2022年《新编英语语法教程》主要章节语法术语 .pdf

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1、1 新编英语语法教程主要章节语法术语Introduction: Grammatical Hierarchy (导论语法层次) 2. Parts of speech (word class) 3. Phrases 词组4. Clause 分句5. Sentence 句子1. Morpheme 词素Free morpheme 自由词素Bound morpheme 粘附词素Allomorph 词素变体Words 词Simple words 简单词Derivatives 派生词Compounds 复合词*(1) Classification in terms of word formation Ope

2、n-class words (content words) 开放词类(实义词)Closed-class words (function words) 封闭词类(功能词)Intermediate class (中间词类 ) * (2) Classification in terms of grammatical function Noun Verb Adjective Adverb Preposition Pronoun Determiner Conjunction Auxiliary Numerals Interjection Noun phrase Verb phrase Adjective

3、 phrase Adverb phrase Preposition phrase Conjunction (1) Independent clause & Subordinate clause 独立分句和从属分句(2) Simple clause & Complex clause (*complex sentence) 简单分句和复杂分句( *复杂句)(3) Main clause & Subordinate clause 主句和从句(4) Finite clause,non-finite clause and Verbless clause 限定分句、非限定分句、无动词分句(1) Full

4、sentence &Minor sentence 完全句和不完全句(2) Simple sentence, Compound sentence, Complex sentence & Compound complex sentence 简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句(3) Declarative sentence, imperative sentence, interrogative sentence, exclamatory sentence 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - -

5、 - - 第 1 页,共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - 2 Lecture 1 Sentence Structure(L1)Sentence elements: S (subject) 主语V (predicate verb) 谓语动词O (object) 宾语C (complement) 补足语A (Adverbial) 状语1. Two ways of sentence analysis 1) SVO Sentence Clause NP VP NP Subject Predicate verb Object All the man have done their best

6、. Sentence = Subject + Predicate (Predicate Verb + Object, Complement, Adverbial, etc.) 句子由主语和谓语构成,进一步把谓语剖析为谓语动词、宾语、补语、状语等。2) Subject + Predicate (= operator + predication) Sentence Clause Subject Predicate Operator Predication All the man have done their best. 句子由主语和谓语构成,进一步把谓语剖析为操作词(operator)和述谓成分

7、( predication) 。2. Basic clause types SVC, SV, SVA, SVO, SVOA, SVOC, SVoO Lecture 2 Subject-Verb Concord (L2-3 )Guiding principles: Grammatical Concord Notional Concord Principle of Proximity 语法一致原则意义一致原则就近原则Nominal clause Non-finite clause Relative clause Cleft sentence Existential clause 名词性分句非限定分

8、句关系分句分裂句存在句Lecture 3 Noun and Noun Phrase(L4-5 )1. Classification of nouns 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页,共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - 3 Partitive (Unit Noun) 单位词2. Cases of Nouns Nominative case / Subjective case (主格)Accusative case / Objective case

9、(宾格 )Genitive case (属格 )/ Possessive case (所有格)Dative case (受事格 /与格)Genitive case Genitive cases specifying the reference of the noun phrase. Specific reference ( 特指) Generic reference (类指)Indefinite genitive phrase (非确定特指)Lecture 4 Determiner(L6-7 )1. Definition Determiners are function words which

10、 are used to determine or fix the reference of a noun. 2. Classification Independent Genitive Double Genitive名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页,共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - 4 3. Articles Article is a major group of determiners used to delimit the scope of

11、 reference of nouns (主要用来限定名词的指称范围 ). *p.74, 7.1.3, 冠词的确定特指(definite specific reference )分为前照应特指(cataphoric specific reference ) 、后照应特指( anaphoric specific reference)和语境特指(situational reference) ,这与后面的代词照应(pronoun reference p.104, 9.3)在术语上略有不同。Lecture 5 Pronoun (L8-9 )1. Classification 名师资料总结 - - -精

12、品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页,共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - 5 Antecedent 先行词2. The use of reflexive pronoun (-self) 3. Pronoun reference ( 代词照应 ) 前照应(Cataphoric reference ) 、后照应 (Anaphoric reference) 、 语境照应 (Situational reference) 、人称照应 (Personal reference) 、指示照应

13、(Demonstrative reference) 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页,共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - 6 Lecture 6 Verb and Verb Phrase(L10-22 )1. Classification of verbs动词分类的标准有很多种,如上图所示,记住基本的术语和其用法就是。比如及物动词、不及物动词、联系动词、助动词、动态动词、 静态动词、词组动词、限定动词、非限定动词、 不定式,不带 to 不定式(ba

14、re infinitive )等等,还有副词/介词小品词( adverb particle & proposition particle) 。Transitive Verbs :followed by objects. Intransitive verbs:do not require an object. Linking verbs:followed by subject compliments. ?SVO 主动宾(Transitive verb) ?SVoO 主动宾宾(Ditransitive verb)【双宾语动词】?SVOC 主动宾补(Monotransitive verb)【单宾语动

15、词】?SV 主动(Intransitive verb) ?SVC 主动补(Linking verb) ?This aspect is of essential importance because the verb type here determines the basic sentence structure of your sentence and how you can expand your sentence. 2. Five forms of Verbs (动词的五种基本形式)原形( base form) 、第三人称单数( third person singular) 、过去式(

16、past tense ) 、过去分词( past tense ) 、现在分词( present participle )3. Tense and aspects Tense Aspect Simple present Simple past Simple future Past future progressive 现在进行体过去进行体将来进行体过去将来进行体perfective 现在完成体过去完成体将来完成体过去将来完成体Perfective progressive 现在完成进行体过去完成进行体将来完成进行体过去将来完成进行体名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - -

17、- - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 6 页,共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - 7 4. Mood 陈述式( Indicative mood) 、祈使式( Imperative mood) 、虚拟式( Subjunctive mood)5. Non-finite verbs pp. 230-1 动态形容词( Dynamic Adjective) 、静态形容词( Stative Adjective)p.251 前置修饰语(Premodifier) 、p.256 悬垂分词(Dangling Participle) /无依着分词

18、(Unattached participle) 、依着法则( Attachment rule)Lecture 7 Adjective and Adverb(L23-24 )1.1 Adjective & Adjective Phrase 1.2 Adjective form 1.3 Adjective meaning 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 7 页,共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - 8 动态形容词、静态形容词、等级形容词、非等级形容词2.1 A

19、dverb & Adverb Phrase (Adv P) 2.2 Adv form 2.3 Adv Meaning p.274 修饰性状语( Adjunct) 、评注性状语( Disjunct) 、连接性状语( Conjunct)Lecture 8 Degree & Comparative Construction(L25 )(比较等级和比较结构) 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 8 页,共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - 9 1. Degree fo

20、rms Regular degree forms of Adj & AdvPositive/absolute原级Comparative 比较级Superlative 最高级Monosyllabic (单音节 ) Adj & AdvSynthetic (inflectional) 综合 (屈折 )形式Adj-/Adv-erAdj/Adv-estPolysyllabic (多音节 ) Adj & AdvAnalytic (phrasal) 分析 (词组 )形式more Adj/Advmost Adj/AdvDisyllabic (双音节 ) Adj & AdvSynthetic or Analyt

21、ic Adj-/Adv-ermore Adj/Adv Adj/Adv-estmost Adj/AdvNotes : (1) -ing and -ed participial Adj takes more & most (2) Some irregular forms, e.g., far, good (3) Gradable indefinite Det & Prons: many/much, few, little 2. Comparative construction 3. General structure of Comparative construction Notes : (1)

22、More (less, fewer) can be Det. or Pron.: 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 9 页,共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - 10 Model 2 accounted for more variance than did Model 1. (Det.) It appeared in more than 50% of the request e-mails. (Pron.) (2) As & than are Conj or

23、 rarely Prep: John is taller than she (is). / John is taller than her. E.g. Apple is as tasty as tomato. Lecture 9 Statement, Question, Command & Exclamation(L27 )(陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句) Sentence types 句子1. Statements (Declarative sentences): Positive / Negative statements 2. Questions (Interrogative sent

24、ences): General (yes-no) questions, Special (Wh-) questions, Alternative questions, Tag questions ( 附加疑问句 ), Rhetorical questions ( 修辞疑问句 ) 3. Commands and Exclamations 4. Tag questions (pp.316-9) Transferred negation ( 否定转移 )Lecture 10 Existential Sentence & It-Patterns(L28-29 )(存在句和It-句型)1.Existen

25、tial sentence 存在句、实义主语(Notional Subject ) 、真主语( Real subject) 、地点状语( Locative adverbial ) 、时间状语(Temporal adverbial)*p.326, 提及的非确定特指, 冠词、数词等限定词, 见限定词(Determiner) 一讲。前置修饰语(premodifier ) 、后置修饰语( postmodifier ) 、操作词( Operator)*p.328, 存在句的非限定形式(Non-finite existential clauses ) :there to be / there being

26、(there having been)的用法区别。(1) Simple sentence, Compound sentence, Complex sentence & Compound complex sentence 简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句(According grammatical structure) (2) Declarative sentence, imperative sentence, interrogative sentence, Exclamatory sentence陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句(According to communicative funct

27、ion) 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 10 页,共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - 11 2.It-Patterns *pp. 331-5 虚义 it(Empty it ) 、先行 it(Anticipatory it ) 、分裂句( Cleft sentence)假分裂句( Pseudo-cleft sentence)Lecture 11 Coordination 并列结构( L30 )并列结构( Coordinate construction )

28、 、并列连词(Coordinator )Lecture 12 Subordination 从属结构( L31-34 )1.从属连词(Subordinator) : 简单从属连词、 复杂从属连词、 关联从属连词、 边际从属连词 ( simple subordinator, complex subordinator, correlative subordinator, marginal subordinator)2.从属结构(Subordinate construction ) : 限定从属分句 (Finite subordinate clause) 、 非限定从属分句 (Non-finite s

29、ubordinate clause) 、限定分句、非限定分句、无动词分句3.Finite subordinate clause Finite subordinate clause 表语从句: Predicative clause 4. Non-finite clause& Verbless clause (L32) Nominal clause 名词性分句L31 Subjective clause 主语从句Objective clause 宾语从句Subject complement 主语补语(表语从句)Appositive clause 同位语从句Prepositional compleme

30、ntation 介词补足成分Relative clause 关系分句L31,L33 Adverbial clause 状语分句L31,L34 Adverbial clause of Time 时间Adverbial clause of Place 地点Adverbial clause of Manner 方式Adverbial clause of Cause 原因Adverbial clause of Result 结果Adverbial clause of Purpose 目的Adverbial clause of Condition 条件Adverbial clause of Conces

31、sion 让步Restrictive Clause 限制性关系分句Non-restrictive Clause 非限制性关系分句Double Relative Clause 双重关系分句Embedded Relative Clause 嵌入式关系分句Conditional clause 条件分句L34 Type I: whenever-type real conditional Type II: the commonest type of real conditional Type III: probable unreal conditional Type IV: hypothetical u

32、nreal conditional contrary to the past fact Non-finite clause & Verbless clause L32 1)Infinitive clause 不定式分句2) ing participle clause ing 分词分句3) ed participle clause ed 分词分句4)Verbless clause 无动词分句5)Absolute construction 独立结构名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - -

33、- 第 11 页,共 12 页 - - - - - - - - - 12 Lecture 13 Direct Speech & Indirect Speech (L35) 直接引语( Direct speech) 、间接引语(Indirect / reported speech)Lecture 14 Modification 修饰(L36) 1. 前置修饰语 (premodidier) 、后置修饰语 (postmodifier ) 、限定词 (determiner) 、限制性修饰语 (Restrictive modifier )非限制性修饰语(Non-restrictive modifier

34、) 、分隔修饰(discontinuous modification )2. 作为名词词组的同位语,也是一种后置修饰语。同位语( appositive) 、限制性同位语( Restrictive appositive ) 、非限制性同位语(Non-restrictive appositive )3. 广义上说,状语(Adverbial )也是一种修饰语。状语分为修饰性状语(Adjunct ) 、评注性状语( Disjunct )和连接性状语(Conjunct) 。状语作为一种句子成分,主要指第一种,修饰性状语(Adjunct) 。修饰性状语按其内容,可表示时间、地点、方式、目的、原因、结果、条

35、件、让步、伴随状况等意义。Lecture 15 Substitution 替代(L37) 替代有三种现象:名词性替代 (nominal substitution ) ,动词性替代 ( verbal substitution )和分句性替代 (clausal substitution) ,也有三种替代词:名词替代词(nominal substitute) ,动词替代词(verbal substitute)和分句替代词( clausal substitute) 。Lecture 16 Ellipsis 省略(L38) Ellipsis : (1) in coordinate constructio

36、ns; (2) in compound sentences; (3) in noun phrases; (4) in prepositional phrases; (5) in complex sentences; (6) in adverbial clauses; (7) in nominal wh-clauses Lecture 17 Postponement, Fronting, and Inversion (L39) 后置、前置、倒装后置(Postponement) 、前置(Fronting) 、倒装(Inversion)句尾焦点( End focus) 、句尾重心( End weig

37、ht) 、已知信息( Given / known information)全部倒装(Full inversion) 、局部倒装( Partial inversion)Lecture 18 From Sentence to Text 从句到篇(L40) 语篇(text / connected discourse ) 、结构上的粘着性( Cohesion) 、意义上的连贯性( Coherence ) 、交际功能( Communicative function)句子结构的正确性( Correctness )和适合性( Appropriacy)过渡词( Transitional words / phr

38、ases ) 、逻辑纽带( Logical connectors) 、语法纽带( grammatical connectors ) 、照应( Reference )照应涉及的范围很广:(1) 冠词有前照应特指、后照应特指、语境照应;代词除了有前照应、后照应、语境照应以外,还有人称照应和指示照应;(2) 另外,Reference一词除了含“照应”之意之外,也含指称意义 。比如冠词和代词的类指、特指、确定特指、非确定特指等。比较照应(Comparative reference, p.460 )通过 adj 和 adv 的比较等级以及其他比较事物的异同或质量优劣等词语所表示的照应关系。平行结构 (P

39、arallel construction) 、 累赘 (Redundancy ) 、 同义词 (Synonym) 、 近义词 (Near-synonym) 、语段( sentence group / sentence cluster) 、段落( Paragraph ) 、语篇的统一性( Unity) 、连贯性(Coherence )和粘着性( Cohesion) 、主题句( Topic sentence ) 、语篇修辞( Textual Rhetoric) 、层进法 (Climax) 、 偏斜修饰语(Squinting modifier) 、 简练 (Conciseness ) 、 拖沓句 (Trailing sentence )名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 12 页,共 12 页 - - - - - - - - -

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