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1、语法：是一门探讨英语语言构成规律的学科。 词 法 语法句法简洁句：在句子中只包含一套主谓构造。并列句：通常由一个连词连接的并列的句子。复合句：大句套小句一气：虚拟语气二词：非谓语动词、情态动词三句：名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句形容词名词数词代词动词介词副词感慨词冠词连词词法陈述句疑问句祈使句感慨句陈述句疑问句祈使句感慨句陈述句疑问句祈使句感慨句陈述句疑问句祈使句感慨句陈述句疑问句祈使句感慨句陈述句疑问句祈使句感慨句陈述句疑问句祈使句感慨句陈述句疑问句祈使句感慨句陈述句疑问句祈使句感慨句陈述句疑问句祈使句感慨句陈述句疑问句祈使句感慨句陈述句疑问句祈使句感慨句陈述句疑问句祈使句感慨句句法目的 构
2、造时态、语态非谓语动词情态动词 语法名词性从句状语从句定语从句句法目的 构造句法目的 构造句法目的 构造简洁句复合句并列句陈述句疑问句祈使句感慨句非谓语动词一、 在句中不能作谓语的动词叫做非谓语动词二、 啥样呢？1. 不定式：To do2. 动名词：Doing3. 分词：DoneEg1. The ocean and seas surrounding the islands are deep blue.围围着群岛的海洋是深蓝Eg2. My mother ordered the homework to be done.非谓语动词的宾补，其逻辑主语为前面宾语 方法一：口诀法非谓语，三要点。变否认，N
3、OT前。哼哈将，时逻关。七仙女，记心间。（一） 变否认（二） 哼哈将 1.动词不定式逻辑关系时间关系时间关系主动关系被动关系一般式To doTo be done完成式To have doneTo have been done进展式To be doing(To be being done)完成进展式To have being doing(To have been being done) 一般式：不定式的动作和谓语动词动作同时发生或在谓语动词之后的动作发生。 ABB A：谓语动词 B：不定式 完成式：不定时动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。 AB A：谓语动词 B：不定式Eg3. Jay Chou ta
4、ught us to sing 黄河大合唱 last night. 进展式：不定时的动作和谓语动词动作同时正在进展B AA：谓语动词 B：不定式Eg4. When his mother entered, the boy pretended to be sleeping. 完成进展式：不定时的动作在谓语动词动作之前发生，始终持续到谓语动词动作，到谓语动词动作为止。不定时的动作有可能刚刚完毕，还有可能接着持续下去。 ABBBBA：谓语动词 B：不定式Eg5. Mr. Zhong is said to have been working as a teacher for 10 years.逻辑关系2
5、.动名词 （同时具有动词和名词的双重性质，Doing）时间关系主动关系被动关系一般式DoingBeing done完成式Having doneHaving been done 一般式：动名词动作及谓语动词动作同时发生。 ABA：谓语动词 B：动名词若非谓语动词动作在谓语动词动作之后发生，则通常用“To do” 完成式：动名词动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。 ABA：谓语动词 B：不定式Eg6. She didnt acknowledge having received my flowers.Eg7. Xiaoqiang was so lucky that it had just missed be
6、ing caught.一般式 To Do Doing（ 1.固定搭配；2.Eg. mean to do安排 mean doing意味着 ) 某些词(need, demand要求, deserve应得, allow, want, worth, require)后，用动名词的主动形式表示被动。 Eg8. The house needs repairing. Be worthy of being done=Be worthy to be doneEg9. Want +to do(想要) / doing(想要被)3.分词1）Doing & Done& 如今分词及过去分词相区分的三大原则 a. 如今分词
7、表示动作正在发生 The falling man 过去分词表示已经完成 The fallen man b. 非谓语动词作定语，其逻辑主语就是其所修饰的词 The excited man , The exciting man , The exciting film过去分词如今分词被动主动Eg10. The amazing man（A）The amazed man（B）A.小丑 B.观众逻辑关系 c. 如今分词有时间逻辑上的改变，而过去分词没有时间关系主动关系被动关系一般式DoingBeing done完成式Having doneHaving been done 三个区分： Done & Bein
8、g done Done 已经被 Being done 正在被 Done & Having done Done & Having been done 已经被（通常可互换）过去分词更强调一种由始至终的动作，Having been done更强调分词的动作在谓语动词动作之前发生Eg11. English is a language spoken all over the world.Eg12. Having best shown to the library, we were taken to the restaurant.2)独立主格自己的 主语Eg13. She was standing beh
9、ind the door with a book in her hand.独立主格：（两大语法功能）a. 具有自己本身的逻辑主语，这个主语不是句子中真正的主语b. 独立主格构造在整个句子中充当状语句意 adj. adv.（With）+n.(逻辑主语)+将来 介词短语 不定式 Doing 主动 Done 被动Eg14. The job _A_, we went straight home. A. finished B. finishing C. had finished D. was finished（三） 七仙女七仙女非谓语主语宾语介词宾语宾语补足语状语定语表语不定式动名词分词逻辑主语本身通常
10、是句子本身主语通常是句子本身主语宾语句子本身主语所修饰的词通常是句子本身主语1) 作主语区分 Dong 更强调常常性、习惯性动作To do 更强调一次性动作& DoingTo do 转换Eg15. Smoking is harmful to our health.& It is / was+adj./n./done+for/of+sb/sth+to do（To do做真正主语）& It is / was+no good/use+doing2) 作宾语区分 & like/love/hate/prefer+to do+doing (To do更强调一次性动作；Doing更强调常常性、习惯性动作)
11、Eg16. I like dancing but I dont like to dance with you now. & (见例)To do 表将来， Doing 表事已做过To do 表将来 Eg17. RememberDoing 已做过的事 Forget Regret 方法二：讲故事法& Eg18. mean+to do/doing Stop/go on+to do/doing3) 作介词宾语区分& prep.+doingEg19. On being introduced to strangers British people often shake hands.&prep+疑问词+to
12、 doEg20. Xiaoqiang always gives me some advice on how to express my feelings.& Look forward to doing 渴望着做某事习惯于做某事Be used to doingBe accustomed to doingDevote oneself / ones life to doingCant help but do = Have to do& Used to do 过去习惯做某事（表示如今不干了） Am/is/are used to doing 如今习惯于做某事 Be used to do 被用来作为 Wa
13、s/were used to do 过去被用来做某事（不强调如今）4) 作宾语补足语区分& asksb to do sth.& 感官动词：see, look at, watch, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feelEg21. do 看见某人做某事（整个过程）See sb doing 看见某人正在做某事 being done 看见某人正在被 done 看见某人被& 使役动词“使”（共四个） Let, Get, Make, HaveEg22. Let sb do Get sb to do(主) / done(被) I cant
14、get the car start. Make sb do(主) / done(被) Be made to do Have to do / done Have sth to do 留意：区分have意思Eg23. Excuse me, where is Room 301/ Just a minute. Ill have Bob show you your room.5) 作状语区分句子， (状语) 非谓语动词 成分& 不定式作状语 通常表示目的、结果、程度 常译为“为了”& 分词作状语 通常表示伴随、条件、方式、缘由Eg24. Seeing from the FHS, weve got a w
15、onderful view.Eg25. The storm left, having caused a lot of damage to this area. 常用搭配：1. To tell you the truth, 2. tooto3. only to(通常引出意想不到的结果)4. Lift a stone only to drop on his own feet.5. enough to 足以6. generally speaking 通常状况下说7. judging from / by 6) 作定语区分 & 不定式，通常放在被修饰词之后，用来表示一次性或将来的动作 & 动名词，通常放
16、在被修饰词之前，用来表示被修饰词的性质、特征、用处& 分词，既可放在被修饰词之前，又可放在被修饰词之后，通常表示一个动作；如今分词表示主动或一种持续状态； 过去分词表被动，作表语区分系动词：Like, get, come, see, smell& 不定式通常具出名词性质，用来表示主语所具有的内容，更强调一次性或将来的动作& 动名词通常具出名词性质，用来表示主语所具有的内容，更强调常常性、习惯性动作& 分词 通常具有形容词性质，用来表示主语所具有的爱好和特性Eg26. My job is feeding / to feed pigs.名词性从句1.（Whoever comes here）know
17、s him. 2. We all know that he can fly.3. The news that he succeeded in the end is well-know.4. The problem is that he always eats a lot.5. We are sure (that) he will go to the moon to date Sister Change.一、通常由一个引导词引导的一个小句具出名词的性质，在整个大句中充当一个成分（主、宾、表、同位、补） 主语从句 宾语从句 同位语从句 表语从句 补语从句语时俱进引导词考点二、“猪头”不省1.引导词
18、分类引导词词形词义从句中充当的成分省略连接词That主、同位不行省；表、宾可省Whether是联想谐音记头法（千万孤独）If否连接代词特指（泛指）Who(ever)谁主、表Whom(ever)谁宾What(ever)什么主、宾、表Which(ever)哪一个主、宾、定Whose(ever)谁的定有选择项用“Which”,没有选择项用“What”“Whose”必需和后面名词同时省略连接副词When(ever)时间状语Where(ever)地点Why缘由How(ever)方式、程度Eg27. This is what I like.找查原则找从句 查成分vi.Eg28. This is where
19、 I runRunvi 析： S+谓（eg. I ran） S+谓+（介+宾）/状Eg 29. Mary wrote an article on (why the team had failed to win the match).2.语时俱进1）语序：疑问句在从句中要按正常语序排列（疑问词+S+谓）2）时态：要保持一样Whether及If & 主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中通常用Whether & 介词后，不定式前，通常用Whether & “Whether or not”及“If”不行互换 “Whetheror not”及“If”可互换4. 常见考点1） 主语从句 & 放在句前，主句谓语
20、动词用单数 & 固定搭配 It is / was +adj./n./done +that从句 & It seems /happens + that Eg30. Which way you turn is up to you.2） 表语从句正如 似乎似乎 因为 As As if As though Because虚拟语气Eg31. He looks as if he were drunk.& The reason is /was + that& It is /was + the reason + why (定语从句) & It / That / This + is /was + Because
21、那是因为 Why 那就是的缘由Eg32. It is because he has just broken up with his girl friend.3） 宾语从句 & S + vt. + OS + vi. + prep + OS + v (tell, teach, give, show, make, send) + O + OEg33. Our thoughts make us what we are. 思想塑造人& S + 谓 + it + adj. + that从句/to do & 疑 + do you think /suppose + 从句主语 + 从句谓语 + 其它 & 客观真
22、理一般如今时4） 同位语从句 & 通常由that引导，放在某些固定的名词（plan, idea, news, fact, hope）之后 & n.= that (同位语从句用来说明说明前面的名词所具有的内容) Eg34. The news that she had received the flowers was true.(同位语从句) The news that she had heard was true.(定语从句)关系代词关系副词ThatWhyWhichWhereWhoWhenWhom(But)WhoseAs定语从句Eg35. I saw a flying pig in the sk
23、y. I saw a pig which was flying in the sky.一 关系代词&关系副词 “三板斧”原则1. 砍逗号That, but, why不引导非限制性定语从句2. 砍先行词（人、物、时间、地点、缘由）3. 砍成份（定语从句中缺少的成分主语、宾语、介词宾语、状语、定语）分类引导词词形先行词从句中充当的成分范围关系代词Who人（含人名）拟人的物all, those等,指人时集合名词表个体时（people, police, team, class, enemy, committee, group）1. 主语2. 宾语（口语中）限&非限Whom（同上）1. 宾语（可省略）2
24、. 介词宾语限&非限 prep + whom, whom不行省略 prep +whom, whom可以省略ThatEg. The girl that /- /whom I wrote a letter to is1. 人2. 物3. 人和物（sb.+sth.）4. 不定代词5. 先行词被最高级序数词（only, very, all, few, many, much, little等）修饰1. 主语2. 宾语（可省）3. 介词宾语 prep不能放在that前且可以省略限Which1. 物2. 集合名词表物3. 句子4. 不明性别的婴儿1. 主语2. 宾语(可省)3. 介词宾语限&非限prep +
25、 which, 介词宾语不行省prep + which,介词宾语可省Whose1. 人2. 物定语限&非限 必需和后面的名词同时出现 Whose = n.+ of + whom /whichEg The Northern Island is famous for the area of hot spring, some of which are throwinto the sky.Eg. New Zealand has population of about 3.1 million people of which 14 percent are Maoris.关系代词或关系副词要尽量靠近先行词B
26、utEg. Theres nobody but has his faults.1. 人2. 物主句变否认句But = who not= that not主语限AsAs we all know /expectSuch /That + n. + thatAs often happens1. 人2. 物3. 整句1. 主语2. 宾语3. 表语4. 状语限&非限 As VS Which1. Which 不能放在整句句首2. As 要多译一个“正如”关系副词Where=prep + which1. 地点2. 时间3. 缘由状语限&非限When=prep + which1. 地点2. 时间3. 缘由状语限
27、&非限Why=for which1. 地点2. 时间3. 缘由状语限二 定从中的主谓一样定从中的谓语动词取决于先行词（先行词为单数，谓语动词为单数）1. which & as 若替代整个句子的句意，则定从中的谓语动词用单数2. 若先行词为one of the + n.(pl.), 则谓语动词用复数；若先行词为the only one of the + n.(pl.), 则谓语动词用单数三 “限制性定语从句”及“非限制性定语从句”的区分Eg36. Xiao Qiang, who lives in Beijing, is my brother. Xiao Qiang who lives in Be
28、ijing is my brother.1.“，”逗号2. 限制性定语从句只能用来限制、修饰先行词，不能省略，通常放在先行词前，及主句译为一句；非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用，通常可省略，翻译时及主句译为两句。3. Which & As 在引导限制性定语从句时，只能用来替代先行词词义；引导非限制性定语从句时，还可替代整个句子的句意。状语从句（时间、地点、缘由、让步、条件、方式、目的、结果、比拟）比方让木（目）条原地开花结果实（时）根本不考（一） 比拟状语从句 “三要”：AS之间要原形, （“asas”构造，中间加adj./adv.原形） 比拟对象要对立， eg. YY likes dogs m
29、ore than I (do).eg. ZZ sings better than anyone else in our department.Anyone elseAny other + n.(单) The other + n.(pl.)The others THAN后主宾要分清 （二） 方式状语从句 As正如，像似乎，似乎 As if As though（三） 让步状语从句1. Though /All though /Even if /Even though /While 后面不加“but”,“however” ;可以出现yet, still, nevertheless2. Whatever
30、 =No matter what, 引导名词性从句时不行交换，引导状语从句时可以交换。3. Adj.+ as /though +S + FAdv.Article +n.VerbEg37. Ugly as I am, I am tender.（四） 目的状语从句 In order that So that Sothat（五） 条件状语从句(条件状语从句中不能用将来时)1. if 主将从现2. unless = ifnot 除非3. as long as 只要在条件下provided thatproviding thaton condition that（六） 缘由状语从句 Seeing that
31、 Considering that In that 因为（引导缘由状语从句）（七） 地点状语从句 Wherever, Where, Anywhere, Everywhere Eg38. People dont lack strength they lack will.（八） 结果状语从句1. so +adj./adv. + thatso many /few /much /little +n. +thatso +adj. +a /an +n. +that2. such +n. + thatsuch + a lot of +n. +thatsuch a /an +adj. +n.+ that（九）
32、 时间状语从句1. When, While, As突然 然而 伴随2. before & after3. as soon as 可用在任何时态=hardly had done when did=scarcely had done when did=no sooner had done when didEg39. The students had hardly seen me when they ran off. Hardly had the students seen me when they ran off.情态动词完全情态动词：can / could, may / might, will
33、/ would, hall / should, must, ought to半情态动词: need, doneEg27. Can 本义：可以；推想：可能 Cant 本义：不能；推想：不行能虚拟语气通常提出一种不行能存在的假设或及事实相反的假设& 对如今:If+did, S+would / should / could / might+do& 对将来： If+did, S+would / should / could / might+do If+were to do / should do, S+would / should / could / might+do& 对过去：If+had done
34、, S+ would / should / could / might+have done虚拟语气中的被动此一律用Was情态动词专题根底学问（一）情态动词的定义情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的看法。（二）情态动词的特点1）有确定词义；2）不受主语人称和数的改变影响；3）及主要动词的原形（或称不带to的不定式）一起构成谓语（除ought to作固定词组对待）。（三）情态动词的根本用法1. can (could)1）表示实力，could主要指过去时间。Two eyes can see more than one. 两只眼比一只眼看得清。Could the girl read before sh
35、e went to school 这女孩上学前能识字吗？2）表示可能（理论上或是逻辑推断上）。The temperature can fall to 60, that is 60 below freezing.气温可降至60，也就是零下60。He cant (couldnt) have enough money for a new car.他不行能有足够的钱买新You mustnt smoke while youre walking around in the wood. You could start a fire.在林子里走时勿吸烟，那样可能会引起火灾。3）表示允许。Can I have
36、a look at your new pen 我可以看一看你的新钢笔吗？He asked whether he could take the book out of the readingroom.他问他可不行以把书带出阅览室。4）表惊异、疑心、不信任等看法。主要用于否认句、疑问句或感慨句中。Where can (could) they have gone to 他们会去哪儿了呢？He cant (couldnt) be over sixty. 他不行能超过六十岁。How can you be so careless 你怎么这么马虎？5）比拟委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。Can (Could)
37、 you lend me a hand 帮我一把好吗？Im afraid we couldnt give you an answer today.生怕我们今日不能给你答复。2. may (might)1）表允许，might可以指过去时间，也可指如今时间，语气更委婉。You may take whatever you like. 你喜爱什么就拿什么。He told me that I might smoke in the room. 他告知我可以在房间里抽烟。May (Might) I ask for a photo of your baby 我可以要一张你宝宝的照片吗？在答复以may引起的问句
38、时，多避开用这个词，而用其它方式，如Yes, please. / Certainly. / Please dont ./ Youd better not. / No, you mustnt.等，以免显得太严峻或不客气。2）表可能（事实上）。可以指过去时间，也可以指如今时间，但语气更加不愿定。He may be at home. 他可能在家。She may not know about it. 她可能不知道这件事。He was afraid they might not agree with him.他担忧他们可能不同意他的意见。They might be having a meeting, b
39、ut Im not sure.他们有可能在开会，不过我不愿定。3. must1）表示义务。意为“必需”（主观意志）。We must do everything step by step. 我们一切都必需按部就班地做。You mustnt talk to her like that. 你不行能那样对她说话。-Must we hand in our exercisebooks now 我们如今就要交练习本吗？-No, you neednt. / No, you dont have to.不必。（这种状况下，一般不用mustnt）2）表示揣测。意为“想必、准是、确定”等，只用于确定句。He must
40、 be ill. He looks so pale. 他准是病了。他的脸色苍白。Shes wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money. 她戴着钻石项链，确定很有钱。4. shall1）表征询意见，用于第一、第三人称疑问句。Shall I get you some tea 我给你点茶好吗？Shall the boy wait outside让那男孩在外面等吗？What shall we do this evening 我们今晚做什么？2）表说话人的意愿，有“吩咐、承诺、警告、决心”等意思，用于第二、第三人称陈述句。You shall do as I say. 按我说的做。（吩咐）You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答复。（承诺）He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you.有一天他会懊悔的，我告知你。（警告）Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan.什么也不能阻挡我们执行这项安排。（决心）5. will1）表意愿，用于各种人称陈述句。I wi