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1、- after，before，since用法区别1.after的用法小结1. 用作介词，与一段时间连用表示“在之后”时，注意它与 in的区别：after表示以过去时间为起点的一段时间以后，且通常与过去时态连用；而in则表示以现在为起点的一段时间以后：He came backafter two days. 他两天后就回来了。He will come back in twodays. 他过两天就回来。但 after 若是与一点时间连用，则可与过去时态也可与将来时态连用：He came back after 4 oclock. 他是四点钟以后回来的。He will come back after n
2、ext month. 他将在下个月以后回来。2. 用作连词引导时间状语从句时注意：若主句用将来时态 (或含有将来意味)，则时间状语从句要用一般现在时态 (表将来意义)，而不能直接使用将来时态：他回来后我就走。正：Ill leave after he comes back.误：Ill leave after he will come back.3. 用作副词，表示“后来”、“ (一段时间)以后”，通常放在表示时间的副词之后：soon after 不久以后two days after 两天后4. 用于习语after all 终究，毕竟：I was right after all. 毕竟我是对的。A
3、fter all, hes only six years old. 毕竟，他才六岁。2.Before的用法小结高三课本第十五单元，INTER GATING SKILLS 和 WORKBOOK READING部分有如下的句子：The shop was successful，but it was about sixty years before people started to buy jeans for fashion as well as for work.However，it probably will not be long before the other mountainous ar
4、eas of China such as Sichuan，Xinjiang and Yunnan are developed，and as more facilities become available，prices will almost certainly fall.其中涉及到before的用法，下面就其用法进行总结。一、可以用作介词)指时间上早于，在之前，如：She has lived here since before the war.她从战前就一直在这儿住。)指位置在前面，如：We knelt down before Grandmas grave.我们在奶奶的墓前跪下。)指顺序或排
5、列在之前，如：Your name comes before mine on the list.名单上你的名字在我之前。)在某人面前，如：She said it before the witness.他是当着证人的面说的。二、作为连词其基本含义是“在之前”，又可以根据不同语境灵活翻译成“才”、“还没来得及就”、“趁”、“就”等。具体用法如下：)与情态动词can/could连用这时候从句虽为肯定形式，根据汉语表达习惯译成“还没来得及就”，如：Before I could get in a word，he had measured me.我还没来得及插话他就为我量好了尺寸。Before she co
6、uld move，she heard a loud noise，which grew to a terribl eroar.她还没来得及迈步，就听见一声巨响，接着就是可怕的隆隆轰鸣。)用于肯定句中强调主句所表达的时间，距离长，或花费的精力大，译成“才”We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw lands.我们航行了四天四夜才看到陆地。We waited a long time before the train arrived.我们等了很长时间火车才到。)用于否定句中，强调主句所表达的时间，距离短，或花费的精力小，译成“不到就”如
7、：We hadnt run a mile before he felt tired.我们跑了还不到一英里他就累了。)主句含有hardly，scarcely等半否定副词时可以译为“刚就”这时候主句应用过去完成时态，从句用过去时，还可以用when替代before如：We had scarcely reached the school before/when the bell rang.我们刚到学校铃声就响了。)有时还有“宁愿”的意思Id shoot myself before I apologized to him.我宁死也不向他道歉。)用于It+be/take+时间段+before句型在这一句型
8、中又可以根据主从句的时态分成两种情况。若主句是一般时将来时态，从句是一般现在时.若主句是肯定句意思是“要过多长时间才”；若主句是否定形式翻译成“用不了多久就”。It will be two weeks before everything returns to normal.两周之后一切才能恢复正常。It will be many years before the situation improves.这种状况或许要过许多年才能得以改善。It wont be long before we meet again.用不了多久我们就会再见面的。这时若主句是一般过去时从句也是一般过去时。若主句是肯定句翻
9、译成“多长时间之后才”，若主句是否定形式翻译成“没过多久就”。如：It was some time before I realized the truth.过了很长一段时间我才了解到真相。It wasnt long before she became a brave solider.没过多久她就成了一名勇敢的战士。After that it still took seven years before they got married.他们又过了七年才结婚。注意：当主句的谓语动词为延续性动词时，before与until有时可以互换。It was an hour before/until the
10、police arrived.巩固练习(2004天津)It was evening _ we reached the little town of Winchester.Athat B.until C.since D.before2.(2004全国)Several weeks had gone by _ realized the painting was missing.A.as B.before C.since D.when3.(2005广东)The America Civil War lasted four years _ the North won in the end.A.after
11、B.before C.when D.then4.(2005山东)It was some time _ we realized the truth.A.when B.until C.since D.before5.(2006四川)-Why didnt you tell him about the meeting？-He rushed out of the classroom _ I could say a word.A.before B.until C.when D.after6.(2006福建)-How long do you think it will be _ china sends a
12、manned spaceship to the moon？-Perhaps two or three years.Awhen B.until C.that D.before参考答案：DBBDAD3.Since用法一时态、现在完成进行时态或过去完成时态连用。例如： 1、He left the village in 1982 and I havent seen him since then.1982年他离开这个村子，从那以后我再没见过他。 2、Shes been working in a bank since leaving school.她中学毕业后就一直在一家银行工作。 3.He had sp
13、oken to her only once since the party. 自从那次聚会以来，他只跟她说过一次话。 二Since作为副词，表示从过去以来、以后或到现在的情形或状态，常与现在完成时态连用。例如： 1He left home two weeks ago and we havent heard from him since. 他两周前离开了家，到现在我们一直没有他的消息。 2He came to Zhenjiang 6 years ago and has lived here (ever) since.他6年前来到镇江，从此便住在这里。 三since引导原因状语从句 作为连词，si
14、nce可引导原因状语从句，表示因为；既然；鉴于：例如： 1 He didnt come since he was busy.他因为忙，所以没有来。 2 Since this method doesnt work,lets try anoter.既然这种方法不行，我们就试用另一种吧。 四Since在特殊句型中的应用 句型I：“It is （has been）+时间+since+持续性动词的过去时”，表示“自从以来到现在已有多久。”例如： It has been quite some time since I was last in London.我上次离开伦敦至今颇有一段时间了。 句型II：“I
15、t was+时间+since+持续性动词的过去完成时”,表示“从到过去某时间点以来”，例如：It was three years since we had been here.那时我们在这已呆了三年。 六巩固练习 （一）单项选择1Do you smoke？_ Its two years since I smokedAYes，I do BNo，I dont CNot too much DOh，but I wish I didnt2Since you are busy, you _ tomorrow. A. dont need come B.need not come C. neednt come
16、 D.mustnt come 3.-Has he been home? -_,he _home since he graduated. A. No; hasnt been B.Yes;has been C.No; isnt D.Yes; is 4They _friends since they met in Shanghai. A.havent been B.have been C. arent D. are 5.I_here since he left the door open,but it seems that he wont come back today. A. have been
17、waiting B.will have waited C.was waiting D.waited6.I _ from him since he has lived here. A. heard B. have heard C. have never heard D.have been hearing 7. He came to China _ 1998.A. from B. since C. at D. in8.- Excuse me.Did you notice whether the No.18 bus had gone by?-I dont know_ I began to stand
18、 here just now.A. as B.when C.since D.while现在完成进行时和现在完成时练习1. Im sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final. I think so. He _ for it for months. (2008江苏)A. is preparing B. was preparing C. had been preparing D. has been preparing2. By the time he realizes he _ into a trap, itll be too late for
19、 him to do anything about it. (2008山东) A. walks B. walked C. has walked D. had walked3. So far this year we _ a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent. (2008福建) A. saw B. see C. had seen D. have seen4. Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she _
20、English for a year. (2007湖南) A. studies B. studied C. is studying D. has been studying 5. Danny _ hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular. (2007福建)A. works B. is working C. has worked D. had worked DCDDCfar from 和away from的区别far away 用作或,away可以省去,因此，far away = far ; far away from =
21、far from far （away） 后不接宾语；far （away） from 后一定要接宾语。The do not live far away.他们住得并不远 far from除了表示距离的”远离”之外，还有”远远不，完全不，决非”之意，后接名词，或形容词 Far from reading his letter,she didnt openit.别说看他的信了，她连信都没打开 He is far from (being)rich.他一点也不富有至于away from 与far from的区别主要在于far与away的区别： far是表示较笼统、模糊概念的“远”，而away是表示具体的“远
22、”。如：very far很远；quite far相当远； 500 meters away 500米远； 2 kilometers away 2公里远 e.g. My home is very far from the hospital. My home is 20 kilometers away from the hospital.那如果说远离毒品是不是用far from？应该是说keep away fromfar from adv. 远离；远非；完全不. away from 远离，离开；避开痛苦他们的区别主要是，前者多用于做副词，笼统的远；而后者则多倾向于动词，多指具体的远far away
23、from =far from 意思是离得远eg:It is far (away) from here. 它离这里很远。away from 就是不在某地，表示一种状态。eg:I am away from home.我不在家。Nanjing is about 305km _ Shanghai.A. away to B. away from C. far from该选B还是C？答：选B.分析如下：1. 在far from短语中，far 是虚指，其前不能有具体的数字。2. away from前常与具体的数字连用，或与far连用（即far away from)，或与具体的动词连用，如：stay away
24、 from, keep away from,.3. 在此句中，far from实际上就是far away from省略away而成。4. 当然，far from还有“并不，很不，远远不，远非（如此），恰恰相反”等意思，在这时就没有必要理解为far away from的省略形式了。 如：But the reality is far from that. 但事实却远非如此。 He is far from well. 他并不健康。 The project is far from perfect. 这项企划很不完美。far away 与 far from 的区别Japan is far _ our c
25、ountry. 1.away 2. from 3.in 4.to 答案是B，请帮忙分析一下far away 与 far from 的区别，并举个例子说明。谢了far away是远离的意思，far from 是离远的意思。from是介词。far away是形容词，有两个意思： 1）（空间上，时间上）遥远的，久远的；往昔的 2）（表情）迷惘的，恍惚的 而far from 意思略有变化，带有否定的含义。有时候相当于not at all(决不) , 表示一种强烈的不认同，否定，在口语中较多出现。其常用含义有： 远离; 决非; 决没有; 完全不; 不但不.(反而).，如： Far from it!意思是
26、：远非如此, 差得远呢, 一点也不, 完全相反等意思。 在本句中用其“远离”之意。 far from. far away 形容词，意思是很远。 far from 后面跟宾语（名词或介词） England is far away. Your house is far from my house. Your house is far away from my house. 几种说法: Japan is far from our country. Japan is far away . Japan is far away from our country. Japan is faraway from
27、 our country.(注意“faraway”没有断开，是一个形容词，意为 遥远的) 以上说法都对，唯有你选A不对，从句子成分上分析吧 far from 是离某地远 也可以说be far away from away可以用量词代 Over的用法和注意点一、介词over作“在上方”、“在上”（有覆盖、遮蔽之意）解：1. The sun shines over the earth. 2. There is a bridge over the river. 3. The weight of the air over one square foot of the earth at sea leve
28、l is 2160 pounds. 4. A cloud hangs over the summit. 5. Spread the tablecloth over the table. 二、介词over作“超过”、“在上”解：1. He has lived in Beijing over two years. 2. It is over and above what is wanted. 3. This method has an advantage over that one. 4. In 1958 the steel output registered a 100 percent incr
29、ease over 1957. 5. The production of hardware has been increased over three times. 三、介词over作“通过”、“越过”、“溢出”解：1. I heard the news over the radio. 2. This machine ran over night. 3. The soldiers got over the wall and jumped over the brook. 5. He had just come from over the sea. 6. A river once flew ove
30、r its banks. 四、介词over作“遍及”解：1. The fog spreads over the town. 2. 2. The mud was splashed over their clothes. 五、介词over作“对于”、“关于”（有支配、监督、保护、控制等含义）解：1. There will be much discussion over this problem. 2. We are talking over our production plan with them. 3. He watches over a laboratory. 4. His suggesti
31、on has a great influence over(或on) us. 六、副词over作表语，作“完了”、“结束”解：The test is over. 七、副词over作“多余”、“过度”、“太”解：1. I gave you two glasses and had three glasses over. 2. How much is left over? 3. That is not over well. 八、副词over作“越过”、“出”解：1. Come over and see us next week. 2. He will go（或sail, fly）over to Ja
32、pan. 3. The milk boiled over九、副词over作“遍满”、“全部地”解：1. He read this book over. 2. The river is frozen over. 十、副词over作“重复地”、“再一次”解：1. I did this experiment three times over. 2. This test must be done over (again). 十一、副词over表示“时间持续”或“在（期间）中”的意思：1. The construction work can be carried out all the year ove
33、r（或round或around）. 2. I have learnt 500 English words over the past year. 十二、介词over表示“由于”之意：We rejoiced over the victory. 十三、over表示“垂直在上”，而above就不一定。例如：1. Their laboratory is right over ours. 他们的实验室恰好在我们的上面。（垂直在上）2. Their laboratory is above ours. 他们的实验室在我们上面。（不一定垂直在上）十四、over表示“蒙起来和遍及全面”的含义，而above仅表示
34、上下次序：1. I pulled the blanket me. 2. Put this book the other one. 3. The steel industry is widely distributed t the country. 4. The sun rises the horizon. 2.4十五、注意同一词组，由于后面搭配的词不同，意义也有所不同：to go over a computer 检查一台电脑to go over a lesson 复习功课to go over the ground of the matter 调查这件事的情况to go over to Chin
35、a 出发到中国去on表示在一物体上，强调两物相接触，over也表示在一物体上，但强调覆盖这一物体。试比较： She put her coat on the bed. 她把大衣放在床上。 She put her coat over the sleeping baby. 她把大衣盖在那正在睡觉的孩子身上。Theres a magazine lying open on the table.桌上有本杂志翻开着。Theres a cloth over the table. 桌上摊着一块台布。 The woman lifted a big jar on her head. 那位妇女头上顶着一只大坛子。 S
36、he put her hands over her face. 她用手遮住脸。over表示“越过”某一高度，具有动态之意，on仅表示“处于之上”，是静态。试比较： They dragged heavy stones with ropes over their shoulders. 他们肩背绳索拖拽巨石。(绳在肩膀两边弯下去，不用on。) To my horror, I saw, over my fathers shoulder, a gorilla, the worst enemy of the soldier in Africa. 使我感到恐怖的是，从我父亲的肩膀上看过去，我发现非洲士兵最危
37、险的敌人-一只大猩猩。(视线越过肩膀后，一直向前方延伸，不用on. ) The farmers walked to their fields with hoes on their shoulders. 农民们肩上扛着锄头，向田地走去。(仅表示锄头所处的位置。是静态，用on，不用over. )over和above都可以用来表示“高于”，相当于“higher than”。例如： The water came up over/above our knees. 水已涨至我们膝盖之上。 Can you see the birds flying above/over the pear trees? 你看到
38、那一片梨树上空飞翔的鸟吗？如果要表示“覆盖”或“越过”，则用over。如： Theres thick cloud over the south of England. 英格兰南部地区一片乌云。 Electricity cables went over the fields. 电缆线越过田野。(这句也可以用across)指数量时，我们一般用 over(more than)表示“超过”，但如果指上下垂直的度量以及海拔高度时，要用above。试比较： You have to be over 18 to see this film. 你得超过十八岁才能看这部电影。(不用above) The temperature is three degrees above zero. 温度在零上三度。(不用over) The mountain is over(more than)4,000 metres above (higher than) sealevel. 那座山海拔有四千多米高。over表示在某人或某物的正上方，反义词是under。above表示位置高于某人或某物。但不一定是正上方，反义词是below.第 29 页-