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1、文化篇饮茶中国人饮茶， 注重一个品字。品茶不但是鉴别茶的优劣，也带有神思遐想和领略饮茶情趣之意。在百忙之中泡上一壶浓茶，择雅静之处，自斟自饮，可以消除疲劳、涤烦益思、振奋精神，也可以细啜慢饮，达到美的享受，使精神世界升华到高尚的艺术境界。品茶的环境一般由建筑物、园林、摆设、茶具等因素组成。饮茶要求安静、清新、舒适、干净。中国园林世界闻名，山水风景更是不可胜数。利用园林或自然山水间，搭设茶室，让人们小憩，意趣盎然。中国是文明古国，礼仪之邦，很重礼节。凡来了客人，沏茶、敬茶的礼仪是必不可少的。当有客来访，可征求意见，选用最合来客口味的茶叶和最佳茶具待客。主人在陪伴客人饮茶时，要注意客人杯、壶中的茶
2、水残留量，一般用茶杯泡茶，如已喝去一半，就要添加开水，随喝随添，使茶水浓度基本保持前后一致，水温适宜。在饮茶时也可适当佐以茶食、糖果、菜肴等，达到调节口味和点心之功效。The Chinese people, in their drinking of tea, place much significance on the act of savoring. Savoring tea is not only a way to discern good tea from mediocre tea, but also how people take delight in their reverie an
3、d in tea-drinking itself. Snatching a bit of leisure from a busy schedule, making a kettle of strong tea, securing a serene space, and serving and drinking tea by yourself can help banish fatigue and frustration, improve your thinking ability and inspire you with enthusiasm. You may also imbibe it s
4、lowly in small sips to appreciate the subtle allure of tea-drinking, until your spirits soar up and up into a sublime aesthetic realm. Buildings, gardens, ornaments and tea sets are the elements that form the ambiance for savoring tea. A tranquil, refreshing, comfortable and neat locale is certainly
5、 desirable for drinking tea. Chinese gardens are well known in the world and beautiful Chinese landscapes are too numerous to count. Teahouses tucked away in gardens and nestled beside the natural beauty of mountains and rivers are enchanting places of repose for people to rest and recreate themselv
6、es.China is a country with a time-honored civilization and a land of ceremony and decorum. Whenever guests visit, it is necessary to make and serve tea to them. Before serving tea, you may ask them for their preferences as to what kind of tea they fancy and serve them the tea in the most appropriate
7、 teacups. In the course of serving tea, the host should take careful note of how much water is remaining in the cups and in the kettle. Usually, if the tea is made in a teacup, boiling water should be added after half of the cup has been consumed; and thus the cup is kept filled so that the tea reta
8、ins the same bouquet and remains pleasantly warm throughout the entire course of tea-drinking. Snacks, sweets and other dishes may be served at tea time to complement the fragrance of the tea and to allay ones hunger.注释：1. 神思遐想：reverie。2. 领略饮茶情趣：take delight in tea-drinking。3. 在百忙之中泡上一壶浓茶:这个句子较长，译者根
9、据其意思的层次，把它分成了两个完整的句子来翻译，这样就有较大的自由度来遣词造句。4. 择静雅之处：securing a serene space。5. 细啜慢饮：imbibe slowly in small sips。6. 达到美的享受：即享受到饮茶之美。allure这里是名词，意为迷人之处，也可用beauty。7. 使精神世界升华到高尚的艺术境界：until your spirits soar up and up into a sublime aesthetic realm。8. 利用园林或自然山水间，搭设茶室：翻译时用了tucked away和nestled，比用built要形象、优美得多
10、。9. 让人们小憩，意趣盎然:意思是(茶室)是让人们休息、娱乐的迷人场所。10. 礼仪之邦:即是一个很讲究礼仪的地方，很重礼节为重复，不译。11. 当有客来访：是凡来了客人的重复，可不译。根据下文的内容，加上before serving tea，使上下衔接贴切自然。12. 征求意见，选用最合来客口味的茶叶和最佳茶具待客：可理解为询问来客他们最喜欢什么茶叶，然后用最合适的茶具给客人敬茶。13. 主人在陪伴客人饮茶时：译为in the course of serving tea,与前面before serving tea相呼应。14. 主人在陪伴客人饮茶时水温适宜：这句话较长，译者同样根据其意思的
11、层次，把它分成了两个完整的句子来翻译。15. 随喝随添：and thus the cup is kept filled或者and in this way the cup is kept filled。16. 茶食：意思为点心、小吃。17. 达到调节口味和点心之功效：点心为方言点饥、充饥的意思。园林中国园林可分为御花园和私家花园两类。前者多见于北方，后者则多见于南方，尤以苏州，无锡和南京三地为盛。Chinese garden can be divided into two categories: the imperial and the private. The former is seen m
12、ost frequently in northern china while more of the later can be found in the south, especially in Suzhou, Wuxi and Nanjing.南方私家花园中的溪、桥、山、亭小巧玲珑，布局精明，尽显其自然美，令人赏心悦目。桥大多为石桥，有直桥，曲桥，拱桥。直桥其实是一块不加装饰的石板，通常与河岸或河水齐高，给人一种临水的感觉。曲桥设有低栏杆，西湖上的九曲桥就属此桥。拱桥可以分为单拱桥和多拱桥两种。园内的小溪虽占地不多，却同小桥与石屿相得益彰，浑然一体。Small and delicate, c
13、leverly laid out and pleasing to the eye, the streams, bridges, rockeries and pavilions of private Chinese garden reveal a natural beauty of their own. Most of the bridges in this garden are stone, including straight, winding and arched bridges. The Straight bridges consist of just one stone slab wi
14、thout any decoration and it is usually level with the riverbank or with the river to make the visitors feel that they are surrounded by the water. The winding bridge has low balustrades. The Jiuqu Zigzag Bridge on west lake is one of them. The arched bridge can be divided into the single-arch and th
15、e multi-arch varieties. Streams in this gardens do not cover a large area, but setting them well with bridges and islands to yield a uniform effect.石头与假山是中国南方园林的特色。奇形怪状的石头常带有引人注目的波纹，线条和水孔。硕大的石头可自成一景，而较小石块则堆积成假山，为园林增添无比魅力。走廊是中国园林的另一大特色。有河边的河廊，花丛中的花廊，柳树丛中的柳廊,竹林中的竹廊。对客人来说，这些走廊可谓是优秀导游。在一座大花园里沿走廊而行，可以观赏园
16、内的各处景观。Rocks and rockeries are special features of southern Chinese gardens. Stones of grotesque forms are often attractive with underlaid lines and water holes. Some large stones form sceneries of their own while smaller ones are put together to form artificial hills to add to the fantastic attract
17、iveness of the garden. Corridors form another feature of the chinese garden. There are water corridors built along the waterside, flower corridors setted among flowers, willow corridors among groves of willow and bamboo corridors among groves of bamboo. For the visitors, these corridors are good tra
18、vel guides leading to the various views of the big garden.形态各异的窗户点缀在走廊上，有方形，有圆形，有六角形，也有八角形。许多窗户的图案也都装饰的非常美丽。游客可以透过这些艳丽多彩的走廊窗户，将园内的佳景尽收眼底。园林的大门同窗户一样也雕刻成各种形状，给环境带来了生气，增添了雅趣。The corridors are decorated by windows of every shape： square, round , hexagonal and octagonal. Many of the windows are decorated
19、 with very beautiful patterns and designs. Visitors can have excellent view of the garden through the colorful windows. The doors of the garden, like the windows, are also carved in different shapes to bring more vigorousness and elegance to the surroundings.花园中的墙壁多粉刷成白色。隐秘在花丛，树丛，小山丛中的白墙与灰瓦褐窗形成强烈的反差
20、。白墙上树影婆娑，池塘中柳枝齐舞。在园中徜徉的游客也许能在这世外桃源里真正地享受片刻安宁。Walls of these gardens are usually painted in white. Hiding among the flowers, trees and hills, white walls stand in a sharp contrast to the gray tiles and brown windows. Stollings about these gardens with the tree shadows swaying on the white wall and wi
21、llow reflections dancing in the ponds, tourists may then find themselves truly enjoy this peace and relaxation in this paradise from the turmoil of the world.八大菜系浙江菜，简称浙菜，是中国八大菜系之一。浙菜由杭州菜、宁波菜、绍兴菜组成。菜式小巧玲珑，清俊逸秀，菜品鲜美滑嫩，脆软清爽。杭州菜是这三者中最出名的一个。杭州菜以精细的食材准备及多种烹饪技法闻名于世。杭州菜多用煸、炖、炒及油炸等烹调方法烹制出鲜嫩香脆的菜肴。随着季节的变化，杭州菜
22、品也有所不同。Zhejiang cuisine, also called Zhe Cai for short, is one of the eight famous culinary schools in China. Comprising local cuisines of Hangzhou, Ningbo and Shaoxing, Zhejiang Cuisine, not greasy, wins its reputation for freshness, tenderness, softness, smoothness of its dishes with mellow fragra
23、nce. Hangzhou Cuisine is the most famous one among the three. Hangzhou cuisine is characterized by its elaborate preparation and varying techniques of cooking, such as sauteing, stewing, and stir- and deep-frying. Hangzhou food tastes fresh and crisp, varying with the change of season.Famous dishes
24、著名菜肴:Longjing Tea Shrimps 龙井虾仁Xihu Sour Fish 西湖醋鱼Stewed Egg with Fish Slice 鱼片蒸蛋Pear and Crab Sticks 凤梨蟹柳山东菜系，由济南菜系和胶东菜系组成，清淡，不油腻，以其香，鲜，酥，软而闻名。因为使用青葱和大蒜做为调料，山东菜系通常很辣。山东菜系注重汤品。清汤清澈新鲜，而油汤外观厚重，味道浓重。济南菜系擅长炸，烤，煎，炒，而胶东菜系则以其烹饪海鲜的鲜淡而闻名。Consisting of Jinan cuisine and Jiaodong cuisine, Shandong cuisine is cl
25、ear, pure and not greasy which is characterized by its emphasis on aroma, freshness, crispness and tenderness. Shallot and garlic are usually used as seasonings so Shangdong dishes tastes pungent usually. Soups are given much emphasis in Shangdong dishes. Thin soup features clear and fresh while cre
26、amy soup looks thick and tastes strong. Jinan cuisine is adept at deep-frying, grilling, frying and stir-frying while Jiaodong division is famous for cooking seafood with fresh and light taste.Famous dishes 著名菜肴：Dezhou Braised Chicken 德州扒鸡Sweet and Sour Carp 糖醋鲤鱼Braised Sea Cucumber with Scallion 葱烧
27、海参Prawn Dish with Color Pattern 百花大虾湖南菜系由湘江地区，洞庭湖和湘西的地方菜肴组成。它以其极辣的味道为特色。红辣椒，青辣椒和青葱在这一菜系中的必备品。湖南人喜食辣椒源于当地气候潮湿，辣椒可以帮助人体驱赶潮气。湘菜传统的烹饪方法包括炖、蒸和煨炖。Hunan cuisine consists of local Cuisines of Xiangjiang Region, Dongting Lake and Xiangxi coteau. It characterizes itself by thick and pungent flavor. Chili, pep
28、per and shallot are usually necessaries in this division. Hunan food is hot because the climate is very humid, which makes it difficult for human body to eliminate moisture. The local people eat hot peppers to help remove dampness and cold. The main cooking methods for Hunan dishes are braising, ste
29、aming and stewing.Famous dishes 著名菜肴:Steamed Multiple Preserved Hams 腊味合蒸Gold Fish Playing Lotus 金鱼戏莲Tortoise and Mutton Soup 龟羊汤Braised pork in brown sauce 红烧肉四川菜系，是世界上最著名的中国菜系之一。四川菜系以其香辣而闻名，味道多变，着重使用红辣椒，搭配使用青椒和花椒，产生出经典的刺激的味道。此外，大蒜，姜和豆豉也被应用于烹饪过程中。野菜和野禽常被选用为原料，油炸，无油炸，腌制和文火炖煮是基本的烹饪技术。没有品尝过四川菜的人不算来过中国
30、。四川火锅也许是世界上最出名的火锅，尤其是半辣半清的鸳鸯火锅。Sichuan Cuisine, known often in the West as Sichuan Cuisine, is one of the most famous Chinese cuisines in the world. Characterized by its spicy and pungent flavor, Sichuan cuisine, prolific of tastes, emphasizes on the use of chili. Pepper and prickly ash also never f
31、ail to accompany, producing typical exciting tastes. Besides, garlic, ginger and fermented soybean are also used in the cooking process. Wild vegetables and animals are usually chosen as ingredients, while frying, frying without oil, pickling and braising are applied as basic cooking techniques. It
32、cannot be said that one who does not experience Sichuan food ever reaches China. Sichuan hot pots are perhaps the most famous hotpots in the world, most notably the Yuan Yang （mandarin duck） Hotpot half spicy and half clear.Famous dishes 著名菜肴：Kung Pao Chicken 宫保鸡丁Shredded Pork with Garlic Sauce 鱼香肉丝
33、Pork Lungs in Chili Sauce 夫妻肺片Mapo Tofu 麻婆豆腐广东菜源自于中国广东省。大多数华侨来自广东，因此广东菜也许是国外最广泛的中国地方菜系。广东人热衷于尝试用各种不同的肉类和蔬菜，不大使用辣椒，而是带出蔬菜和肉类自身的风味。广东菜是各类丰富的中国菜系之一。广东菜系，味道清，淡，脆，鲜，为西方人所熟知，常用猛禽走兽来烹饪出有创意的菜肴。它的基础烹饪方法包括烤，炒，煸，深炸，烤，炖和蒸。其中蒸和炒最常用于保存天然风味。广东厨师也注重于菜肴的艺术感。Cantonese food originates from Guangdong. The majority of o
34、verseas Chinese people are from Guangdong（Canton）so Cantonese is perhaps the most widely available Chinese regional cuisine outside of China.Cantonese are known to have an adventurous palate, able to eat many different kinds of meats and vegetables.It doesnt use much spice, bringing out the natural
35、flavor of the vegetables and meats.Cantonese food is easily one of the most diverse and richest cuisines in China.Tasting clear, light, crisp and fresh, Guangdong cuisine, familiar to Westerners, usually chooses raptors and beasts to produce originative dishes. Its basic cooking techniques include r
36、oasting, stir-frying, sauteing, deep-frying, braising, stewing and steaming. Among them steaming and stir-frying are more commonly applied to preserve the natural flavor. Guangdong chefs also pay much attention to the artistic presentation of dishes.Famous dishes 著名菜肴：Guangzhou Wenchang Chicken 广州文昌
37、鸡Dongjiang Salted Chicken 东江盐焗鸡Finger Citron Chop 佛手排骨Roasted Suckling Pig 烤乳猪江苏菜，又叫淮阳菜，流行于在淮扬湖下流。江苏菜以水产作为主要原料，注重原料的鲜味。其雕刻技术十分珍贵，其中瓜雕尤其著名。烹饪技术包括炖，烤，焙，煨等。淮阳菜的特色是淡，鲜，甜，雅。江苏菜系以其精选的原料，精细的准备，不辣不温的口感而出名。因为江苏气候变化很大，江苏菜系在一年之中也有变化。苏菜味道强而不重，淡而不温。Jiangsu Cuisine, also called Huaiyang Cuisine, is popular in the
38、 lower reach of the Yangtze River. Aquatics as the main ingredients, it stresses the freshness of materials. Its carving techniques are delicate, of which the melon carving technique is especially well known. Cooking techniques consist of stewing, braising, roasting, simmering, etc. The flavor of Hu
39、aiyang Cuisine is light, fresh and sweet and with delicate elegance. Jiangsu cuisine is well known for its careful selection of ingredients, its meticulous preparation methodology, and its not-too-spicy, not-too-bland taste. Since the seasons vary in climate considerably in Jiangsu, the cuisine also
40、 varies throughout the year. If the flavor is strong, it isnt too heavy; if light, not too bland.Famous dishes 著名菜肴:Nanjings Salty Wild Duck 南京盐水鸭Mandarin Fish with Pine Nuts 松子鳜鱼Large Meatball 狮子头Boiled and Dried Bean Curd 煮干丝闽菜由福州、闽南、闽西三路菜组成。福州菜路流行于闽东、闽中、闽北地区；闽南菜则广传于厦门、泉州、漳州、闽南金三角；闽西菜则盛行于闽西客家地区，极富
41、乡土气息。闽菜的风格特色是：淡雅、鲜嫩、和醇、隽永。口味偏重甜、酸和清淡，常用红糟调味。Fujian cuisine comprises three branches Fuzhou, South Fujian and West Fujian. There are slight differences among them. Fuzhou dishes, quite popular in eastern, central and northern Fujian Province, are more fresh, delicious, and less salty, sweet, and sour
42、; South Fujian dishes, popular in Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou and the golden triangle of South Fujian, are sweet and hot ,which use hot sauces, custard, and orange juice as flavorings; West Fujian dishes are salty and hot, prevailing in Hakka region with strong local flavor. Generally speaking, Fuji
43、an dishes are slightly sweet and sour, and less salty, and often use the red distillers grain for flavoring.Famous dishes 著名菜肴：Fotiaoqiang 佛跳墙Tai Chi Taro 太极芋泥Lychee Meat 荔枝肉Fried Sprats 海蛎煎徽菜是中国传统的八大菜系之一。安徽省绩溪县是徽菜的发祥地，素誉“徽厨之乡”。安徽菜由皖南、沿江、淮北三种地方风味组成, 其特色不仅在于精细的食物取材，还在于独特的烹饪方法。安徽厨师注重于烹饪的温度，擅长煨炖。通常会加入火
44、腿和方糖来改善菜肴的味道。Anhui cuisine is one of the eight great traditions of Chinese cuisine. The Anhui Province Jixi County is the emblem vegetable birthplace, the element reputation township of the emblem kitchen. Anhui cuisine comprises the specialties of South Anhui, Yanjiang and Huai Bei. The highly dist
45、inctive characteristic of Anhui cuisine lies not only in the elaborate choices of cooking materials but also in the strict control of cooking process. Anhui Cuisine chefs focus much more attention on the temperature in cooking and are good at braising and stewing. Often hams will be added to improve
46、 taste and sugar candy added to gain.Famous dishes 著名菜肴:Braised Streaky Pork with Huizhou Glue 徽州桃脂烧肉Steamed Lotus Seeds 干蒸莲子Fried Prawns 香炸琵琶虾Fuliji Braised Chicken 符离集烧鸡艺术篇n 4.1 Calligraphy and Paintingn 4.1.1 Calligraphyn 书法n calligraphyn 硬笔书法n pen calligraphyn 表音成分n phonetic componentn 表形成分n sym
47、bolic componentn 汉字偏旁n components of Chinese charactersn 线条艺术n the art of linesn 汉字书写（体）n Chinese scriptn 汉字从图画和符号演变而来，中国书法艺术自然而然衍生于这一特殊的书写体系（绝大多数汉字由表音和表形成分构成），因此中国书法也被称作线条艺术。n Chinese characters evolved from pictures and signs, and the Chinese art of calligraphy developed naturally from this specia
48、l writing system (most Chinese characters consist of several phonetic and symbolic components), so Chinese calligraphy is also called the art of lines.n 尽管中国书法以汉字为表达工具，但要欣赏中国书法之美，不一定非要懂得汉语。n Although Chinese calligraphy uses Chinese words as its vehicle of expression, one does not have to know the language to appreciate its beauty.n 书法的目的在于保持自然之美，突显人类精神之美。n Calligraphys purpose is to retain the beauty of nature and illuminate mans spiritual beauty. n P51n 受到青睐n to find favor inn 汉学圈n the circle of Chinese language