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1、一、被动语态的构成形式1. 被动语态的根本时态改变被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由“be过去分词”构成，be随时态的改变而改变。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般如今时Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 2) has /have been done 如今完成时All the preparations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start.3) am/is /are being do
2、ne 如今进展时A new cinema is being built here4) was/were done 一般过去时I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.5) had been done 过去完成时By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.6) was/were being done 过去进展时A meeting was being held when I was there.7
3、) shall/will be done 一般将来时Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.8) should/would be done 过去将来时The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.9) shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用）The project will have been completed before July.10) should/would have been done 过去将来完成
4、时（少用）He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.2. 被动语态的特别构造形式1) 带情态动词的被动构造。其形式为：情态动词be过去分词。The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动构造时，可以把主动构造中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍旧保存在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was giv
5、en a present by his mother for his birthday.3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构造变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动构造中的主语，其余不动。Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.4) 在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动构造中不定式to要省略，但变为被动构造时，要加to。Someone saw a
6、stranger walk into the building. 可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词介词”，“动词副词”等，也可以用于被动构造，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3. 非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。I dont like being laughed at in the public.二、 如何运用
7、被动语态学习被动语态时，不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法构造，还要知道在哪些状况中运用被动语态。1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者 (这时可省 by 短语)。My bike was stolen last night.2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.3. 为了更好地支配句子。The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一个主语
8、就够了） 三、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“信任”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“Itbe过去分词that从句”或“主语be过去分词to do sth.”。有：It is said that 据说It is reported that据报道It is believed that大家信任It is hoped that大家盼望It is well known that众所周知It is thought that大家认为It is suggested tha
9、t据建议It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1. 英语中有许多动词如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描绘主语特征时，常用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语通常是物。This kind of cloth washes well.留意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作
10、用造成的影响。试比拟：The door wont lock （指门本身有缺点）The door wont be locked （指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的缘由）2. 表示“发生、进展”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。How do the newspapers come out 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel,
11、sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表构造中常以主动形式表示被动意义。 Your reason sounds reasonable.五、 非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。1. 在need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The house needs repairing（to be repaired）这房子须要修理。2. 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。The p
12、icture-book is well worth reading（The picture-book is very worthy to be read）3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。I have a lot of things to do this afternoon (to do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。)试比拟：Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语说明yo
13、u不是post动作的执行者。)4. 在某些“形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的构造中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。例This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）.5. 在too to构造中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。This book is too expensive (for
14、 me) to buy.6. 在there be句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。例There is no time to lose（to be lost）（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，谁 lost time不明确。）7. 在be to do构造中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent, blame, let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。Who is to blame for starting the fire六、介词in, o
15、n, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。1. “under +名词”构造，表示“某事在进展中”。常见的有：under control（受限制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在探讨中）, under construction（在施工中）。The building is under construction( is being constructed).2. “beyond+名词”构造，“出乎
16、赛过、范围、限度”。常见的有：beyond belief (令人难以置信)， beyond ones reach（鞭长莫及），beyond ones control（无法限制），beyond our hope 我们的胜利始料不及。The rumour is beyond belief（=cant be believed）3. “above+名词”构造, 表示“(品质、行为、实力等) 超过、高于”。His honest character is above all praise=His honest character cannot be praised enough4. “for+名 词”构造，表示 “适于、 为着”。如：for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).5. “in+名词”构造 ，表示“在过程中或范围内”常见的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight(在视野范围内)，等。The book is not yet in print(=is not yet printed)