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1、考研英语阅读真题正文+全文翻译(19952010 Text 1 在过去的25年英语报纸所发生的变更中，影响最深远的可能就是它们对艺术方面的报道在范围上毫无疑问的缩小了，而且这些报道的肃穆程度也确定降低了。 对于年龄低于40岁的一般读者来讲，让他们想象一下当年可以在很多大城市报纸上读到精品的文艺评论简直几乎是天方夜谭。然而，在20世纪出版的最重要的文艺评论集中，人们读到的大局部评论文章都是从报纸上搜集而来。如今，假如读到这些集子，人们确定会惊诧，当年这般渊博深邃的内容竟然被认为合适发表在群众日报中。 从20世纪早期到二战以前，当时的英国报纸上的评论主题广泛，应有尽有，我们如今离此类报纸评论越来越
2、远。当时的报纸极其廉价，人们把高雅时尚的文艺指责当作是所登载报纸的一个亮点。在那些遥远的年头，各大报刊的评论家们都会不遗余力地详尽报道他们所报道的事情，这在当时被视为是天经地义的事情。他们的写作是件肃穆的事情，人们信任：甚至那些博学低调不喜爱夸耀的评论家，比方George Bernard Shaw和Ernest Newman也知道自己在做什么。这些指责家们信任报刊评论是一项职业，并且对于他们的文章可以在报纸上发表感到很骄傲。“鉴于几乎没有作家能拥有足够的才智或文学天赋以保证他们在新闻报纸写作中站稳脚跟”， Newman曾写道，“我倾向于把新闻写作定义为不受读者欢送的作家用来嘲讽受读者欢送的作家
3、的一个 轻视之词 ” 不幸的是，这些指责家们如今事实上已被人们遗忘。从1917年开场始终到1975年去世不久前还在为曼彻斯特卫报写文章的Neville Cardus，如今仅仅作为一个撰写关于板球竞赛文章的作家被人们所知。但是，在他的一生当中，他也是英国数一数二的古典音乐评论家之一。他也是一位深受读者青睐的文体家，所以1947年他的自传一书就成为热销读物。 1967年他被授予爵士称号，也是第一位获此殊荣的音乐评论家。然而，他的书如今只有一本可以在市面上买到。他大量的音乐指责，除了特地讨论音乐评论的人以外，已鲜为人知。 Cardus的评论有没有时机重新流行？前景好像渺茫。在他去世之前，新闻业的品尝
4、早已变更很长时间了，而且他所擅长的措词华美的维多利亚爱德华时期的散文风格对后现代的读者没有什么用途。何况，业余爱好者作音乐指责的传统早已经成为昨日黄花了。 2010 Text 2 在过去的十年中，成千上万的商业方法被授予了专利权。亚马逊网站获得的专利是在线“单击”付费系统。美林公司的资产安排方案得到了法律爱护。有个独创者的提箱技巧也获得了专利。 如今，该国最高专利法院好像完全打算好要缩减商业方法专利，因为商业方法专利自从十年前第一次批准授予以来始终有争议。在一项使得学问产权律师们争论纷纷的提议中，美国联邦巡回上诉法院声称它将利用某个详细案件来对商业方法专利进展广泛的复审。密苏里高校法学院Den
5、nis D. Crouch说，“正如人们所知道的那样，Bilski案例是一件特别大的事情”它可能将消退整个专利类别”。 对于商业方法诉求的限制是个戏剧性的彻底变更，因为正是联邦巡回法院自己引进了这种专利。那是在1998年，对于所谓的美国道富银行的案件中，联邦巡回法院做出了判决，批准了筹集共同基金资产的方法具有专利权。这一裁决使得商业方法专利文件以几何数级增加，起初只是一些新兴的网络公司对于某些特定类型的在线交易系统试图争取独家专有权。后来，更多的公司竞相添加这样的专利权，盼望这样一个防卫性的行为可以先下手为强。2005年，IBM公司在一份法院报告中声称：尽管疑心这种专利受权的法律根底，但它已经
6、申请了300多份商业方法专利。同样，当一些华尔街投资公司出席某些反对其金融产品的法庭案件时，他们会给其各类金融产品申请专利来作为自己的维权武器。 前面提到的Bilski案例牵扯到一份已申请的方法专利，即关于能源市场的风险躲避方法。上诉法院罕见地裁定，该案件将不三位法官听审，而是全部十二名法官共同进展。另外，上诉法院还宣布，它想讨论的另一件事情是是否应当“重审”道富银行的裁决。 联邦巡回法院的这一裁决效仿了最高法院。最高法院最近做出了一系列的判决，缩小了专利持有者的受保范围。例如，去年四月，法官们认定太多的专利授予了一些自不待言的“独创”。乔治华盛顿高校法律学院的专利法律师Harold C. W
7、egner教授表示，“联邦巡回法院的法官们正在对最高法院的反专利动态做出反响”。 2010 Text 3 在引爆流行这本书中，作者Malcolm Gladwell认为社会流行潮流在很大程度上是一小局部特殊个体的行为引起的，这些人就是人们常说的影响者。他们异乎寻常的博闻多识，能言善辩，人脉广泛。从直觉上讲，Malcolm Gladwell的理论好像很有劝服力，但是它没有说明流行观念的实际传播过程。 人们之所以认为影响者很重要，是因为受到了“两级传播”理论的影响，即信息先从媒体流向影响者，然后再从影响者流向其别人。这一理论看似合理，但未阅历证。营销人员承受两级传播理论是因为该理论认为，假如他们可以
8、找到影响者，并对他们施加影响，这些精英们就会替他们完成大局部的营销传播工作。这一理论好像还可以说明某些装扮、品牌或社区为何会突然受到出乎意料的追捧。对于很多诸如此类的状况，假如只是走马观花地找寻缘由，你会发觉总是有一小群人开风气之先，领先穿上、宣扬和开发人们此前从未留意的东西。这种事实证据及该观点正好一拍即合只有一些特殊的人才能引领潮流。 但是，在最近的讨论中，一些讨论人员发觉，影响者对社会流行潮流的影响力远比人们认为的要小。事实上，他们好像根本就是无关紧要。 讨论者的观点源于对社会影响力的简洁视察：除了少数像Oprah Winfrey 这样的名人之外，即使人群中最有影响力的人也无法及那么多的
9、“其别人”互动，从而引领潮流。然而，依据两级传播理论，正是这些非名人影响者干脆影响了他们的挚友和同事，从而推动了社会流行潮流。但是，要让一种社会流行潮流真正发生，每个受影响的人还必需影响他的熟人，而他的熟人又必需影响其他熟人，依此类推；但是会有多少人去关注这些熟人中的每个人，及最初的影响者几乎没有关系。举个例子来说，在这个人际影响的网络中，假如第一个影响者受到两次抵抗，那么他的连锁影响范围就不会接着扩大，或者说影响的人不会很多。 基于这一人际影响力的根本领实，讨论者们讨论了社会影响的动力机制。我们对不同人群进展了成千上万次计算机模拟，不断调整人们影响别人和受别人影响的各种变量。他们发觉，人们所
10、说的“全球连锁反响” 影响力通过网络进展广泛传播 发生的主要前提，并不取决于是否存在着那么几个影响者，而主要取决于易受影响的人们是否到达了临界数量。 2010 Text 4 台面上，银行家们将他们的费事归咎于己身，台面下，他们始终把目的对准别人：会计准则制定者。银行业埋怨会计规则迫使他们报告宏大损失，认为这不公允。规则规定他们必需以第三方付出价格来评估局部资产的价值，而非依据管理者和监管者期望该资产可以获得的价格。 不幸的是，银行的游说活动看来已显成效。其中细微环节可能无法获知，但是准则制定者在独立性方面这正是资产市场正常运行的关键已经做出妥协了。银行假如不以可以吸引买家的价格计量有毒资产，银
11、行系统的复苏将会特别困难。 美国FASB在及国会剧烈摩擦之后，匆忙通过了规则的修改。这些修改使得银行在运用模型评估非流淌资产方面用有更大的自，同时使得它们确认收益表中长期资产损失时更为敏捷。FASB主席Bob Herz大声反对那些“疑心我们的动机”的人们。然而银行股票上涨了，这些修改强化了“管理层运用理性推断”的说法，这种说法是一个游说团的客气之言。 欧洲的部长们立即要求国际会计准则委员会(IASB)也这么做。IASB表示它不想没有完好安排就冒然行动，但它在今年下半年完成规则修订时必需屈从的压力特别宏大。欧洲委员会委员Charlie McCreevy警告IASB说：它不是“处在政治真空中”而是
12、“在现实世界里”，并表示欧洲可能最终会开展出不同的会计规则。 正是这些银行呆错了星球，它们的账目上充满着估值过高的资产。如今他们争辩道市价高估了损失，因为市价主要反映了市场的短暂性流淌性缺乏，而非坏账的可能范围。几年中没人会知道真相。但是，银行股票以低于账面价值的价格交易，这一点反响了投资者的疑心。死寂的市场确定程度上反响了瘫痪的银行于怕账面损失既既不愿出售资产，也不情愿去购置那些看似不错的廉价资产。 为了让银行系统重新运转起来，损失必需被确认和处理。美国收买有毒资产的新安排只有在银行将资产定价在足够吸引买家的程度上才会有效。成熟的市场须要独立的，甚至是好斗的准则制定者。FASB和IASB以往
13、正是这样对抗特殊利益集团的敌意的，例如改良股权和退休金的相关规则。但是如今向指责者妥协是自寻压力，他们会进一步做出让步。 2013 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would
14、 move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. _1_a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been _2_ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means o
15、f payment would soon money itself,movement to a cashless society been so_5_ in coming Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work _6_ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very _7_ to set up the computer, card r
16、eader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the_8_ form of payment Second, paper checks have the advantage that they _9_ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to _10_ . Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of are _12_ from the issu
17、ers account, which means that the writer of the check can cam interest on the funds in the meantime. _13_ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment may _14_ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unau
18、thorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information _15_ there. The fact that this is not an _16_ occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and _17_ from someone elses accounts. The _18_ of this type
19、of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to _19_ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic _20_ that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers
20、might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy. 1. A However B Moreover C Therefore D Otherwise 2. A off B back C over D around 3. A power B concept C history D role 4. A reward B resist C resume D reverse 5. A silent B sudden C slow D steady 6. A for B against Cwith D on 7. A ima
21、ginative B expensive C sensitive D productive 8. A similar B original C temporary D dominant 9. A collect B provide C copy D print 10. A give up B take over C bring back D pass down 11. A before B after C since D when 12. A kept B borrowed C released D withdrawn 13. A Unless B Until C Because D Thou
22、gh 14. A hide B express C raise Dease 15. A analyzed B shared C stored D displayed 16. A unsafe B unnatural C uncommon D unclear 17. A steal B choose C benefit D return 18. A consideration B prevention C manipulation D justification 19. A cope with B fight against C adapt to D call for 20. A chunk B
23、 chip C path D trail Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates
24、 a joke from cotton about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill only two employees today,” a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.” Davidsons article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared
25、 making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker. In t
26、he past, workers with average skills, doing an average job，could earn an average lifestyle ,But ,today ,average is officially over. Being average just wont earn you what it used to. It cant when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap
27、robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of When women do break through to the summit of corporate power-as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently di
28、d at Facebookthey attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule. If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women-whether CEOs or their childrens caregivers-and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person li
29、ving in a more just society. 36. In the European corporate workplace, generally_. A women take the lead B men have the final say C corporate governance is overwhelmed D senior management is family-friendly 37. The European Unions intended legislation is _. A a reflection of gender balance B a reluct
30、ant choice C a response to Redings call D a voluntary action 38. According to Reding, quotas may help women _. A get top business positions B see through the glass ceiling C balance work and family D anticipate legal results 39. The authors attitude toward Redings appeal is one of _. A skepticism B
31、objectiveness C indifference D approval 40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of _. A more social justice B massive media attention C suitable public policies D greater “soft pressure” Part B Directions: You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the mos
32、t suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45).Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points) A Live like a peasant B Balance your diet C Shopkeepers are your friends D Remember to treat yourself E Stick to what you need F Planning is everything G Waste not, want not The h
33、ugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has 60 a week to spend, 40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning 130,000 a I year working in corporate communications and eating at Londons best restaura
34、ntsfailed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that Id lost. But its still a day-by-day thing.Now hes li
35、ving in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. Hes feeling positive, but hell carry on blogging - not about eating as cheaply as you can - state, with barely any money to spend on food- but eating well on a budget. Heres his advice for economical foodies. 41._ Impulsive spending is
36、nt an option, so plan your weeks menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: its not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. Its also a good idea to shop daily i
37、nstead of weekly, because, being-human, youll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy. 42_ This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy. With them, theres not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, youll know that y
38、ou only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller. 43_ You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer - thats not good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should
39、 eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables youll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to juiced. 44_ Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon youll f
40、eel comfortable asking if theyve any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not, theyll let you have for free. 45_ You wont be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunc
41、h at a good restaurant - a week for three months gives you 21 - more thanMichelin-starred Arbutus. Its there - or for a large pizza from Dominos: I know which Id rather eat. 2012考研英语真题及答案 Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or Don ANSWER SHEET 1.
42、 ( 10 points) Millions of Americans and foreigners see as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but thats not how it used to be. To the men and women who 1in World Warand the people they liberated, the GI. was the 2 man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his
43、 home, the guy who 3all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the 4of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, 5an average guy up 6 the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, mos
44、t brutal enemies seen in centuries. His name isnt much. GI. is just a military abbreviation 7 .Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles 8 to soldiers. And Joe A common name for a guy who never 9 it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka. Joe Magrac.a working class name. The United States has 1
45、0 had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe. Joe had a 11career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character. or a 12of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Emie Pyle. Some of the soldiers
46、 Pyle 13portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the 14 side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers not how many miles were 15 or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports 16 the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both m
47、en 17 the dirt and exhaustion of war, the 18 of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. 19Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, Joe was any American soldier, 20the most important person in their lives. 1.A performed B served C rebelled D betrayed 2.A actual B common C special D normal 3.A bore B cased C removed D loaded 4.A necessities B facilities C co