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1、自考英语语法(电子书)第一篇 句法类一、表语从句 1定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。2构成：关联词+简洁句3引导表语从句的关联词的种类：(1) 附属连词that。如：The trouble is that I have lost his address.费事是我把他的地址丢了。(2) 附属连词whether, as, as if。如：He looked just as he had looked ten years before.他看起来还与十年前一样。The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。注：附属
2、连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如：All this was over twenty years ago, but its as if it was only yesterday.这都是20多年前的事了，但犹如昨天一样。能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。如：It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词 where, when, how, why。
3、如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去交换她呢。The question is how he did it.问题是他是如何做此事的。That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。说明：1连词because可引导表语从句。如：I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。2在一些表示“建议、劝告、吩咐”的名词后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。shoul
4、d+动词原形表示，should可省略。如：My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就动身。二、主语从句 1定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。2构成：关联词+简洁句3引导主语从句的关联词有三类：(1) 附属连词that。 如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相像。(2) 附属连词whether。如：Whether hell come h
5、ere isnt clear.他是否会来这里还不清晰。(3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词 where, when, how, why。如：What she did is not yet known.她干了什么尚不清晰。How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清晰。Whoever comes is welcome.不管谁来都欢送。Wherever you are is my home - my only home. 你在的任
6、何地方就是我的家-我唯一的家。说明：1主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有：A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如：It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成果会很好。It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告知她了。B. It+b
7、e+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that从句。如：Its a pity that we cant go. 很缺憾我们不能去。Its no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场竞赛真意外。C. It+be+过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)+that从句。如：It is said that Mr. Gr
8、een has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.据报道中国又胜利地放射了一颗人造地球卫星。D.It+seem, happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。如：It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice好像不来参与晚会。It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。E.It+doe
9、snt matter (makes no difference, etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如：It doesnt matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区分。F.当that引导的主语从句出如今疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week 下周那位科学家将给我
10、们作报告是真的吗？Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow 他们明天不来很要紧吗？G. 当主语从句出如今感慨句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子们这么宁静真惊异！2留意连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever等引导主语从句的含义Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 来的人将受到欢送。Whatever he did wa
11、s right. (whatever=the thing that)他所做的事情是正确的。Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who) 你们当中不管哪个进来将会得到嘉奖。三、宾语从句 1定义：用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。2构成：关联词+简洁句3引导宾语从句的关联词有三类：(1) 附属连词that。如：He told us that he felt ill.他对我们说他感到不舒适。I know he has returned.我知道他已经回来了。注： that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何状
12、况下都可以省略。在以下状况下，that不能省略。1Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and连接两个宾语从句，that宾语从句放在and的后面时，that不能省略。)大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道Tom特别胆怯。2I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。)对他我一窍不通，只知道他是南方人。3That he ever said such a thing I simply don
13、t believe. (that从句位于句首时，that不行省略。)我简直不信任他曾说过这样的话。4We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. (主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不行省略。)鉴于他的特殊状况，我们确定应允他一段试用期。(2)附属连词if/whether。如：I doubt whether he will succeed.我疑心他是否会胜利。I dont know if you can help me.我不知
14、道你能否扶植我。(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词 where, when, how, why。如：Who or what he was, Martin never learned.他是什么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知道。I wonder what hes writing to me about.我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。Ill tell you why I asked you to come. 我会告知你我为什么要你来。You may do what you will.你可做任何你
15、想做的事。(1) 介词宾语从句宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如：He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.他对那天发生的事感到很不快。I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。I am curious as to what he will say.我很想知道他要说什么。Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.你是否胜利将主要取决于你做什么与怎样做。有时介词可以省略。如：I dont care (
16、for) who marries him.我不管谁跟他结婚。Be careful (as to) how you do that.你要留意做这件事的方式。说明：1假设宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。如：We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.我们认为小王昨天没来是惊异的。He has made it clear that he will not give in.他已说明他不会屈从。2作介词的宾语：连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except, but, in后。其
17、他一些介词的宾语从句假设由连词that引导，则需用it先行一步，作形式宾语。如：He is a good student except that he is careless.他是一个好学生，只是有点马虎。You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以希望我会扶植你的。介词宾语不行以用which来引导，而要用what来引导。如：Are you sorry for what youve done你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗？3某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy,
18、 afraid, surprised, satisfied等，连词that可省略。如：I am not sure what I ought to do.我不能确定我该做什么。Im afraid you dont understand what I said.唯恐你没领悟我说的意思。Im surprised that I didnt see all that before.我好惊异，我以前没看到过。Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到兴奋。4连词whether (or not)或if引导
19、的宾语从句if与whether引导的宾语从句可以互换运用，但whether常与or not连用，if一般不与or not连用。如：I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。用if引导宾语从句假设会引起歧义，应避开运用if而用wheter。试比拟：Please let me know if you want to go.Please let me know whether you want to go.if从句可理解为宾语从句，意为“请告知我你是否想去”；此句又可理解为条件状语从句意为“假设你想去的话，请告知我一声”。5宾语从句的否认转移。在thi
20、nk, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否认意思，却不用否认形式，而将think等动词变为否认形式。如：I dont think you are right. 我认为你错了。I dont believe they have finished their work yet. 我信任他们还未完成他们的工作。I dont suppose he cares, does he 我想他不在意，是吗？6宾语从句的时态变更规律：(1) 当主句是一般如今时态时，从句可依据需要用任何时态。(2) 当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能运用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理
21、除外。如：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说地球围着太阳运行。四、同位语从句 1定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。2用法：同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，关联词多用附属连词that。如：They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。Where did you get the idea that I
22、 could not come你在哪儿听说我不能来？Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。注：同位语从句间或由附属连词whether引导。如：I have no idea whether hell come or not. 我不知道他是否来。连接代词who, which, what与连接副词where, when, why, how亦可引导同位语从句。The question who should do the work requires conside
23、ration.谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有确定。It is a question how he did it.那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。说明：1that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区分that引导的同位语从句句法功能上that只起连接从句的作用，无意义。在从句中不充当句子成分。不行省。that引导的定语从句that替代先行词在从句中不仅起连接作用，还充当一个句子成分。如在从句中作动词的宾
24、语时可省略。意义上从句是被修饰名词的内容。从句起限定作用，是定语如：The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位语从句，that不行省。)李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定语从句，that在从句中作told的宾语，可省。)他昨天告知我的消息是真的。2一些表示“建议、吩咐、要求”的名词后所跟的同位语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气should+动词原形表示。should可省。如：This is our only r
25、equest that this (should) be settled as soon as possible.这就是我们唯一的恳求：尽快解决这个问题。测试：A.用适当的连接词填空：1It worried her a bit her hair was turning gray.2.I have no idea we can do with these waste materials.3. the doctor really doubts is my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.4. It is hoped nature
26、will never be destroyed.5. do you guess will give a talk on English tomorrow6. - I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. - Is that you had a few days off7. Word came I was wanted at the office.8.Do you know of them will be our new headmaster9.The teacher didnt tell me we were wrong.10. Its gen
27、erally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants.B. 单项选择：1 It was true Alice did surprised her mother. A. that B. what C. that, what D. what, that2. Does matter much he cant come to the meeting. A. it, if B. that, if C. it, whether D. this, whether3. -What are you anxious about - . A. How ca
28、n we succeed B. Whether we can succeed C. When can we succeed D. That we can succeed4. The reason the little actress has been such a success is she is both clever and hard-working. A. why, why B. why, that C. that, becauseD. for, because5. leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. A. Who B.
29、 Whoever C. Anyone D. The person6. I really dont know _ I had this photo taken.A. where it was that B. it was that C. where it was D. it was why7.Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge. I cant remember . A. where B. there C. which D. that8.-What do you think of China - different life is tod
30、ay from it used to be. A. How, whatB. What, what C. How, that D. What, that9. Give this to you think can do the work well. A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever10. troubles me is I cant learn all these English idioms by heart. A. That, that B. What, what C. That, what D. What, that答案: A. 1. that 2.
31、what 3. what, whether 4. that 5. who 6. why 7. that 8. which 9. where 10. whateverB. 15CABBB 610ACACD五、 定语从句 （一）定义及相关术语1定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。2先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。 关系词有关系代词与关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有when, where, why等。 关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句
32、；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如： The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.该句中，who isshaking hands with my father 是定语从句，修饰先行词the man， “who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。（二）关系代词引导的定语从句1who指人，在定语从句中作主语。The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。Those who want t
33、o go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 想去博物馆的人必需在明晨7点到大门口集合。 Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我扶植了一位迷路的老人。 That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。2whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。 Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. 刘先生
34、就是你们在公共汽车上议论的那个人。Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 李明正是我想要见的男孩。 The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已经来了。 The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor. 老师常常表扬的那个女孩是我们的班长。 留意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。 The man ( whom / who )you met just now
35、 is my old friend.3Which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所宠爱的运动。The factory which makes computers is far away from here. 制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 他宠爱外国作家写的书。The house which is by the lake looks nice.
36、 湖边的那幢房子看上去很美丽。This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的钢笔。The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。4That 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one
37、million. 每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning 我今日早上看到的那个人在哪儿？The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. 你介绍给我的那个人很友好。The season that / which comes after spring is summer. 春天以后的季节是夏季。Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia. 昨天我收到了一封来自澳大
38、利亚的信。5Whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我探望了一个全国知名的科学家。He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸当医生的挚友。I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。留意：指物时，常用下列构造来代替：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be
39、 repaired.The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.Do you like the book whose cover is yellowDo you like the book the cover of which is yellow（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.The school in which he
40、 once studied is very famous.他曾经就读过的学校很知名。Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine for which you asked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterda
41、y. 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。Well go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.我们将去听那位我们常常议论的著名歌颂家演唱。The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.The manager in whose c
42、ompany I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.我工作的那家公司的经理特别留意改善我们的工作条件。留意： 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) 这是我正在找的手表。This is the watch for which I am looking . (误)The babies (whom / who
43、/ that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正)那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很安康。The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. （误）若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不行用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不行用that。关系代词是全部格时用whose。The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正)你刚刚跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。The man wi
44、th that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误)The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正)我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒适。The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (误)“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。如：He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 他深深地爱着他的父母，他们俩待他都很好。In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. 篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. 我们班总共有个学生，大多数来自大城市。Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of