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1、8A Unit1-8 语法总结1 语法形容词 /副词的比较等级(1)用法讲解大多数的形容词都有三个级别:原级、比较级、最高级。其中比较级表示“ 更 ” ,用于两者之间的比较,用来说明“ 前者比后者更 ” ,比较级前面一般用much, even, a little 修饰,其中even, much 只能修饰比较级。最高级表示“ 最” ,用于三者及三者以上之间的比较,用来说明“ 某人或某物在某个范围内最” 形容词的比较级(-er)和最高级 (-est)的构成a. 规则变化之口诀:直接加;去e 加;双写加;变y 加 ; more/ most b. 不规则变化原级比较级最高级good / well be
2、tter best bad / ill worse worst many / much more most little less least far farther, further farther, further old older, elder oldest, eldest 比较级前的修饰语:still, even, any, quite(a bit), almost, nearly, just, rather ;a little, a bit ;much, a lot, far, many ;twice, ten times, one fourth, two pounds, thre
3、e years 形 容词的比较等级(2)常见句型A=B A+ V + as + adj./adv. + as + B (与。 。 。一样)He is as tall as I/me. 他和我一样高。He is as good a teacher as his father.他和他的父亲一样是个好教师。A BA + V + not + as/so + adj./adv. + as + B (与。 。 。不一样)They didn t do as/so much work as you did. 他们干得事没有你多。I ve never seen as/so old a car as this.我
4、从来没有见过像这样旧的车。A B 或 A B A + V + 比较级+ than + B (比。 。 。 。 。 )Tom is two years older than his brother. 汤姆比他的弟弟大两岁。Our classroom is bigger than theirs. 我们的教室比他们的大。表示倍数A + V + twice/four times/ + as + adj./adv. + as + B (A 是 B 的两倍 /四倍 / )This room is twice as large as that one. 整个房间是那房间的两倍大。The earth is 4
5、9 times as big as the moon.地球是月球的 49 倍大。表示程度的递增主语+ V + 比较级 + and+ 比较级( 越来越 )主语+ V + more and more+ +adj./adv. ( 越来越 )The days are getting shorter and shorter.白天变得越来越长了。Our country is becoming more and more beautiful. 我们的国家变得越来越美了。表示两种情况同时变化The+ 比较级 + 主语 + V + ,the+ 比较级 + 主语 + V + ( 越越 )The more we g
6、et together, the happier we ll be.=If we get together more, we ll be happier.我们聚得越多 .我们就会越高兴。The harder you study, the better you ll be at English.= If you study harder, you ll be better at English.你学习越努力,你的英语成绩越好。主语 + be +one of the+ 最高级+ n.(pl.) + in/of ( 是最 之一 ) Beijing is one of the oldest citie
7、s in China.北京是中国最古老的城市之一。主语 + V。+ the+ 最高级+ in/of ( 最)Ann studies hardest of all the girls in our class. 安妮是我们班学习最用功的学生之一。主语 + V。+ the+ 比较级+ of the two( 较的) Lily is the taller of the twins. 莉莉是这两个双胞胎中较高的那个。主语 + V。+ 比较级+ than + any other +n. (单数 ) + in ( 比任何其他的更)主语 + V。+ 比较级+ than + any of the other
8、+n. (复数 ) + in ( 比任何其他的更)He is taller than any other student i n his class.他比他班级中其他的任何学生高。= He is taller than any of the other students in his class. = He is the tallest students in his class. = He is taller than the other students i n his class.= He is taller than the others i n his class. 精选学习资料 -
9、 - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 5 页8A Unit1-8 语法总结2 11.A+ V + more/ fewer + 可数名词复数+ than B (A 比 B 做更多、更少。 。 。 ) A+ V + more/ less + 不可数名词复数+ than B (A 比 B 做更多、更少。 。 。) Jhon studies more subjects than Nancy.Jhon比 Nancy 学更多科目。Students in the USA have more weeks off in the summertime than
10、British students. 在夏天美国学生比英国学生有更多周不上课。12. A+ V + the same (size/ colour/ age. )as + B (A 与 B 一样)My uniform is the same as Simon s uniform. 我的校服和Simon 的校服一样 . Millie s pencil box is the same size as Amy s pencil box. 我的铅笔盒和Amy 的铅笔盒一样大。A+ V + different from + B (A 与 B 不一样)Kitty s rubber is different f
11、rom Simon s rubber. Kitty 的橡皮和Simon 的橡皮不一样。反身代词第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数单数复数单数复数myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself/herself/itself themselves (1)作动词或介词的宾语:经常在enjoy, teach, hurt, buy, introduce, seat, dress, express, amuse, behave等动词和by, for, to, of 等介词后作宾语。通常表示反身代词与句中的主语是同一人。它在句中作宾语,不能省略,否则该句是一个意义不完
12、整的错句。如:He is teaching herself English. 她在自学英语。She was talking to herself. 她自言自语。He lives by himself in the country. 他独自住在乡下。(2)作主语或宾语的同位语:主要起加强语气的作用,译作“ 亲自,本身,本人” 。如:Did you make the cake yourself? 这蛋糕是你亲自做的吗?(yourself 作主语 you 的同位语 ) The work itself is easy. 这工作本身很容易。(itself 作主语 the work 的同位语 ) Did
13、you see Mr. Wang himself? 你见过王先生本人吗?(himself 作宾语 Mr. Wang 的同位语 ) (3)作表语:在be, feel, look, seem 等系动词后作表语,表示身体或精神状态处于正常。如:I m not myself today.今天我感觉不舒服。I am feeling myself again. 我觉得健康如昔。祈使句讲解一、祈使句:用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句. 祈使句的作用是要求、请求或命令、劝告、建议别人做或不做一件事。祈使句的句末一般用感叹号,但是有些祈使句的语气较弱,可以用句号结尾祈使句因对象 (即主语)
14、是第二人称, 所以通常都省略。 祈使句的动词都为一般现在时,例:Go and wash your hands. 例如:保持肃静!Be kind to our sister. Watch your steps. 表示禁止的句式有:不准、不要、别、No parking. 二、表现形式 肯定结构 : 1. Do 型(即:动词原形 (+宾语 )+其它成分 )。如 :Please have a seat here. 有的祈使句在意思明确的情况下,动词可省略。如:This way, please. = Go this way, please. 。2. Be 型(即:Be + 表语 (名词或形容词 )+其它
15、成分 )。如 :Be a good boy! 要做一个好孩子! 3. Let 型 (即:Let + 宾语+ 动词原形+ 其它成分 )。如 :Let me help you. 让我来帮你。 否定结构 : 1. Do 型和 Be 型的否定式都是在句首加dont 构成,如 :Dont forget me!Dont be late for school! 2. Let型的否定式有两种: “Don t + let + 宾语+ 动词原形+ 其它成分 ” 和“Let + 宾语+ not + 动词原形+ 其它成分 ” 。 如:Dont let him go. / Let him not go. 别让他走。3.
16、 有些可用no 开头 ,用来表示禁止性的祈使句。如:No smoking! No fishing! 禁止钓鱼 ! 用let 的祈使句时,必须注意下列几点:1、let 的否定句有二。 如果宾语是第三人称用Dont let.(见例 (9)) ;如果宾语是第一人称,则用 Let.not (见例(10)) :Dont let this type of things happen again. Its raining now. Lets not go out until after the rain. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,
17、共 5 页8A Unit1-8 语法总结3 2、Let 只适用于现在时态,可以有被动语态(the passive voice),如:Let the recalcitrant criminals be sent to prison. Let all the dedicated capable staff be promoted. 3、 Let 后头除了是不带to 的不定式动词(The infinitive withoutto)之外,还可以是某些适当的副词,如 out, in, down, alone 等:Let the puppy out. Open the windows and let th
18、e fresh air in. The room is too sunny. Let the blinds down. Let me alone, please. 用Lets 时,把谈话者的对象包括在内;用Let us 时,并不包括对方,如:Lets try it, shall we? Let us do it by ourselves, will you? 里的 shall we 和 (18)里的 will you ,不难知道前者包括听话人,后者并没有。三祈使句与并列连词and 与 or 连用时可以表示条件。Work harder,and you will catch up with you
19、r classmates. 情态动词should ,ought to,had better 的用法一 Should 和 ought to 1 表达职责或义务,提出劝告及一般人们认为应该去做的事,常用来谈论现在和将来。Ought you to eat so much ? 2.should 用于否定句,多表示做了不应该做的事。Ought to 的否定形式是ought not to ,口语中常用oughtn t to You oughtn t to eat so much .3.在大多数情况下should 和 ought to 的意思大致相同。 Should 比 ought to 语气要轻一些。 另
20、外,当我们用should 时,谈的是自己的主观看法;ought to 则更多反应客观情况。如:You should/ought to go and see Mr Wang sometime. 二 had better 1.had better do “最好 ” had常缩写为d 否定式 had better not do 一般疑问句把had 放在主语的前面。1) You d better hurry up if you want to get home before dark.2)We d better not disturb him.3) Had we better go now? 我们最好
21、现在走吗?2.had better 适用于任何人称和数You d better go with me. 3.变为一般疑问句时,如果是肯定句,就把had 提前,放在句首;如果是否定句,就把hadn t 提前即可。Had you better go there at once? 4.含有 had better 的反义疑问句的简短问句部分中要用had 或 hadn t.如:You had better give him the magazine,hadn t you ?may 的用法一、表示许可或征求对方的许可,有“ 可以 ” 的意思。例如: You may go now. 你可以走了。 May I
22、 use your computer? 我用一下你的电脑可以吗?二、回答以 may 开头的疑问句有如下表达法: -May I smoke here? 我可以在这儿抽烟吗? -Yes, you may. / Yes, please. 请抽吧。 -No, you cant. / No, you mustnt. / No, youd better not. 请不要抽烟。三、表示猜测,通常只用于陈述句。例如: You may be right. 你可能是对的。四、在口语中can 可以代替may 表示许可,但can 较随便, may 更正式。例:Can I use your bike, John? 约翰
23、,我可以用一下你的自行车吗?May I have a look at your license please, sir? 先生,我可以看一下你的执照吗?can 的用法一、表能力, 有“ 能,会,能够 ” 的意思。例如:Can you drive a car? 你会开车吗 ?Yes, I can. 我会。/ No, I cant. 我不会。二、表允许,在口语中代替may,有 “ 可以 ” 的意思。(见下面 may 的用法第四点)三、表示可能性,常用于否定句和疑问句。例如: Can it be true? 那会是真的吗? Today is Sunday. He cant be at school.
24、 今天是星期天,他不可能在学校里。动词不定式精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 5 页8A Unit1-8 语法总结4 (1) 概念动词不定式是由“ to 动词原形 ” 构成。动词不定式是一种非限定性动词,在句中不能单独充当谓语。(非限定性动词可分为不定式,动名词,现在分词和过去分词 ,他们在句中不能单独充当谓语。)动词不定式相当于名词、形容词或副词,在句中可以作句子除谓语之外的任何句子成分。(2) 句型 主语+ vt. ( 及物动词 ) + to-v ( 动词不定式 ) want, decide, wish, hope,
25、choose, refuse, would like, expect, He decided to go there himself. 他决定亲自去那儿。 主语 + vt. ( 及物动词 ) + to-v ( 动词不定式 ) stop, go on, remember, forget, start, begin, Please remember to bring the book to school next time. 请记住下次把书带到学校来。 主语+ vt.( 及物动词 ) +it + adj.(形容词 ) + to-v ( 动词不定式 ) find, think, make, feel
26、, The Internet makes it easy to get much new information in a short time. 主语 + vt.( 及物动词 ) +sb./sth.+ (not) + to-v (动词不定式 )get, allow, encourage, beg, wait for, warn, ask, want, would like, tell, prefer, wish, expect, invite, It s raining hard now. Let s wait for the rain to stop. 雨下得很大,让我们等雨停下来。 主语
27、 + vt.( 及物动词 ) +sb./sth.+ (not) + v ( 动词原形 ) feel, listen to, hear, let, make, have, see, watch, look at, notice, The workers was made to work twelve hours a day. 工人们被迫每天工作十二小时。 主语 + vt.( 及物动词 ) +sb./sth.+ 疑问词+ to-v ( 动词不定式 ) teach, show, know, I don t know whether to go there. 我不知道是否去那儿。英语的简单句有五种基本
28、句型:主谓;主谓宾;主系表;主谓间宾直宾;主谓直宾宾补。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。过去进行时1) 掌握过去进行时was / were + doing 表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作,其肯定、否定和疑问形式如下:was/were(+not) ing form I was(+not) dancing. You/We/They were(+not) He/She/It was(+not) Was I dancing? Were you/we/they Was he/she/it Yes, I was. you/we/they were. he/she/it was. I wa
29、s not/wasn t.No, you/we/they were not/weren t.he/she/it was not/wasn t.精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 5 页8A Unit1-8 语法总结5 while, when,as掌握 while 和 when 在过去进行时中的用法:表示两个持续性的动作在过去同时发生用while ,when 后接一个短暂性的动作。持续性的动作用过去进行时,短暂性的动作用一般过去时。e.g.:I was doing my homework while my father was
30、 watching TV. The bell rang while he was reading books. When the bell rang, he was reading books. ( 以上这两句主从句前后可以互换) 1、 “主短从长”型:即主句是一个短暂性动作,而从句是一个持续性动作,此时三者都可用。如: Jim hurt his arm while when , as he was playing tennis. 吉 姆 打 网 球 时 把 手 臂 扭 伤 了 。 AsWhen, While she was waiting for the train , she became
31、 very impatient. 她在等火车时,变得很不耐烦。 2、 “主长从长”型:即主句和从句为两个同时进行的动作或存在的状态,且强调主句动作或状态延续到从句所指的整个时间,此时通常要用while 。I always listen to the radio while I m driving. 我总是一边开车一边听收音机。He didnt ask me in; he kept me standing at the door while he read the message. 他没有让我进去,他只顾看那张条子,让我站在门口等着。但是,若主句和从句所表示的两个同时进行的动作含有“一边一边”之意时,则习惯上要用as。如:He swung his arms as he walked. 他走路时摆动着手臂。3、 “主长从短”型:即主句是一个持续性动作,而从句是一个短暂性动作,此时可以用as或 when,但不能用while 。如:It was raining hard when as we arrived. 我们到达时正下着大雨。When As he came in, I was listening to the radio. 他进来时,我在听收音机精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 5 页