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1、Lecture1 . Recommended Novels for Reading (British) 18th-century Gullivers Travels: Jonathan Swift; social satire/fantasy/; Part I, II, and IV interesting; language difficulty *. Robinson Crusoe: Daniel Defoe; an account of the process of the building of the British Empire in the 18th century; diary
2、-like detailed description and narration; language difficulty *.19th-century Great Expectations: Charles Dickens; about moral corruption and loss of innocence and honesty in growing up; the Cinderella pattern in structure; language Dif *; a bit too long.Jane Eyre: Charlotte Bronte; a poor, plain gov
3、erness struggling for self-dignity and personal happiness; language dif *. Wuthering Heights: Emily Bronte; one of the best novels in the world; a presentation of the most primitive, natural, powerful, touching as well as the most destructive love human beings are capable of; language dif *.Silas Ma
4、rner: George Eliot; a religious fable about religion of humanity; language dif *; small. Tess of DUrbervilles: Thomas Hardy; tragic fate of a “pure young peasant woman at the time of capitalist invasion into the country in the 19th-century England; language dif *. 20th-century Sons and Lovers: D.H.
5、Lawrence; Oedipus Complex; the study of man-woman relations; language dif *.Mrs Dalloway, Virginia Woolf; about the spiritual journey of Mrs Dalloway; typical stream of consciousness fiction; language dif *, not longThe Fifth Child: Doris Lessing; about distortion or horror of human nature/ a human-
6、born monster; Language dif *, small. ContentsChapter One: Old English LiteratureChapter Two: Middle English LiteratureChapter Three: Geoffrey ChaucerChapter Four: The RenaissanceChapter Five: The Revolution and RestorationChapter Six:Enlightenment in EnglandChapter Seven: The Romantic Period Chapter
7、 Eight: The Victorian AgeChapter Nine: Twentieth Century Literature . Development of Literature Three stages of English language development: i. Old English /Anglo-Saxon (OE. As the language up to 1066 is usu. called) ii. Middle English (about 1100-1500) iii. Modern English (about 1500-present)Part
8、One: Old and Medieval English Literature Historical background 3 conquests/invasions - Romans (4th to the 6th cen.): politics of self-government, transportation system, cities, Latin language and Christianity (little remained)- English/Anglo-Saxon Conquest ( Angles, Saxons, Jutes) A. Germanic tribes
9、 from the Mediterranean coast: Scandinavia, Denmark and Germany B. the Pagans/heathens异教徒 C. enslaved the Celts and drove others to Wales, Scotland and IrelandD. began feudalism; new social strata: serfs 农奴freemen自由民farmers农夫-thanes乡士-earls爵爷kings王爷 E. a medley of different races/ethnic groups; of m
10、ultiple influences and cultural and political orders -Norman Conquest in 1066 by William, Duke of Normandy from Northern France: A. further established feudalism, and ended the slave system in 14th cen. B. powerful Popedom 教皇制 established (1/3 of land, political right, wide moral degeneration of the
11、 clericals; penances or pardons 赦罪令C. highly centralized royal power, but conceded in the 13th cen. with establishment of parliament (1215 the Magna Carta/King John) D. communication with the outside world: diplomatic relations, development of trade and increasing strength for tradesmen and skilled
12、professionals E. influence from outside world in ideology F. coexistence of 3 languages: Latin, the clerical and learned; French, noblemen and royal court; A-S native English/ Celtic dialect (vernacular) for the common Not until the 13th century did English enter the world of official discourse 官方用语
13、. 1258 Henry III issued a proclamation布告 in 3 languages, 14th cen., parliament and court allowed English. (The Dark Age: blind belief of Roman Catholicism and after-life and stagnant philosophical and artistic development). Literature (secular) -the Old English (until A-S period) and Middle English
14、(after 1066)-tales passed on orally by gleemen or minstrels 吟唱诗人until Homers Iliad and Odyssey Old English Period : Beowulf, an Epic A. the most important existent work; the national epic of Anglo-Saxons B. written in 7-8 cen. C. partly-historical and partly-legendaryD. not about England but their h
15、omeland in Denmark E. epic form: a long verse narrative on the exploits of a national hero, Beowulf F. the primitive peoples heroic struggle against hostile forces of the natural world under a wise leaderG. pagan elements + Christian coloring: “fate, “God, “Lord H. alliteration and Germanic language
16、Middle English Literature A. Romance 罗曼史 -Roman, French matters for subjects: Trojan War, Charlemagne, Roland and the knights; chivalric; -English romance: King Arthur and his round-table knights; “Sir Gawain and the Greenknight (1360-1370), “Le Morte dArthur by Sir Thomas Malory B. Religious writin
17、gs and translations (from Hebrew to Latin): Langlands “Piers the Plowman C. Poetic form: alliterative poetry头韵诗 metrical poetry韵律诗Lecture 2 Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) Father of English poetry /literature l 3 periods of creation: French Romaunt of the Rose, translationItalian (after Dante Divine Co
18、medy, Petrarch and Boccaccio, Decameron; The House of Fame, The Legend of Good Women, Troylus and Criseyde)British (1386-1400) The Canterbury Talesl Contributions: A. the first to present a comprehensive and realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid ch
19、aracters from all walks of life in his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales B. introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to replace the Old English alliterative verseC. the first to use the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter/heroic couplet l Canterbury Tales: The story: 29 pilgrims, an
20、d the poet on the way to Canterbury, stopped at an inn. At the proposal of the host of the Tabard Inn each was to tell 4 stories on the way to and back from Cant. Host be the guide and judge, the best teller gets a free supper at the cost of all the rest upon their return to the inn. Should have bee
21、n 120 stories, but only 24 completed and preserved, 2 incomplete, 2 unfinished.Theme: influenced by the early Italian Renaissance, he affirms mans right to pursue earthly happiness and opposes asceticism 禁欲说; praises mans energy, intellect, and love of life; exposes and satirizes the social evils, e
22、sp. the religious abusesstructure: General prologue (occasion, characters) followed by stories; a separate prologue between two storiescharacterization: vivid portrayal of individualized 特性化characters of the society and of all professions and social strata except the highest and the lowest1. shows r
23、espect for the two landed gentry, the plowman and the parson; 2. satirizes all the religious people， except the parson，who are guilty of sins: Pride, Wrath, Envy, Lust, Gluttony, Avarice, and Sloth 3. shows a growing sense of self-importance of the trades/ towns people, reflecting the changing socia
24、l status, esp. in towns and citiesStyle: lively, vivid Middle-Age English, satire, humour, Heroic Couplet; of unequal meritsthe 3 famous tales: A. the Wife of Baths tale of an Arthurian knightB. the Oxford clerks of a patient young ladyC. the Franklin小地主s about a wifes full submission to her husband
25、IV. Text study:Comment: l This is a satirical picture of a vain, pretentious nun. Though supposedly in a religious capacity, she had many worldly weaknesses and was in no way a true Christian, let alone a devout clergy person. l The portrait is pervaded by ironical depictions, and the tone is light-
26、hearted and humorous. Readers can only smile in amusement.l In heroic couplet.Text study Chaucers The Canterbury Tales / The PrioressPre-readingYou are going to read Chaucers description of a prioress, a nun who is the head of a religious order or a religious house (e.g. an abbey). Before reading Ch
27、aucers description, we could try to create a picture of a nun from our knowledge or imagination.1. Imagine the facial expression of a nun, what words would you use to describe it2. A nun, especially a prioress, is usually remarkable for the following characteristics (tick the words/expressions of yo
28、ur choice):a solemnity, charm, kindnessb serious/ pleasant/ easy-going/ sombre mannersc full of sense / sensibility3. If she carries a motto, which do you think is more likely to be her choicea All that glisters is not gold.b Glory belongs to the King.c God helps those who help themselves.d Love con
29、quers all.Discussion1. What is image of the nun 2. Is she favorably and admirably or satirically portrayed How3. What figures of speech are usedLanguage and Style1. Select a detail which contains humour or irony. What makes it comic or ironic2. What do you notice about the rhyme at the end of the li
30、nesKey information for Memory:3 conquests Beowulf (A-S national epic/Old English literature/native subject/alliteration) “Sir Gawain and the Greenknight, anonymousWilliam Langlands Piers the Plowman, religiousChaucers Canterbury Tales romance; heroic couplet; alliteration; epic; metric poemAssignmen
31、t:Reference questions for Renaissance:1. What is Renaissance How and why did it come about2. What is the development of drama What were the original forms and content and practice of drama3. Why did drama flourish in Elizabethan age Who are the major playwrights of the time4. Who is Marlowe What con
32、tributions did he make to English drama5. Who is Shakespeare What famous and great plays (history, comedy, tragedy) What features6. What did Jonson write about Representative work7. Prepare the excerpt from Hamlet (p.31-32). What is it mainly about What humanist idea can you find in the soliloquy8.
33、What was the most important translation of the timeLecture 3-4 Renaissance English LiteratureHistorical backgroundn Hundred Years War with France from 1337 to 1453 n War of Roses from 1455 to 1485 between the House of Lancaster and the House of York n Henry VII founded the Tudor dynasty n the enclos
34、ure movement, the commercial expansion and the war with Spain n 16th century - a period of the breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism England an absolute monarchyn Religious Reformation - end the rule of the Catholic Church - king as both the head of Ch
35、urch and the head of staten Protestantism -the official national religionHenry 8 ( a Tudor Monarch ) In religion, the far-reaching movement of Reformation began in England during Henry VIIIs reign. He declared the break with the Roman Catholic Church and confiscated the property of the Church. Prote
36、stantism began to gain ground among the English people. King James BibleIn 1611, appeared in England. It was the work of many learned scholars headed by Bishop Lancelot Andrews, an eloquent orator with an exquisite ear for the cadences of language. King James Bible became the monument of English lan
37、guage and literatureGenesis, or the Creationn God made Adam and Eve and let them live in Garden of Eden.n God warned Adam and Eve not to eat the forbidden fruit on the Tree of Knowledge.n Adam and Eve were all naked. They lived a happy life. They had no feelings of shame.n Satan, in the disguise of
38、a serpent, sneaked into Garden of Eden. He succeeded in inducing Eve to eat the Forbidden Fruit.n Eve gave Adam some fruit, and Adam accepted it gladly.n They realized that they were nude, so they put on fig leaves to cover their body.n God got very angry. They had violated Gods will, so they were p
39、unished.n Adam and Eve were driven out of the Garden of Eden. They had to gain their bread by the sweat of their brow.n Adam and Eves descendents must work hard for redemption, otherwise they would never be allowed to go back to heaven.Revelationsn ORIGINAL SINn With Adam and Eves fall, we sin all.
40、Thats why we must work hard to make a living.n Gods will is everything.n Those who violate Gods will must be punished, no matter what the underlying reason is.The Tower of Babeln Long, long ago, all the world spoke the same language and used the same words.n Tired of hard work, people decided to bui
41、ld a city and a high tower with its top in the heavens.n God feared that the people would challenge his authority.n He said to his followers, “Let us go down there and confuse their speech, so that they will not understand what they say to one another. n God made people speak different languages. Pe
42、ople had to give up the plan of building the tower because they could not understand each other. They were dispersed all over the world.Queen Elizabeth the summit of absolute monarchyn Elizabethan age: - progress of bourgeois economy - victory in the Spanish War - commercial expansion abroad - devel
43、opment of art and literature - an unsettled time: peasants uprisingsRenaissance: The DefinitionThe rise of the bourgeoisie showed its influence in cultural life. The result is an intellectual movement known as the Renaissance, or the rebirth of literature. Renaissance sprang in Italy and spread to F
44、rance, Germany, the Low Countries, and lastly to England. Two features are striking of this movement. One is the thirst for classical literature, the other is the rise of Humanism.HumanismHumanism was the keynote of the Renaissance. People ceased to look upon themselves as living only for God and a
45、future world. They began to admire human beauty and human achievement. Man is no longer the slave of the external world. He can mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks.Drama: Origin and Development (1)English drama1.Origin: religious ceremony, c
46、hurch playsReligious period mystery plays and miracle plays biblical stories and the stories of the saints; they were played at churches at first; Then with the increasing numbers of actors and plays, the players went to the market places. Miracle plays are the further development of mystery plays.
47、The Second Shepherds PlayMoral period morality plays: focused on the conflict between good and evil through allegorical characters. They were too abstract. So Vice, a lively figure approximated the modern clown, was introduced. (such as Everyman, Good Deeds, Death, Knowledge); EverymanInterludes - a short performance during thethe intervals to enliven the audience afte