandpa may well be over 90. That may well have been their intention.注意
14、:may well中的may可换成might或could,但语气更不确定。He might well lose his job ,他多半会 may as well主要用于表示提议或劝告,意为“不妨”。You may as well start at once.If that is the case, I may as well try.注意:其中的may也可换成might,也是语气更不确定。He may might as well come with me.他还不妨跟我一起来。注意:当表示提议或劝告时,may as well与might as well意思相同,但是might as well还
15、可将一种不愉 快的情况同另一种不愉快的情况作比拟,含有抱怨的意味,可译为“还不如”,此时不能用may as welL This holiday is so bad; we might as well be back home.这个假日过得真没意思,我们还不如待在家里。authority on有关.的权威;的专家,介词on,表示“专业的方面”。Very副词在这里加强probably的程度,informal talks非正式的演讲。Talk 1 交谈 conversation.rC(with sb) (about sth)交谈;谈话;讨论;商讨2、正式讨论 formal discussions.
16、pL talks (between A and B) (on/over sth)(政府或组织之间正式 的)洽谈,会谈,谈判,磋商3、讲话speech C - (on sth)(专题)报告,演讲4、空话 words without actions U (informal)空话; 空谈5、传闻;谣言stories/rumours U(of sth/of doing sth) |(that)传言;谣言;流言飞语;揣测Gathering 1、C聚集;聚会;集会2、U收集;采集;assembly指有较多人参加、有计划的或为某一特殊目的而召集举行的会议。meeting普通用词,词义广泛。指一般性的会议,可
17、用于任何场合。回还 指两人以上的聚会或集会,有某种目的的聚会或集会活动,强调非正式性。conference正式用词,一般指大型会议,通常持续几天的大型会议、研讨会,如政府工作会议、国际学术 交流会议、各国之间的协商、会谈等。副词then的使用,表示顺承,渐进,引出并列的第二个to。Audience观众,听众 If引导的条件状做插入语以及从句的省略。In this way self-confidence grows, first from mastering a subject, then from being able to talk about it. 这样,你自信心不断增强,先是因为掌握一
18、门学问,接下来是因为能够就此发表见解。In this way,介词短语做方式状语,grow的非灵主语,同时grow逐渐的、开展的变化。First和then, “先.再成对的副词,连接两个from介词短语形式状语,这里from表“原因(原因) 由于,因为”或“出处(来源)来自,源于,出自,从来”。注意和上面from和to的“从.到”, 成对的介词做比拟。master a subject掌握一门学问,talk about it谈论它,根据对象subject引申出发表见解。master 1 学会;理解 learn/understand 精通;掌握 2、控制 control 控制(情绪)master
19、her temper.Collecting, by occupying spare time so constructively, makes a person contented, with no time for boredom.收藏活动通过富有建设性地利用业余时间使人感到心满意足,不再有无聊之日。By介词短语以插入语形式、方式状语。With独立主格结构做补充性状语,表原因,修饰谓语makes a person contented,而不是修饰形容词cententedoboredom bo : dsm n.厌倦;厌烦;无聊;令人厌烦的事物。value、worthsubject, matter
20、s perhaps、possibly gatherings audiences注意高阶英语表达的多样性.同一句话中表示“价值”的词1 .同一句话中表示“事物”的词.同一句话中表示“可能”的词2 .同一句话中表示“听众”的词.前后两句话中表示“购买”的词:buy、purchases3 .全文中表示动作“收藏”的词:amass own、become collectors of accumulate collect keep house.全文中表示名词“收藏品”或“收藏的东西”的词:possessions objects belongings things items treasures colle
21、ction addition articles (30)find.全文中表示“益处”的词:advantages benefits4 .全文中表示“娱乐、乐趣”的词:relaxation joy amusement.全文中表示“和有关”的短语:in connection with have some bearing onLesson 59: k A 2、D 3、A 4、D 5、B 6、C 7、C 8、B 9、B 10、A 11、D 12、B1 differentiate ( di fs renf iei t 1、(between) A and B | A (from B)区分;区别;区分。同义词
22、:distinguish 六八级2、VNsth (from sth)说明间的差异;构成间差异的特征 同义词:distinguish3 V - between A and B (尤指不公正地)差异对待,区别对待 同义词:discriminateCommunal ko mju: nl 1 (尤指居住在一起的人)共享的,共有的,共用的 同义词:shared2、ADJ n relating to particular -roups in a country or society (团体的)2 in that二二becauseget round to do:抽时间来做某事3、sufficient指数目、
23、数量、程度等到达某一特定要求或需要的=ample指某物不仅能满足需求而且还有富余的二二enough普通用词,用于口语和书面语均可,通常表示数量、程度等足够或充分的。二二adequate指数量足够的,质量合乎要求的8、顺接上文中的“任意的一个人,用one9、deliberately:深思熟虑地;故意地systematically:有/成体系的;系统地;按部就班地purposely=on purpose: 有 目的的 organizationally: 有/成组织的intentionally:有意图地、故意地、经过考虑地 intend to do/have intention to do/inte
24、ntionally10 unlike: prep强调事物的外在不同diverse:截然相反的(程度高,预期强,表示区别显著very different from each other) distinguished:(人)杰出的,出色的 Separate adj分开的一单独的;分开的一不同的 verify=prove=check certify: 证明(officially) identify: 识别,确认,识别11 、 have some bearing on it/ have connection with it/ be related to it 与.有联系Stand up to it经得
25、起考验carry off:成功处理/应对bear out:支持;证实(对象是某人或某人说的话bears sb out or bears out th)need just those very things.他们在抽屉里,碗柜中、阁楼上堆放着一些不用的东西,一放就是好几年,相信总有一天需要的正好是那 些东西。unwanted ,A no ntid adj.不需要的;没人要;多余的;有害的(eg:化学产物);讨厌的;Object:目标,物体。比拟正式规范thing:事情,东西。比拟口语化非正式另:n.客体;宾语vt,提出作为反对的理由vi.反对;拒绝Unwanted objects 不要 的东西i
26、n the belief that相信,介词短语做状语,动作的名词化,=分词短语believeing in that. (In her sudden discovery)in the honest belief that真诚相信;老实地相信one day时间状语,位置灵活,just修饰those very thing,限定。Very adj only before noun,加强语气:强调(某一名词),特指(某一名词),不同语境释义不同 Thats the very thing I need 正是 It happens at the very beginning of the book. 恰T
27、he very thought of drink made him feel sick.二想到酒就觉得恶心As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons,人们年老之后也喜欢收藏东西,不过是出于两个不同的原因:as引导时间状语从句Belongings东西,强调“所有物,附属物”(指动产,尤指随身物品),旅客语境时可指“行李”不动产:real estate real porpertyfor the reason由于;因为,是一个固定搭配for+n的意思有很多,for为,为了;因为;给;对于;至于;适
28、合于lack of physical and mental energy, both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away, and sentiment一是体力,精力均告不佳,这二者是清除无用的东西必不可少的因素;另一原因是感情因素。Accumulate vi.累积;积聚vt.积攒Physical adj 1身体the body肉体的,身体的,躯体的;2、实物real things实物的,物质的,有形的 3、自然;科学nature/science根据自然规律的;符合自然法那么的4、(学科)物理的mental adj.精神
29、的;脑力的;心理上的;疯的(英国英语)connected with or happening in the mindlack of没有,缺乏;缺乏,不够,没有名词短语做reason的同位语lack名词时:lack of lack动词时是及物直接接宾语lack sth,但否认意时常用lack (for) nothing, lacking 形容词:be lacking in“短缺”意的单词:shortage n,缺少,短缺 指供(现有)小于求(需求),即达不到需要或规定的数量。不能满足 absence n.缺乏;缺席 指某物根本不存在或完全短缺,也指某人未在现场。彻底性皿En.缺乏,缺乏 普通用词
30、,指完全没有或不够充足,通常用于抽象事物。essential i senf (a)l n.本质;要素;要点;必需品adj.基本的;必要的;本质的;精华的;必不可少; 必需;至关重要turn out v. 1最后是;结果是;原来是;结果发现;(以某种方式)发生)2、出席,参加,前去观看;3、关掉,熄灭(电灯、煤气等);4、制造;5、(尤指把某人从其长期居住处)撵走,赶出,逐出;6、翻出;倒出Sentiment在表达上是和lack of physicak mental energy同样的概念,都是原因,中间夹了一个非限定语 sentiment *senti m(o)nt n.(心理学)感情,情绪;
31、情操(具体,一定高度);观点(an idea or feeling that someone expresses in words);多愁善感(名词) 六级 affection指对人的爱慕或深厚、温柔的感情。feeling普通用词,含义广。多指具体的或内心的感受,或表露出来的强烈情感。passion指极强烈的感情、尤指愤怒、爱好等。也常指两性间的爱情。emotion普通用词,词义中性。泛指因外界刺激而引起思想情感从细微变化到最强烈的发作。同时要注意英文表达中词性相同的概念:I failed my examination for two reasons, lack of hard work, b
32、eing late for the examination.Reason (n.)=lack.; being. (n.)Things owned for a long time are full of associations with the past, perhaps with relatives who are dead, 东西搁得时间久了,便会充满着与过去岁月的联系,比方说与死去的亲戚有关。owned过去分词短语做后置定语,be full of=be filled withAssociate with, association with,介词 withPerhaps:或许,可能,大概。
33、注意这里的翻译,或许、可能、大概引出一个事例,做“比方”。and so they gradually acquire a value beyond their true worth.因此这些东西慢慢获得了一种超出它本身的价值。value 1、U, C价值(具体的某一价值可数)2、用途;积极作用(抽象价值)3、pl.是非标准;价值观4、C值;数值(数学)Vt 1 (not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时)sb/sth (as sth) | sb/sth (for sth)重视;珍视 2、决定价值 decide worth usually passive
34、sth (at sth)给估价;给定价 各种“评估” evaluate与appraise相似,指使判断绝对准确,但多用于对人物的某方面的评价,很少用于评价某物的市 场价值。rate专指评定价值笠级的高低。定级、定类value侧重指一般人对某物的价值或价格所作的估计。assess原义指对为确定交多少税而估计,引申指通过估价以便更好利用。为后续的利用 estimate通常指由个人作出的主观估价。appraise指以专家身份作了最终精确的估价。Beyond介词短语做后置定语 这里有典型value和worth的比照。Worth的价值相对侠义,等价值的事物,value有感情等额外的意义。Some thi
35、ngs are collected deliberately in the home in an attempt to avoid waste. 居家度日,有目的地收藏某些东西是为了防止浪费。deliberately di fli borstli adv.故意地;谨慎地;慎重地;消极意义时:故意、有意、刻意 in an attempt t。力图、试图、企图,介词短语做目的状语,同上,表达的名词化(名词表动词意),竭尽全力做某事,比to表目的赋予了感情色彩。attempt动词和名词都可以加to do sthattempt较正式用词,侧重已经开始,且希望完成,但常隐含着不一定有预期的结果。stri
36、ve vi.努力;奋斗 和endeavour一样,表示付出巨大努力,但strive侧重劳累与紧张,而不强调努力的 结果 o Strive to do/ strive for sthendeavour vt. V to inf努力、尽力正式n.(尤指新的或艰苦的)努力,尝试正式正式用词,指尽最 大努力、认真地克服困难去做某事。try普通用词,可与attempt换用,但强调努力或尝试,后跟不定式表示努力或争取;后跟动名词表示尝试。Among these I would list string and brown paper, kept by thrifty people when a parcel
37、 has been opened, to save buying these two requisites.这些东西中我想举出线绳和包装纸为例。节俭的人们翻开包裹后便把这两样必备的东西收藏起来。省得日 后去买。Among介词短语做地点状语List vt 列出;把列(表、报告),引申出举例,take,经济的2、有利可图的,有利润的economy pack/class frugal adj.(常定语形式)1、(对金钱、食物等)节约的,节俭的2、(ofmeals饭菜)简单廉价的 has been opened注意现在完成时,我们在时态时强调过去的过去用过完,同理,现在的过去(所谓与现在 有联系,而非
38、单纯的过去时)用现在完成。注意抓住完成时:与现在“动作、状态”相较的“过去”,现在的过去或者过去的过去这一用法本质。Save vt防止坏事avoid sth bad使防止,使免得/于(出现困难或不愉快的事)汉语“省得再,免得再”Save sth/doing sth.免掉做某事的麻烦 save the trouble of doing sthVN The prize money saved her from having to find a job She did it herself to save argument.VNN Thanks for sending that letter for
39、 me-it saved me a tripV -ing He*s grown a beard to save shaving.VN -ing If you phone for an appointment, itll save you waiting.另:1、使平安 keep safe VNsb/sth (from sth/from doing sth)救;救助;挽救;拯救2、钱 money (sth) (up) (for sth)储蓄;攒钱3、收集 collect sth VN收集;收藏 Fve been saving theatre programmes for years.收臧节目4、
40、留存keep for futuresth (for sth/sb)保存;保存 汉语“省着点吃/花/用”为未来5、不浪费not waste(sth) on sth |sth (on sth)节省;节约 汉语“省着点吃/花/用”指现在6、计算机技术computing保存;存盘Requisite ekw工zi t n.必需品adj.必备的,必不可少的;需要的Collecting small items can easily become a mania.收集小玩艺儿很容易着迷。Item 1、工程(其中一项)one thing on a list of things to buy, do, talk
41、about, etc.2、一件商品(或物品)a single article or object3、一贝, 一 条(新闻) a single piece of news in a newspaper, on television, etc.I know someone who always cuts sketches out from newspapers of model clothes that she would like to buy if she had the money.我认识一个人,她总喜欢从报纸上剪下流行服装的图样,等以后有钱时去买服装。Cut剪下(也有可能用刀刻下来)cut
42、 (用锐利的刀等)切,割剪:clip VNsth (off/from sth)剪(掉);修剪VNsth (out of)剪下;剪掉 n别针vt夹住;别住Snip - (at/through) sth/ snip sth-off (用剪刀快速)剪,剪断,剪开Trim tn m修剪sth (off sth) |sth (away)切去,害U掉,剪下,除去(不必要的局部)可抽象如预算这一句算是长难句:要搞清楚of model clothes的介词所有格格式是定sketches的,而不是newspaperso副 词Out是sketches的宾补,介短from newspaper是表示出处或方式的状语。
43、所以cut的完整宾语是sketches of model clotheso后面有这一宾语的定语从句。定语从句中复合了 if条件句,对现在的虚拟had。model fmo dl n,模型;典型;模范;模特儿;样式;型号adj.模范的;作模型用的vt.模拟;塑造;模仿vi.做模型;做模特儿;As she is not rich, the chances that she will ever be able to afford such purchases are remote;由于她并不富裕,她买得起这些服装的可能性十分渺茫。Chances的同位语从句Afford sth/to do sth要注意
44、使用时,afford的对象可以包括:时间,金钱,精力等方面。purchasep3 :tj os vt.购买;赢得vi,购买东西 非常正式的用语n . 购买;the acquisition of something for payment acquisition n. 获得物, 获得 they closed the purchase with a handshake 他们握手成交。Remote adj.遥远的;偏僻的;疏远的;远程、遥远的、遥不可及but she is never sufficiently strong-minded to be able to stop the practice
45、.但她又缺乏足够坚强的意志把这一收集活动停下来。注意本句表达的意思是否认,be+adj+to do sth,只是这里的形容词长一些,不定式是to be的不定式。 同时never的语气比not强烈一些。Sufficiently adv.充分地;足够地(指数目、数量、程度等到达某一特定要求或需要的)=ample指某物不仅能满足需求而且还有富余的=enough普通用词,用于口语和书面语均可,通常表示数量、程度等足够或充分的。=adequate指数量足够的,质量合乎要求的这里使用了 be able to do sth,表达这是一种难以抗拒(不能、没能力)的“瘾”,联系到上文中的mania。 注意作者表
46、达的意图及文意的生动、精准。It is a harmless habit, but it litters up her desk to such an extent that every time she opens it, loose bits of paper fall out in every direction.这种习惯无害,只把写字台里堆得满满当当,以致每次翻开抽屉总能带出许多纸片四处飞扬。to such an extent that如此.以致于to such an extent到这样的程度.到如此的程度that同位语从句,其中有every time (= whenever)时间名词
47、作连词引导的时间状从,in the direction往某方 向介词inoextent i k*stent; ek- n.程度;范围,长度,广度to a large extent, to some extent, or to a certain extent 在彳艮大/某种/定程度上含糊to what extent, to that extent, or to the extent that 在何种/那种/这种/程度上含糊however=to what extent to the extent of, to the extent that, or to such an extent that 到/那种/如此地步强调eg: Ford kept his suspicions to himself, even to the extent of going to jail for a murder he obviously didnt commit.Litter vt随意扔,散落,散放(杂乱地布满)注意及物动词(不要把宾语仅限于被丢弃的