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1、长篇阅读Definitions of ObesityA) How does one define when a person is considered to be obese and not just somewhat overweight Height-weight tables give anapproximateguideline as to whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage.B) The World Health Organization recommends using aform
2、ulathat takes into account a persons height and weight. The Body Mass Index (BMI) is calculated by dividing the persons weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters, and is thus given in units of kg/m2. A BMI of 18.5-24.9 is considered to be the healthiest. A BMI of between 25 and 29.
3、9 is considered to be overweight, while a BMI of over 30 is considered to be obese.C) However, it is recognized that this definition is limited as it does not take into account such variables as age, gender and ethnic origin, the latter being important as different ethnic groups have very different
4、fat distributions. Another shortcoming is that it is not applicable to certain very muscular people such as athletes and bodybuilders, who can also have artificially high BMIs. Agencies such as the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) in the USA and the International Diabetes Foundation (ID
5、F) are starting to define obesity in adults simply in terms ofwaistcircumference.Health Effects of ObesityD) Over 2000 years ago, the Greek physician Hippocrates wrote that persons who are naturally very fat are apt to die earlier than those who are slender. This observation remains very true today.
6、 Obesity has a major impact on a persons physical, social and emotional well-being. It increases the risk of developing diabetes mellitus type 2 (mature onset diabetes) and also makes Type 2 diabetes more difficult to control. Thus weight loss improves the levels of blood glucose and blood fats, and
7、 reduces blood pressure. The association between obesity and coronary heart disease is also well-known.CancerE) Furthermore, in 2001 medical researchers established a link between being overweight and certain forms of cancer, and estimated that nearly 10,000 Britons per year develop cancer as a resu
8、lt of being overweight. This figure was made up of 5,893 women and 3,220 men, with the strongest associations being with breast and colon cancers. However, it is thought that being overweight may also increase the risk of cancer in the reproductive organs for women and in the prostate gland for men.
9、F) The link between breast cancer and nutritional status is thought to be due to the steroidhormones oestrogen and progesterone, which are produced by the ovaries, and govern a womans menstrual cycle. Researchers have found that the more a woman eats, or the more sedentary her lifestyle, the higher
10、are the concentrations of progesterone. This link could explain why women from less affluent countries have lower rates of breast cancer. Women from less affluent nations tend to eat less food and to lead lifestyles which involve more daily movement. This lowers their progesterone level, resulting i
11、n lowerpredispositionto breast cancer.G) The Times newspaper, in 2002 reported that obesity was the main avoidable cause of cancer among non-smokers in the Western world!AgingH) Research published by St Thomas Hospital, London, UK in 2005 showed a correlation between body fat and aging, to the exten
12、t that being obese added 8.8 years to a womans biological age. The effect was exacerbated by smoking, and a non-overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added 7.4 years to their biological age. The combination of being obese and a smoker added at least ten years to a womans biolo
13、gical age, and although the study only involved women, the lead researcher Professor Tim Spector believes the finding would also apply to men.I) The aging effect was determined by measuring the length of telomeres, tiny caps on the ends of chromosomes, which help protect the DNA from the ageing proc
14、ess. Indeed, telomeres have been dubbed the chromosomal clock because, as an organism ages, they become progressively shorter, and can be used to determine the age of the organism. Beyond a certain point, the telomere becomes so short that it is no longer able to prevent the DNA of the chromosome fr
15、om falling apart. It is believed that excess body fat, and the chemicals present in tobacco smoke release free radicals which trigger inflammation. Inflammation causes the production of white blood cells which increases the rate of erosion of telomeres.DementiaJ) Recent research (2005) conducted in
16、the USA shows that obesity in middle age is linked to an increased risk ofdementia, with obese people in their 40s being 74% more likely to develop dementia compared to those of normal weight. For those who are merely overweight, the lifetime risk of dementia risk was 35% higher.K) Scientists from t
17、he Aging Research Centre at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden have been able to take information such as age, number of years in education, gender, body mass index, blood pressure level, physical activity and genetic factors, assigning each a risk score. They then used this information to devise a
18、predictive test for dementia. This test will enable people at risk, for the first time, to be able to affect lifestyle changes which will reduce their risk of contracting dementia.Other ProblemsL) The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, is of major economic concern, liable to dr
19、ain economies. Of further concern is that research conducted in Australia and published in 2006, shows that up to one third of breech pregnancies were undetected by the traditional palpation examination, the danger being greatest for those women who are overweight or obesea growing proportion of mot
20、hers. This means that such women are not getting the treatment required to turn the baby around in time for the birth, and in many cases require an emergency Caesarean section.M) This is a true health-care crisis, far bigger than Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and ultimately, even bigger t
21、han AIDS.对应题目：1. You can judge whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage according to the height-weight table.2. Using the Body Mass Index to define a persons weight ideal is limited, because it does not takes into account many variables such as age, gender and ethnic origi
22、n.3. A persons emotional well-being would be affected by obesity.4. Obesity has something to do with cancer in the prostate gland for man.5. Women from less affluent nations tend to have much less breast cancer.6. A non-overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added 7.4 years to
23、her biological age.7. The excess body fat, like the chemicals present in tobacco smoke, can lead to inflammation.8. Obese people in middle age run an increased risk of dementia .9. The predictive test for dementia will help people to affect lifestyle changes that will reduce their risk of contractin
24、g dementia.10. The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, will possibly drain economies.细致阅读练习题汇总There are three kinds of goals: short-term,medium-range and long-term goals. Short-range goals are those that usually deal with current activities,which we can apply on a daily basis.Su
25、ch goals can be achieved in a week or less,or two weeks,or possible months.It should be remembered that just as a building is no stronger than its foundation ,out long-term goals cannot amount to very munch without the achievement of solid short-term goals.Upon completing our short-term goals,we sho
26、uld date the occasion and then add new short-term goals that will build on those that have been completed.The intermediate goals bukld on the foundation of the short-range goals.They might deal with just one term of school or the entire school year,or they could even extend for several years.Any tim
27、e you move a step at a time,you should never allow yourself to become discouraged or overwhelmed. As you complete each step,you will enforce the belief in your ability to grow adn succeed.And as your list of completion dates grow,your motivation and desire will increase.Long-range goals may be relat
28、ed to our dreams of the future. They might cover five years or more. Life is not a static thing.We should never allow a long-term goal to limit us or our course of action.1.Our long-term goals mean a lot_.A.if we complete our short-range goalsB.if we cannot reach solid short-term goalsC.if we write
29、down the datesD.if we put forward some plans2.New short-term goals are bulid upon_.A.two years B.long-term goalsC.current activities D.the goals that have been completed3.When we complete each step of our goals ,_.A.we will win final successB.we are overwhelmedC.we should build up confidence of succ
30、essD.we should strong desire for setting new goals4.Once our goals are drawn up,_.A.we should stick to them until we complete themB.we may change our goals as we have new ideas and opportunitiesC.we had better wait for the exciting news of successD.we have made great decision5.It is implied but not
31、stated in the passage that _.A.those who habe long-term goals will succeedB.writing down the dates may discourage youC.the goal is only a guide for us to reach our desinationD.every should have a goal答案：adcbcThe economy of the United states after 1952 was the econnomy of a well-fed,almost fully empl
32、oyed people. Despit occasional alarms, the country escaped any postwar depression and lived in a state of boom. A n economic survey of the year 1955, a typical year of the 1950s, may be typical as illustrating the rapid economic growth of the decade. The national output was value at 10 percent above
33、 that of 1954 (1955 output was estimated at 392 billion dollars). The production of manufacturers was about 40 percent more than it had averaged in the years immediately following World War 2. The countrys business spent about 30billion dollars for new factories and machinery. National income availa
34、ble for spending was almost a third greater than it had been it had been in 1950. Consumers spent about 256 billion dollars; that is about 700 million dollars a day ,or about twenty-five million dollars every hour , all round the clock. Sixty-five million people held jobs and only a little more than
35、 two million wanted jobs but could not find them . Only agriculture complained that it was not sharing in the room. To some observers this was an ominous echo of the mid-1920s . As farmers shre of their products declined , marketing costs rose. But there were , among the observers of the national ec
36、onomy, a few who were not as confident as the majority . Those few seemed to fear that the boom could not last and would eventually lead to the oppsite-depression.1. What is the best title of the passagea. The Agriculatural Trends of 1950s b. The Unemployment Rate of 1950sc. U.S. Economy in the 50s
37、d. The Federal Budget of 19522. In Line 3, the word “boom” could best be replaced by_.a. nearby explosion b. thunderous noisec. general public support d. rapid economic growth3. It can be inferred the national from the passage that most people in the United States in 1955 viewed the national economy
38、 with an air of _.a. confidence b. confusion c. disappointment d. suspicion4. Which of the following were LEAST satisfied with the national economy in the 1950sa. Economists b. Frmaers c. Politicians d. Steelworkers5. The passage states that incom available for spending in the U.S. was greater in 19
39、55 than in 1950 . How much was it a. 60% b. 50% c. 33% d. 90%答案：cdabcWomen are also underrepresented in the administration and this is because there are so few women full professors. In 1985,Regent Beryl Milburn produced a report blasting the University of Texas System adminitration for not encourag
40、ing women.The University was rated among the lowest for the system.In a 1987 update ,Milburn commended the progress that was made and called for even more improvement.One of the positive results from her study was a System-wide program to inform women of available administrative jobs.College of Comm
41、unication Associate Dean Patrica Witherspoon,said it is important that woman be flexible when it comesto relocating if they want to rise in the ranks.Although a woman may face a chilly climate on campus , many times in order for her to succeed , she must rise above the problems around her and concen
42、trate on her work.Until women make up a greater percentage of the senior positions in the University and all academia,inequities will exist.Women need to spend their energies and time doing scholarly activities that are important here at the University. Spirduso said. If they do that will be success
43、ful in this system.If they spend their time in little groups mourning the sexual discrimination that they think exists here, they are wasting valuable study time.1.According to Spirduso,women need to _.a.produce a report on sexual discriminationb.call for further improvement in their working conditi
44、onsc.spend their energies and time fighting against sexual discriminationd.spend more time and energy doing scholarly activities2.From this passage ,we know that _.a.there are many women full professors in the University of Texasb.women play an important part in adminitrating the Universityc.the wea
45、ther on the campus is chillyd.women make up a small percentage of the senior positions in the University3.Which of the following statements is truea.the number of women professors in the University in 1987 was greater than that of 1985b.the number of women professors in the University in 1987 was sm
46、aller than that of 1985c.the number of women professors was the same as that of 1985d.more and more women professors thought that sexual discrimination did exit in the University4.One of the positive results from Milburns study was that _.a.women were told to con centrate on teir workb.women were gi
47、ven information about available administrative jobsc.women were encouraged to take on all the administrative jobs in the Unversityd.women were encouraged to do more scholarly activities5. The title for this passage should be _.a.The University of Texasb.Milburns Reportc.Women Professorsd.Sexual Disc
48、rimination in Academia答案：ddabdToday ,as in every other day of the year ,more than 3000 U.S. adlescents will smoke their first cigarette on their way to becoming regular smokers as adults. During their lifetime,it can be expected that of these 3000 about 23 will be murdered,30 will die in traffic accidents, and nearly 750 will be killed by a smoking-related disease. The number of deaths attributed to cigarette smoking outweithts all other facto