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1、石油钻井设备根底学问培训Drilling equipments basic knowledge training成功油田 新耐捷目 录Content一， 钻井工艺根本学问 Drilling basic knowledge二， 钻机类型及组成 Rig type and composition三， 动力系统 Power system四，旋转系统 Rotating system五，提升系统 Hoisting system六，循环固控系统 Circulating System七，井控系统 Well Control System一. 钻井施工根本学问石油钻井：是指利用专用设备和技术，在预先选定的地表位置
2、处，向下或一侧钻出肯定直径的孔眼，始终到达地下油气层的工作。Oil drilling: To drill certain diameter holes down or side to underground reservoir in pre-selected location using specialized equipment and technology. 钻井方法的开展：1人工掘井：1521年之前。2人力冲击钻：15211835年，是靠人力, 捞砂筒, 特别钻头, 悬绳, 游梁等来完成的。3机械顿钻冲钻：18591901年，靠机械冲击作用破岩，破岩和清岩相间进展。4旋转钻：1901年开
3、展起来的，旋转钻井是靠动力带动钻头旋转，在旋转的过程中对井底岩石进展破裂，同时循环钻井液以清洁井底的钻井方法。旋转钻井又分为转盘钻井, 井下动力钻具钻井, 顶部驱动旋转钻井。History of drilling: (1) Manual drilling (dug well by hands): before the year of 1521. (2) Manual impact drill: between the year of 1521 to 1835, drill holes by hand, bailer, special bits, hanging rope and beam, e
4、tc. 3) Mechanical percussion drilling (chopping drilling): between the year of 1859 to 1901, an earlier method of drilling used before the introduction of modern rotary methods. The bit used to break rock was not rotated but reciprocated by means of a strong wire rope. Rock breaking and cuttings cle
5、aring are conducted by turn. (4) Rotary drilling: developed in the year of 1901; to break rocks by power driven rotating bit and clean well by circulating drilling fluid. Rotary drilling includes rotary table drilling, downhole power drilling and top-drive rotary drilling. 钻井施工工序Drilling procedures
6、钻井就是利用钻机设备及破岩工具破裂地层形成井筒的工艺过程，目地是进展地质评价, 发觉油气藏, 开发油气藏。 Drilling is the process of breaking formation by rig and rock-breaking tools to conduct geological evaluation, search for oil and gas reservoirs and develop oil and gas reservoirs. 施工工序:钻进洗井接单根起下钻完钻.Procedures： Drilling ahead clean hole make up a
7、 joint round trip finishing drilling .开钻前施工Work prior to spudding1, 定井位 1. Well locaton2, 道路勘察2. Road survey3, 根底施工3. Foundation construction4, 搬家4. Move camp 固井就是向井内下入肯定尺寸的套管串，并在其四周注入水泥浆，把套管固定到井壁上，防止井壁坍塌。 Cementation is the process of placement of liquid slurry of cement and water outside the casin
8、g run in the hole. It helps to fix casing to borehole wall against collapse. 施工工序：下套管至预定深度装水泥头循环泥浆接地面管线打隔离液注水泥顶胶塞替泥浆碰压注水泥完毕候凝。 Procedures: run casing to scheduled depth Pick up cementing head. Circulate mud , Connecting ground pipeline Pump spacer Cement Pump down the plug Displace cementing Bump pl
9、ug Complete cementing Wait on cement .5, 安装设备5. Equipment installation钻井施工6, 一次开钻Primary spudding7, 二次开钻Secondary spudding8, 钻进Drill ahead9, 起钻Pull out10, 换钻头 Change bit11, 下钻Run in hole完井施工Well completion12, 完井电测 Completion log13, 下套管固井 Run casing for well cementation 导管Conductor ：用于将钻井液引到固控设备上，深度一
10、般为10米以内。一般在钻前打算时完成。To conduct drilling fluids to control equipments. The depth normally less than 10 meters. Generally completed prior to spudding.表层套管(surface casing)：其作用是封隔地表局部的易塌, 易漏地层和水层，安装第二次开钻的井口装置，限制井喷。其下入深度，依据地表局部松软的易塌, 易漏地层和水层的深度而定。一般在100米左右。To isolate easy collapse and leaky formation and
11、water layer of surface, and be used for installing wellhead equipment for secondary spudding to prevent blowout. Its running depth depends on depth of strata likely to leak or collapse and water layer of surface. Its running depth is normally about 100 m. 技术套管(intermediate casing)：用于封隔用泥浆难以限制的困难地层；无
12、法堵塞的严峻漏失层；非目的层的油气层；压力相差悬殊油, 气, 水层等。To isolate formation hard to be isolated by cementation, leakage formation unable to be blocked and nontarget hydrocarbon reservoir as well as oil layer, gas layer and water layer with great pressure differential.油层套管(oil-string casing)：用于以把不同压力和不同性质的油, 气, 水层分割开来，建
13、立一条油, 气流至地面的通道，保证能长期生产，满意合理开采油, 气和增产措施的要求。油层套管的下深依据目的层的深度和不同的完井方法而定To separate oil layer, gas layer and water layer with different pressure and properties, establish a pass way for oil and gas, guarantee long term production and meet the requirement of reasonably exploit reservoir and measures to in
14、crease production. The running depth depends on the depth of target formation and the different ways for well completion. 三，钻机类型及组成Rig types and components 组成：石油钻机主要由动力机, 传动机, 工作机及协助设备组成。一般有八大系统起升系统, 旋转系统, 钻井液循环系统, 传动系统, 限制系统, 动力驱动系统, 钻机底座, 钻机协助设备系统，具备起下钻实力, 旋转钻进实力, 循环洗井实力。The engine, transmission s
15、ystem, operating machine and all associated equipment required to drill a well, including eight systems: the elevator system, the rotating system, the drilling fluid circulating system, the transmission system, the control system, the driven system, the rig base and auxiliaries with capacity of trip
16、ping, rotary drilling and cleaning holes by circulating mud. 类型：依据钻井深度分为浅井钻机, 中深井钻机, 深井钻机，依据驱动方式分为机械驱动钻机, 电驱动钻机，依据搬迁方式分为撬装钻机和车装钻机。Divided into three types: shallow well rig, medium depth well rig, deep well rig according to different drilling depth ; divided into two types: mechanical driven rig and
17、 electric driven rig according to different driven way.; divided into two types: skid-mounted rig and truck mounted rig according to different moving way. 机械驱动钻机类型及特点Mechanical driven rig types and features现状：目前机械驱动石油钻机主要为链条钻机，采纳链条作为主传动副，24台柴油机 变矩器驱动机组，用多排小节距套筒滚子链条并车，统一驱动各工作机组，一般仍用胶带传动钻井泵。Current si
18、tuation: Mechanical driven rigs nowadays are mainly chain transmission rigs using chain transmission pair driven by two to four paralleled diesel engines with torque converter and several rows of small pitch sleeve roller chains together. Tape transmission also used to drive drilling pump. 类型：机械驱动钻机
19、是指以柴油机为动力，通过液力变矩器, 链条, 齿轮, 三角胶带等不同组合的传动形式所驱动的钻机，主要包括齿轮传动, 胶带传动和链条传动三种形式，具有制造便利本钱低的特点。Type: Mechanical driven rig is a diesel powered rig driven by various combinations of hydraulic torque converter, chains, gears, triangle tapes. It has three transmission ways: gear transmission ,tape transmission a
20、nd chain transmission .It has features such as convenient manufacturing and low cost. 大庆130钻机传动示意图Drive diagram of DAQING 130 rig 电驱动钻机类型及特点Types and features of electric driven rigs类型：电驱动钻机包括直流电机驱动和沟通变频电机驱动两种形式。 电驱动钻机具有传动柔软, 调速性能好, 操作便利敏捷, 模块体积小, 安装移运便利, 牢靠性高, 噪音小, 污染小, 节能等特点。Type: Electric driven
21、rig includes two types: DC motor driven rig and AC variable frequency motor driven rig. Electric driven rig has features such as soft transmission, good speed performance, flexible operation, small module, convenient installation and movement, high reliability, low noise, little pollution and energy
22、-saving. 沟通变频电机驱动：沟通变频钻机那么是采纳AC-VFD-AC方式，通过VFD电传动限制系统将柴油发电机组所发出的电力变为变频可调的电流，采纳沟通变频器驱动无碳刷沟通变频电机。AC variable frequency motor driven rig: Adopt AC-VFD-AC system which transforms AC power generated by paralleled diesel generator into adjustable AC and drives brushless AC variable frequency motor through
23、 AC inverter. 旋转钻井钻机动力系统Power system旋转系统Rotating system提升系统Hoisting system循环系统Circulating System井控系统Well Control system旋转钻井系统Rotating system四，动力系统(Power system)柴油机 (Diesel engine)发电机 (Generator)传动机构 (Drive compound)机械传动 (Mechanical power transmission)柴油机-电传动 (Diesel electric power transmission)五，旋转系
24、统(Rotating system)转盘 (Rotary Table) The main component of the rotating machine which turns the drillstring. It has a bevelled gear mechanism to create the rotation and an opening into which bushings are fitted.转盘方补心 Master Bushing) A sleeve which fits into and protects the rotary table and accommoda
25、tes the slips and drives the kelly bushing.方补心 (Kelly Bushing) A device which fits into the rotary table and through which the Kelly passes. The rotation of the table is transmitted via the kelly bushing to the kelly itself. Sometimes called the drive bushing. 方钻杆 (Kelly) The heavy square or hexagon
26、al steel pipe which runs through the rotary table and is used to rotate the drillstring. 钻柱 (Drill string) The string of drill pipe with tool joints which transmits rotation and circulation to the drill bit. Sometimes used to include both drill collars and drill pipe. 钻头 (Bit) The cutting element at
27、 the bottom of the drillstring, used for boring through the rock.转盘构造图Rotary table structure chart 转盘是用来承托管柱重量，供应扭矩和转速。转盘实质上相当于一个特别构造的角传动减速器，主要由箱体, 转台, 主轴承, 副轴承, 齿圈, 输入轴总成, 锁紧装置, 方瓦, 箱盖等局部组成。 Rotary table is the main component of the rotating machine which turns the drillstring. It has a bevelled ge
28、ar mechanism to create the rotation and an opening into which bushings are fitted. It is used to support column weight, provide torque and speed and it essentially an angle speed reducer of special structure .it includes shell, main bearings, vice bearings, ring gear, input shaft assembly, locking d
29、evice, master bushing and cover, etc. 钻柱及组成 Drill string and its compositionThe string of drill pipe with tool joints which transmits rotation and circulation to the drill bit. Sometimes used to include both drill collars and drill pipe.钻头(Rock Bit) The cutting element at the bottom of the drillstri
30、ng, used for boring through the rock.六，起升系统(Hoisting system)井架Derrick) A large load-bearing structure from which the hoisting system and therefore the drillstring is suspended.绞车Draw works) The large winch on the rig which is used to raise or lower the drill string into the well. 钢丝绳 (Wire rope, fas
31、t line, dead line) Fastline: the end of the drilling line which is attached to the drum of the draw works. Deadline that part of the drilling line between the crown block and the deadline anchor. This line remains stationary as the travelling block is hoisted.天车 Crown block ) An assembly of sheaves
32、or pulleys mounted on beams at the top of the derrick over which the drilling line is reeved.游动滑车 (Traveling Block) An arrangement of pulleys through which the drilling line is reeved, thereby allowing the drillstring to be raised or lowered.大钩 Hook) The large component attached to the traveling blo
33、ck from which the drill stem is suspended via the swivel.绞车构造及原理Winch( draw works) structure and working mechanism 绞车是钻机的起升设备，主要用于起下钻具, 下套管，限制钻压, 送进钻具及起放井架等功能。一般包括滚筒轴, 猫头轴, 传动制动机构, 润滑机构及壳体等组成，按轴娄分为单轴, 双轴, 三轴及多轴绞车，按滚筒数分为单滚筒和多滚筒绞车。Winch is the hoisting equipment on the rig, which is mainly used for ro
34、und trip, running casing, WOB control, sending tools and lifting and laying down derrick, etc. It generally includes roller shaft, cathead shaft, transmission and brake system, lubrication system and housing etc. It is divided into uniaxial, biaxial, triaxial, and multiaxial winch according to numbe
35、r of axle and divided into single drum winch and multi-drum winch according to number of drums. 钻机绞车工作示意图Winch working diagram大钩构造及工作原理Hook structure and working mechanism大钩是起升钻具的重要设备，由钩身, 杆, 筒体, 提环, 止推轴承及弹簧组成，钩身能转动，钩口和侧构设有闭锁装置。大钩有缓冲减震装置，大钩和游车合为一体，称为游钩，是目前运用的主要形式。Hook is an important component for l
36、ifting drill stem, which includes hook, rod, body, lift ring, thrust bearing and spring. Hook itself can rotate. Hook mouth and side hook have locking device. Hook has buffer and damping function. The hook and the traveling block together known as combination hook-block which is commonly used nowada
37、ys. 游车, 天车构造及工作原理Structure and working mechanism of crownblock and traveling block天车是安装在井架顶部的定滑轮组，游车是在井架内部上下作往复运动的动滑轮组，主要由滑轮, 滑轮轴, 轴承, 轴承座及支架组成。Crownblock is an assembly of sheaves or pulleys mounted on beams at the top of the derrick over which the drilling line is reeved .Traveling block is an arr
38、angement of pulleys through which the drilling line is reeved. , thereby allowing the drillstring to be raised or lowered. It includes pulleys, pulley shaft, bearings, bearing pedestal and bracket. 七，循环固控系统Circulating solid control system)泥浆泵Mud pump) A large reciprocating pump used tocirculate thed
39、rilling fluid down the well. Both duplex and triplex pumps are used with replaceable liners. Mud pumps are also called slush pumps.立管(Standpipe) A heavy wall pipe attached to one of the legs of the derrick. It conducts high pressure mud from the pumps to the rotary hose.水龙头(Swivel) A component which
40、 is suspended from the hook. It allows mud to flow from the rotary hose through the swivel to the kelly while the drillstring is rotating.方钻杆(Kelly) The heavy square or hexagonal steel pipe which runs through the rotary table and is used to rotate the drillstring. 钻柱(Drill stem) Used in place of dri
41、llstring in some locations. Describes all the drilling components from the swivel down to the bit.环空(Annulus) The space between the drillstring and open hole or drillstring and cased hole in the wellbore.出口管线(Flow line)A trough or pipe through which the mud being circulated up the annulus is transfe
42、rred from the top of the wellbore to the shale shakers. 振动筛(Shale shaker)A series of trays with vibrating screens which allow the mud to pass through but retain the cuttings. The mesh must be chosen carefully to match the size of the solids in the mud.除气器(Degasser)A piece of equipment used to remove
43、 unwanted gas from the drilling mud.除砂器(Desander) A hydrocyclone used to remove sand from the drilling mud.除泥器(Desilter) A hydrocyclone used to remove fine material (silt size) from the drilling mud.泥浆罐 (Mud pit) :The mud pit from which mud is drawn into the mud pumps for circulating down the hole.钻井液固控系统及机具Solid control system概念:钻井液固相限制就是要去除钻井液中的有害固相，保存有用固相，以满意钻井工艺对钻井液性能的要求。钻井液固相限制系统就是全部用于钻井液固相限制设备的总称。Concept: Drilling fluid solid control is to remove harmful sol