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1、U3(选修六)Words and expressions1.abuse n. 滥用,妄用；虐待，辱骂 弊病，陋俗vt. 滥用,妄用,虐待e.g. He abused his power while in office.他在职时滥用权利。Those captives were physically abused.那些俘虏遭遇了肉体上的摧残drug abuse 滥用毒品child abuse 虐待儿童abuse ones position / power滥用职权/权利abuse a privilege滥用特权2. stress 1）n. 压力; 重音,重读 be under (the) stres
2、s (of) 在压力下suffer from stress遭遇压力the stresses and strains of modern life现代生活的压力和惊慌强调, 重要性e.g. Some school lay / put /place stress on foreign language education.2）vt. 加压力于; 重读; 强调e.g. He stressed the importance of the task.3.ban1）n.禁令,制止 aban on sth2）vt.制止, 取缔ban sb. from (doing) sth. 公布禁令impose a ba
3、n解除禁令lift a bane.g. Our government has put/ imposed a ban on plastic bags.4. due to归因于, 归功于e.g. The accident is due to your careless driving.那意外事故归因于你驾驶不当心。be due to do sth定于某时做某事e.g. He is due to speak at the meeting tomorrow.可以被caused by 所代替The train is due in five minutes.(预定的，预期的）My rent isnt du
4、e till Wednesday.（到期的，马上支付的）In due course 在适当的时候after due consideration经适当考虑之后because of “由于”, 较口语化，只作状语owing to 较正式，须用逗号及主句隔开thanks to “多亏了” ，多用于正面的意义as a result of “因为”as a result 副短, “因此”therefore 副词, “因此”so并列连词, “因此”because of ,due to , owing to , on account of和 thanks to 的用法比拟 这一词都表示“由于”的意思，在运用
5、时应当留意以下区分： 1because of意为“由于，因为”，强调因果关系，在句中仅作状语，修饰句中的一局部，及其他成分不用逗号隔开。如：We must not get discouraged because of such a minor setback 我们决不行因为这样一个小小的挫折而垂头丧气。2owing to及because of一样，也强调因果关系，除作状语外，也可作表语。作状语时修饰整个句子，可在句首或句末，用逗号隔开。如： They decided to cancel the flight，owing tothe storm 由于这场暴风雨，他们确定取消这个航班。 His d
6、eath was owing to an accident他死于一场事故。3due to引出造成后果的缘由，在句中作表语、状语和定语。作表语和状语时及owing to同义，作状语时，一般不及其他成分隔开。不用于句首。如：This accident was due to（owing to）his careless driving这次车祸是由于他开车忽略大意造成的。 He arrived late due to（owing to）the storm由于暴风雨他来晚了。 Mistakes due to carelessness may have serious consequences 由于忽略大意
7、造成的错误可能带来严峻的后果。 4on account of及because of，owing to同义，但语气较为正式。可作状语、表语，不作定语。如：He could not come on account of his illness他因病不能前来。 That was on account of lack of exercise那是由于缺乏熬炼。 5thanks to表示“幸亏，多亏”多用于表达正面意思，相当于感谢，在句中作状语和表语。如：Thanks to your advice，much trouble was saved多亏你的建议，削减了很多费事。5.tough1）The wire
8、 is tougher than that. (坚韧的，不易磨损的）2）You need to be tough enough tosurvive in the jungle.（坚忍不拔的，吃苦耐劳的）3） a tough criminal（粗暴的，凶暴的）4）tough measures to deal with terrorism（强硬的，严厉的）5）a tough assignment / problem / choice（费事的，困难的）6） a tough steak（硬的，老的）6.fit1)V.1.The dress doesnt fit me.2.We cant fit any
9、 more chairs into the room.（包容）3. be fitted with handles（安装）4. His ideas did not quite fit in with our aims. 他的想法和我们的目的不完全一样。 (及相一样，相协调）2)Adj.keep fitbe fit for / to doThe book is fit (suitable) for children.The fresh air is fit to breath.反义词：unfitbe unfit for / to do区分fit , suit, matchThese shoes d
10、ont fit me. Have you gota larger size 这鞋我穿不适宜。你们有大点的吗？ That haircut suits you. 那种发型很合适你。The carpets should match the curtains. 地毯应当和窗帘相配。You cant match him in his knowledge of wild plants. 在野生植物学问方面，你无法及他相比。 7. addicted adj. “对某某上瘾”, “沉湎于某某” e.g. My children have become hopelessly addicted to televi
11、sion. 我的几个孩子都成了电视迷, 简直不行救药了。构词法：addict n. 吸毒成瘾的人addiction n. 沉湎、成瘾addictive adj. 使人上瘾的addict常用于下列构造：addict oneself to sth. 沉溺于某物be addicted to sth. 用心做某事;上了.的瘾be addicted to doing sth.Eg.The parents felt helpless when they found their son had _ love stories for long.A. addicted B. addicted to C. add
12、icted himself D. been addicted to8. accustom v.使人习惯于、养成习惯e.g. She found it necessary to accustom her child to getting up early.她觉得有必要让孩子养成早起的好习惯。常用句式：1) accustom+名词/oneself + to+名eg.Children are quick to accustom themselves to new surroundings.孩子们很快就会适应新环境。2) be accustomed to +名词e.g. I am accustomed
13、 to walking long distances.我习惯及长间隔 步行。3) get/become/be accustomed to +名词e.g. You will soon get accustomed to the job.你将会习惯于这个工作。同义词组：be / get / become used to留意:在英语中,to有时为动词不定式符号, 后跟动词原形; 有时用作介词, 后跟名词、代词、或动名词。下面的这些短语中的to 均为介词。stick to坚持 lead to 导致, 通向 pay a visit to 参观 sentence sb. to 宣判某人 come to 谈
14、到, 涉及 see to 处理，负责 be up to 总计 devoteto 致力于 get down to 开场 /着手be opposed to / object to 反对 be devoted to 致力于，献身于be attached to adjust (adapt) to be exposed to look forward to pay attention to attend to contribute to turn to admit to when it comes to 9.withdraw-withdrawalThe general refused to withdr
15、aw his troops.（收回，撤回）She withdrew all her savings and left the country.（取钱，提款）withdrawal symptoms 戒毒过程中出现的病症10. quit 动词, 过去式和过去分词均为quit,如今分词为quitting, 接动词-ing形式, “停顿做” e.g. She quit smoking when she got pregnant. 她一怀孕就戒了烟。归类记忆:下列动词只能用-ing 形式作宾语admit, advise, allow, appreciate, avoid, consider, deny
16、, forbid(制止), fancy(想象), finish, keep, mention, mind, miss, pardon, permit, prevent, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, imagine, postpone(推延), practice, quit, resist(抵抗), risk , suggest, tolerate, understandLine 18: I did finally manage.Line 30: I do hope so because I want you to livedo/does/did
17、+动词原形，用于确定句和祈使句中，表示强调。留意：只用于强调谓语动词。强调谓语以外的成分可运用：It is/was thatIt was when I was doing my homework that I saw him sleeping.It was I that/who saw him sleeping in class.Do be careful when crossing the street.He does speak English well.Line 19: I didnt know, for example, that it could do terrible damage
18、 to your heart and lungs or that it was more difficult for smoking couples to become pregnant. 点拨 该句是一个包含两个宾语从句的主从复合句。第二个宾语从句that 不能省略。主句为I didnt know。or连接这两个宾语从句, 意为“也不（知道）”。I dont know . or . 这个句型译为“我不知道, 也不知道”。如：I dont know where to go or what to do.我不知道去哪里也不知道干什么。We believe (that) you are honest
19、 and that youve told us the truth. 我们信任你很醇厚，也信任你已告知了我们实情。Line 22: Neither did I know that my cigarette smoke could affect the heath of non-smokers.Line 1: it is not easy to stop smoking, but millions have managed to quit and so can you.neither/nor +be/助动词/情态动词, 表示否认的状况so +be/助动词/情态动词，表示确定的状况。She doe
20、snt like English, neither do I.I have mastered the use of it, so have she.留意：so+主语+助动词I have finished all my homework, so have she.-She finished all the homework yesterday.-So she did.我已经完成了作业，她也是。-她昨天把全部的作业完成了。-她的确都完成了。Line 27: I knew it was time to quit smoking.It is/was time (for sb) to do sth.It
21、 is (high/about) time that sb. did/should do sth.It is/was)the first (second) time that sb. have/has done sth./had donesth.Its time for us to study hard. 该是我们仔细学习的时候了Its high time that we studied/should study hard. Its the first time that my classmates and I have got together. 昨天晚上是我们第一次同学聚会。11.stre
22、ngthenPracticing Kongfu strengthens our bodies.We must strengthen our socialist construction.We should strengthen the legal system.He lifted the stone with all his strength.The ability to keep calm is one of his many strengths.Bill was doing a lot of physical exercises to build up his strength.To ma
23、ke members of a team perform better, the trainer first of all has to know their strengths andweaknesses.12.decide decision1.decide+名词/代词The question will be decided by themselves.问题将由他们自己确定。2.decide to doLast week, a group of Class 3 students decided to go to the museum. 3.decide+从句Lets first decide
24、 where we should go.(=Lets first decide where to go.)It is not decided whether we will go there.It is decided that.：It is decided that we should start tomorrow. （注：这种从句要用虚拟语气。） 4.跟介词短语(跟on或upon，表示“就某事做出确定”)：Dont decide on important matters too quickly.重要的事情不要匆忙做出确定。make a decisiondetermine to do / b
25、e determined to domake up ones mind (s) to do13. feel like 想要, 只表示一次的想法, 后接动词-ing形式e.g. Its so hot today. I feel like going swimming. 今日好热啊, 我想去游泳。摸起来像, 像是e.g. The material feels like silkIt feels like rain.would like to doe.g. Id like to have dinner with you.Line 6: Every time you feel like smoking
26、 a cigarette, remind yourself that you are a non-smoker.every time 在此句中引导时间状语，表示“每次的时候”Every time I go to see her, she is always busy working. 每次我去看她，她总是忙于工作。下列用法均可做连词：the first time 第一次的时候the moment/minute/instant/immediately/instantly/directly 一.就.every time=each time 每次的时候last time 上次next time 下次
27、by the time到为止I fell in love with him the first timeI saw him. 第一次见到他的时候，我就喜爱他了。The last time I saw her, she was working. 最终一次见到她的时候，她正在工作。I always go too see my best friend immediately we have a holiday. 一放假，我总是去看我最好的挚友。14.remindremind sb of sthremind sb to toremind sb thate.g. The story reminded m
28、e of an experience I once lived.You must remind him to take his medicine ,in case he forgets.Please remind me that I must return the book before noon.15.ashamed adj.feel sorry or embarrassede.g. She is ashamed to ask such a simple question.相关短语：be ashamed of sb./ sth be ashamed that be ashamed to do
29、What a shame!Its a shame (pity) that .真是缺憾16. in spite of 尽管, 虽然，不顾。后接名词（despite)eg. She cant see very well in spite of her glasses.(despite)尽管戴着眼镜她还是不能看得很清晰。Despite (In spite of) the fact that we tried our best, we didnt win.regardless of 不管，不顾，不理睬He says what he thinks and does what he wants to do
30、, regardless of other peoples feelings.The law says everyone is equal, regardless of age, sex, or religion.Though / Although / Even if Even though its hard work, I enjoy it.Young as / though I am, I already know what career I want to follow.17. get into陷于, 染上什么习惯 get into the habit of 养成什么习惯。相当于fall
31、 into the habit of或者form the habit ofe.g. The girl has got into the habit of playing with her hair while reading.那个女孩养成了阅读时玩弄头发的习惯。短语联想：get into trouble 惹上费事get into debt 负债累累get along / on withget away withget down get inget off get over get throughget together18.at risk=in dangertake risks/ a risk
32、at the risk of 冒的危急/风险at your own risk 自担风险run the risk of 冒险(做某事)risk doing19.survival-survive-survivorOf the four people in the car accident,only one survived. Many customs have survived from earlier times.很多风俗习惯源源流长The old lady has survived her husband.那老妇人的丈夫先她而去世了He felt lucky to have survived
33、the war.经验那场斗争后能幸存下来他感到很幸运20.possible, probable, likely 的用法Its possible (for sb) to doIts possible thatIts probable thatsth is probableIts likely that.主语+be likely to do21.prejudicepride and prejudice 高傲及偏见She has a prejudice against modern music. 她对现代音乐怀有偏见。They accused him of having a prejudice ag
34、ainst his women employees.他们指责他卑视女雇员。A new law has been brought in to discourage racial prejudice.一项反对种族卑视的新法律已被提出。judgement-judge in ones judgement依推断judge.from / by依推断judging by / from在句中作状语In my judgement, he is guilty.We cant judge a book by its cover.Judging from his skin, he comes from Africa.
35、练习：Complete the sentences with words from the text.1. Rice production has increased greatly in China over the last few years, largely _ super hybrid rice.2. Having lived in Hawaii all his life, he was not _ to the cold of Northern Europe.due toaccustomed 3. He was _ of his body so he decided to go o
36、n a diet and do more exercise.4. In spite of her wounded leg, she _to get up the stairs.5. He told me the same story _ until I felt like screaming.ashamedmanagedautomatically6. With exams only a week away, I am under a lot of _.7. When I _ playing sport I become very fat and unhealthy.8. _ health is
37、 as important as physical health.stressquit/quittedMental9. Now that I am _ I eat a good diet because I want my baby to be born healthy.10. _ often take more risks than adults.pregnantAdolescentsComplete the text with words from below.adolescents 青少年 cigarettes 香烟 quit 停顿, 戒 drugs毒品 due to 归因于 stres
38、s压力 eventually 最终 alcohol酒 addicted 上瘾的 manage管理, 努力做Smoking _, drinking _ or taking other _ produce many harmful effects and have no real benefits. So why do _do it Some because they believe it makes them look cool. Others think it will help with _ in their life possibly _ pressure from their paren
39、ts or teachers. alcoholdrugsadolescents stressdue tocigarettesSome just want to see what it is like. What they dont realize is that they will get into the habit and _ become _. It will then be difficult to _ the habit. A few people _ to quit easily but for many it is a very painful process. Of course, the best way to deal with these drugs is not to start in the first place.eventuallyaddictedquitmanage