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1、1、1994年Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (
2、71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (72) In short , a leader of the new school contends, the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention
3、 and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions. (73)Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology alg
4、ues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.The centerpiece of the argument of a techn
5、ology-yes , genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. (74) Galileo s greatest
6、glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of ma
7、chinery for making eyeglasses . Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. (75)Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.精致译文新
8、学派的科学家认为，技术是扩大科学学问的范围中被无视的力气。（71）他们说，科学的开展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改良了的技术与工具等等更为一般的东西。（72）新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说:“简言之，我们所称谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改良、独创与运用，这些改良、独创与运用使科学开展的范围无所不与。（73）工具与技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家与科学思想家们无视了。为技术而欢呼的现代学派争论说，像伽利略、牛顿、麦克斯威尔、爱因斯坦这样的科学大师与像爱迪生这样的独创家特别重视科学试验中能运用的各种不同的工艺信息与技术装置并从中受益匪浅。鼓吹技术第一、天才第
9、二的论据的核心是分析了科学革命初期伽利略的作用。那时的聪慧才智取自第二世纪的天文学家托勒密;了细心创立的太空体系把地球置于全部天体运动的中心。（74）伽利略的最光芒的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新独创的望远镜对准天空，以证明行星是围绕太阳旋转，而不是围绕地球。但是，在新学派科学家看来，这件事中真正重要的因素是制造镜片的机械长期以来不断的改良与开展。联邦政府的政策必定要卷入到技术与天才之争中去。（75）政府原委是以削减对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力气。题目解析：(71 ) 、Science moves forward, they say
10、, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.构造分析：宾语从句的主句Science / moves forward, / 主句 插入构造they say, / 并列构造1 not so much 缘由状语构造through / 多重定语the insights / of great men / of genius / 并列构造2 as 缘由状语构造because of / more o
11、rdinary things / 举例like / improved techniques and tool.词义推敲：move forward：向前开展。they say：间接引语作插入构造前置。they：指代the new school of scientists技巧：单复数对应：according to saynot so much. as. 是as as （与一样多）的否认形式，理解为：“与其倒不如”。through因为技巧：not so much. as是个并列构造，也就是说so与as后面应当两个词的意思应当一样，所以多义介词through的意思应当等于because of因为，由于
12、。the insights / of great men / of genius：天才伟人的真知灼见。多重后置定语后浪推前浪，从后往前翻译。insights：the capacity to discern the true nature of a situation; penetration 洞察力；心智的敏锐真知灼见，远见卓识genius：天才more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool这是构造是介词like短语做定语修饰中心词more ordinary things，也是先翻译定语，再翻译中心词：像改良了的技术与工具等更为一般
13、的东西。like：such as参考译文：新学派科学家们说，科学之所以开展，与其说是因为天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说是因为像改良了的技术与工具等更为一般的东西。得分重点：插入构造，并列构造，缘由状语构造(72)、 In short , a leader of the new school contends, the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of
14、science in innumerable directions. 构造分析：干脆引语作宾语从句 介词短语作状语“In short,” / 主句a leader / of the new school / contends, / “干脆引语中的主语the scientific revolution, / 插入构造as we call it, 干脆引语中的谓语/ was largely / 多重定语the improvement and invention and use of / a series of / instruments / 定语从句 主语that / 谓语expanded / t
15、he reach / of science / 介词短语作方式状语in innumerable direction.”词义推敲：in short 简而言之a leader of the new school contends：新学派的一位指导人物说/认为school学派。contend：to maintain or assert 主见或声称the scientific revolution：科学革命revolution：A sudden or momentous change in a situation 大变革在一状况下的突然或瞬时变更as we call it我们所称之谓的，我们所说的la
16、rgely：for the most part; mainly 大部分地；主要地the improvement and invention and use of / a series of / instruments 一系列器具的改良、独创与运用。a series of一系列expand扩大，张开reach range or scope of influence or effect. 影响力产生影响或效果的范围或领域参考译文：“简而言之”，新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说，“我们所谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改良、独创与运用，而（这些改良、独创与运用 / 这）（使科学开展的范围无所不与 / 使
17、科学开展无所不与 / 在多数方面拓展了科学的领域）。”得分重点：插入构造，定语从句，方式状语(73 )、Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.构造分析：73) 介词短语作时间状语Over the years, / 主语tools and technology / 反身代词themselves / 后置定语as / 多重定语a s
18、ource of / fundamental innovation 谓语 / 被动构造have largely been ignored / 方式状语by historians / and philosophers of science.词义推敲：over the years 多年来a source of fundamental innovation：根本革新的源泉fundamental：of or relating to the foundation or base; elementary 根底的根底或根本的或与此有关的；根本的innovation：the act of introducin
19、g something new 革新介绍新东西的行为tools and technology.have largely been ignored by . 很大程度上被无视philosophers of science 科学思想家们参考译文：多年来，工具与技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉（多年来）在很大程度上被历史学家与科学思想家们无视了。得分重点：反身代词，被动构造(74)、 Galileo s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the h
20、eavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.构造分析：74) 主句 专出名词Galileos greatest glory / was / 表语从句that 时间状语in 1609 / 从句主句he / was / the first person / 多重定语to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens / 目的状语to prove / 宾语从句that 并列构造1 主语the planets / 谓语revo
21、lve / around the sun / rather than 并列构造2 省略构造（revolve）around the earth.词义推敲：Galileo 伽利略专出名词greatest glory was that：最宏大的成就是glory：a highly praiseworthy asset 引以为豪的东西 成就，业绩，奉献that：引导表语从句不做成分，没有实际含义。而汉语又没有这样的形式上的要求，所以不译。turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens 把新独创的望远镜对准天空turn on 转向对准，视察to prove
22、 that：用以证明，去证明that 引导宾语从句，既不作成分，也没有实际含义。rather than而不是the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth 行星围绕太阳转，而不是围绕地球转revolve：绕转，旋转参考译文：伽利略的最（光芒业绩/宏大的成就）在于（他在1609年/在1609年他是）第一个把新独创的望远镜对准天空，以（证明/证明）行星是围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转的。得分重点：表语从句，宾语从句，专出名词，并列构造(75)、Whether the Government should increase
23、 the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.构造分析：（75)、并列构造1 主语从句 Whether / 主语the Government / 谓语should increase / 多重定语the financing of / pure science 介词短语作状语构造/ at the expense of / technology / 并列构造2
24、or / 固定短语vice versa / 状语构造often / 谓语depends on / the issue / of 宾语从句which / （指代关系） 被动构造is seen / as the driving force.词义推敲：whether or 原委是还是the Government：特指Federal Government。increase the financing of：增加对的资金投入finance：to supply funds to 给供应资金pure science 纯理论科学at the expense of 由付费，以为代价vice versa 反之亦然
25、 relations being reversedincrease the financing of pure science at the expense of technology vice versa （还是通过 / 以削减对纯理论科学的投入而增加对技术的投入 / 还是相反）the issue of：问题issue：a point or matter of discussion, debate, or dispute 争议，辩论争议、争论、争吵的要点或事务of which：它们中的（pure science 与technology中的）哪一个引导宾语从句，因为：1、which 是宾语从句
26、的主语，而不是定语从句的宾语；2、of which 的构造无法复原到后面的从句；3、which不等于issue，不是定语从句引导词，而是疑问代词。is seen as：被动构造，可以翻译成主动构造“把哪一方看成”the driving force 驱动力参考译文：政府原委是以（削减对技术经费的投入/牺牲技术作为代价）来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力气。得分重点：主语从句，并列构造，宾语从句，被动构造2、1995年Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the unde
27、rlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent att
28、acks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. (71)The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools , with characteristics that can be measured with reaso
29、nable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable , meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user .All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades,
30、research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. (72)How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful
31、 score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned , the skills he has d
32、eveloped, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. (73)Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience con
33、cerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.(74)In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provi
34、de a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do.(75)For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able a
35、n underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.精致译文：标准化教化测试或心理同在广泛应用于帮助选拔、委派或提拔学生、雇员与军事人员;这些测试始终是某些人近年来在书本、杂志、日报，甚至国会中进展鞭挞的目的。（71）把标准化测试作为鞭挞目的是错误的，因为在鞭挞这类测试时，指责者没有留意到其弊病来自测试运用者对测试不解或运用不当。这些测试本身只是一种工具。它的各种特性可以在规定条件下用适当的精度来测定。测试的结果是在有价值的、无意义的、还是误导的，部分取决于
36、这种工具本身，但主要取决于测试运用者。全部对将来表现的有见识地的意料都是以在某种程度上理解有关过去的表现为根底的:学校学习成果、探讨效益、销售记录或任何符合须要的信息。（72）这些意料在多大程度上为的后来的表现所证明，这取决于所采纳信息的数量、牢靠性与相宜性，以与说明这些信息的技能与才智。任何细致记分的人都知道，所得到的信息总是不完全的，而且这些意料也总是会有错误的。应当根据这种观点去考察标准化测试。标准化测试供应了快速、客观地得到某些信息的方法，这些信息是有关一个人所学到的学问、他所获得的技能，或者他是属于哪一类型的人。这样得到的信息，从性质上讲，与其它种类的信息一样具有优点或缺点。（73）
37、因此，在某一特定状况下，原委是采纳测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，须凭有关相对效度的阅历根据而定，也取决于诸如费用与有无来源等因素。（74）一般来说，当所要测定的特征能很准确界定时，测试最为有效;而当所要测定或意料的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。这些测试如能恰当运用，就能供应一种快速的方法来获得有关很多人的可比性信息。有时这些测试能鉴别出一些学生，他们很高的潜在实力过去始终没有被成认。但是也有入场多事情这些测试是不能胜任的。（75）例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公;因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，假设在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才能。题目解析：71 )、The t
38、arget is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.构造分析：71) 主句The target / is / wrong, / 缘由状语从句for / 状语构造in / attacking / the tests, / 从句的主句critics / divert attention from / the fault / 定语从句 主语that / 谓语 固定短语lies with /
39、 ill-informed / or incompetent users.词义推敲：The target 根据上下文，这里特指标准化测试for in attacking the tests：因为在鞭挞测试的过程中for：因为in：在过程中attack：攻击，鞭挞。critics：one who forms and expresses judgments of the merits, faults, value, or truth of a matter 评论家形成并表达对某一事物的优点、错误、价值或真实性的推断的人divert attention from 原义是引开，引申为没有留意到，无视l
40、ies with 在于ill-informed 不甚理解，消息不灵通的参考译文：把标准化测试作为鞭挞的目的是错误的，因为在鞭挞这类测试时，指责者没有（留意到 / 无视了）（测试的弊病在于运用测试的人对测试不甚理解或运用不当 / 指责家没有留意到错误是由消息不灵通或者不能胜任的运用者造成的）。得分重点：插入构造，缘由状语从句，定语从句72 )How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of th
41、e information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.构造分析：72) 主语从句How well / 从句的主语the predictions / 从句的谓语 被动构造will be validated / by later performance / 谓语 并列构造1 固定短语depends upon / 多重定语the amount, / reliability, / and appropriateness / of the information / used / 并列构造2 and 省略构
42、造（depends）on / the skill / and wisdom / 定语从句with which / （指代关系）it / 被动构造is interpreted.词义推敲：How well the predictions will be validated by：在多大程度上为所证明be validated by：为所证明。被动构造最好少用“被”字。validate：to establish the soundness of; orroborate 证明建立的正确性；确证depends upon 取决于the amount, reliability, and appropriate
43、ness of the information used：所采纳信息的数量、牢靠性与适应性amount：a number 数字；数量reliability 牢靠性，信度validity效度appropriate：suitable for a particular person, condition, occasion, or place; fitting 合适于的合适于某特定的人，条件，事务或地点的；相宜的with which it is interpreted定语从句Which指代the skill and wisdom。it指代the information。参考译文：这些测试在多大程度上
44、为后来的表现所证明，这取决于所采纳信息的数量、牢靠性与适应性，以与说明这些信息的技能与才智。得分重点：主语从句，被动构造，并列构造，省略构造，定语从句73)、Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.构造分析
45、：73) 主语 并列构造1 Whether / to use / tests, / other kinds of information, / 并列构造2 or 省略构造（to use）指代关系both / 方式状语in a particular situation / 谓语 固定短语 并列构造11depends, / 插入构造therefore, / upon / 多重定语the evidence / from experience / concerning comparative validity / 并列构造22 and 省略构造（depends）upon / 举例such factor
46、s / as cost / and availability.词义推敲：Whether to use ., or (to use) 原委是运用还是（运用）or both：或是两者兼用both：指代前句的tests, other kinds of informationin a particular situation 在某一特定状况下particular：separate and distinct from others of the same group, category, or nature 特定的，个别的与同一团体、范畴或种类的其他部分分别与区分出来的the evidence from
47、 experience concerning comparative validity：多重后置定语后浪推前浪，可以翻译为：“关于相对效度的来自阅历的证据”such factors as. 诸如等因素参考译文：因此，在某一特定状况下，原委是采纳测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，（须凭有关相对效度的阅历根据而定/取决于与相对效度有关的来自阅历的证据），也取决于诸如费用与有无来源等因素。得分重点：并列构造，省略构造，插入构造74)、In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can
48、be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.构造分析：74) 介词短语作状语构造In general, / 主句 并列构造1 the tests / work / most effectively / 时间状语从句when / 从句的主语the qualities / 非谓语作后置定语to be measured / 谓语 被动构造can be most precisely defined / 并列构造2 and 省略构造（the tests work）least effectively / 时间状语从句when / 从句中