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1、剑7Test 1阅读Passage1真题及解析READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages.Lets Go BatsA Bats have a problem: how to find their way around in the dark. They hunt at night, and cannot use light to help them find prey and av
2、oid obstacles. You might say that this is a problem of their own making, one that they could avoid simply by changing their habits and hunting by day. But the daytime economy is already heavily exploited by other creatures such as birds. Given that there is a living to be made at night, and given th
3、at alternative daytime trades are thoroughly occupied, natural selection has favoured bats that make a go of the night-hunting trade. It is probable that the nocturnal trades go way back in the ancestry of all mammals. In the time when the dinosaurs dominated the daytime economy, our mammalian ances
4、tors probably only managed to survive at all because they found ways of scraping a living at night. Only after the mysterious mass extinction of the dinosaurs about 65 million years ago were our ancestors able to emerge into the daylight in any substantial numbers.B Bats have an engineering problem:
5、 how to find their way and find their prey in the absence of light. Bats are not the only creatures to face this difficulty today. Obviously the night-flying insects that they prey on must find their way about somehow. Deep-sea fish and whales have little or no light by day or by night. Fish and dol
6、phins that live in extremely muddy water cannot see because, although there is light, it is obstructed and scattered by the dirt in the water. Plenty of other modern animals make their living in conditions where seeing is difficult or impossible.C Given the questions of how to manoeuvre in the dark,
7、 what solutions might an engineer consider? The first one that might occur to him is to manufacture light, to use a lantern or a searchlight. Fireflies and some fish (usually with the help of bacteria) have the power to manufacture their own light, but the process seems to consume a large amount of
8、energy. Fireflies use their light for attracting mates. This doesnt require a prohibitive（费用，价格等）过高的 amount of energy: a males tiny pinprick of light can be seen by a female from some distance on a dark night, since her eyes are exposed directly to the light source itself. However, using light to fi
9、nd ones own way around requires vastly more energy, since the eyes have to detect the tiny fraction of the light that bounces off each part of the scene. The light source must therefore be immensely brighter if it is to be used as a headlight to illuminate the path, than if it is to be used as a sig
10、nal to others. In any event, whether or not the reason is the energy expense, it seems to be the case that, with the possible exception of some weird deep-sea fish, no animal apart from man uses manufactured light to find its way about.D What else might the engineer think of? well, blind humans some
11、times seem to have an uncanny sense of obstacles in their path. It has been given the name facial vision, because blind people have reported that it feels a bit like the sense of touch, on the face. One report tells of a totally blind boy who could ride his tricycle at good speed round the block nea
12、r his home, using facial vision. Experiments showed that, in fact, facial vision is nothing to do with touch or the front of the face, although the sensation may be referred to the front of the face, like the referred pain in a phantom limb. The sensation of facial vision, it turns out, really goes
13、in through the ears. Blind people, without even being aware of the fact, are actually using echoes of their own footsteps and of other sounds, to sense the presence of obstacles. Before this was discovered, engineers had already built instruments to exploit the principle, for example to measure the
14、depth of the sea under a ship. After this technique had been invented, it was only a matter of time before weapons designers adapted it for the detection of submarines. Both sides in the Second world war relied heavily on these devices, under such code names as Asdic (British) and Sonar (American),
15、as well as Radar (American) or RDF (British), which uses radio echoes rather than sound echoes.E The Sonar and Radar pioneers didnt know it then, but all the world now knows that bats, or rather natural selection working on bats, had perfected the system tens of millions of years earlier, and their
16、radar achieves feats of detection and navigation that would strike an engineer dumb with admiration. It is technically incorrect to talk about bat radar, since they do not use radio waves. It is sonar. But the underlying mathematical theories of radar and sonar are very similar, and much of our scie
17、ntific understanding of the details of what bats are doing has come from applying radar theory to them. The American zoologist Donald Griffin, who was largely responsible for the discovery of sonar in bats, coined the term echolocation to cover both sonar and radar, whether used by animals or by hum
18、an instruments.Questions 1-5Reading Passage 1 has five paragraphs, A-E.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.1 examples of wildlife other than bats which do not rely on vision to na
19、vigate by2 how early mammals avoided dying out（ancestors 等同于early mammals, survive 等同于avoid dying out）3 why bats hunt in the dark4 how a particular discovery has helped our understanding of bats5 early military uses of echolocationQuestions 6-9Complete the summary below.ChooseONE WORD ONLYfrom the p
20、assage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet.Facial VisionBlind people report that so-called facial vision is comparable to the sensation of touch on the face. In fact, the sensation is more similar to the way in which pain from a 6. arm or leg might be felt. The abili
21、ty actually comes from perceiving 7. through the ears. However, even before this was understood, the principle had been applied in the design of instruments which calculated the 8. of the seabed. This was followed by a wartime application in devices for finding 9. .Questions 10-13Complete the senten
22、ces below.ChooseNO MORE THAN TWO WORDSfrom the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.10 Long before the invention of radar, had resulted in a sophisticated radar-like system in bats.11 Radar is an inaccurate term when referring to bats because are not used in
23、 their navigation system.12 Radar and sonar are based on similar. .13 The word echolocation was first used by someone working as a.必记词汇nocturnal nktn()l adj. 夜的；夜曲的；夜间发生的mammal mm()l n. 脊椎 哺乳动物 mammalian mmeln adj. 哺乳类动物的 n. 哺乳类scrape a living 勉强够维持生活，勉强糊口in any substantial numbers adj. 大量的；实质的；内容充实
24、的 n. 本质；重要材料obstruct bstrkt vt. 妨碍；阻塞；遮断manoeuvre mnuv vi. 调动；演习；用策略 vt. 诱使；操纵；耍花招prohibitive adj. 禁止的，禁止性的；抑制的；（费用，价格等）过高的；类同禁止的pinprick n. 针刺；针孔；令人烦恼的小事bounce off 弹开，反弹；从弹跳出来；掂量 illuminate vt. 阐明，说明；照亮；使灿烂；用灯装饰exception n. 例外；异议uncanny adj. 神秘的；离奇的；可怕的facial vision 面感视觉 sensation n. 感觉；轰动；感动phanto
25、m fntmn. 幽灵；幻影；虚位 adj. 幽灵的；幻觉的；有名无实的exploit vt. 开发，开拓；剥削；开采 n. 勋绩；功绩Asdic zdk n. 军 潜艇探索器RDF abbr. 无线电测向器（Radio Direction Finde）natural selection 进化 自然选择；物竞天择说strike an engineer dumb with admiration 使.哑口无言underlying adj. 潜在的；根本的；在下面的；优先的 v. 放在的下面；为的基础；优先于（underlie的ing形式）coin vt. 铸造（货币）；杜撰，创造 n. 硬币，钱币
26、READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages.Questions 14-20Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-H.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A and C-H from the list of headings below.Write the correct number,
27、i-xi, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi Scientists call for a revision of policyii An explanation for reduced water useiii How a global challenge was metiv Irrigation systems fall into disusev Environmental effectsvi The financial cost of recent technological improvementsvii The
28、relevance to healthviii Addressing the concern over increasing populationsix A surprising downward trend in demand for waterx The need to raise standardsxi A description of ancient water supplies14 Paragraph AExample AnswerParagraph B iii15 Paragraph C16 Paragraph D17 paragraph E18 paragraph F19 par
29、agraph G20 paragraph HMAKING EVERYDROP COUNTA The history of human civilisation is entwined with the history of the ways we have learned to manipulate water resources. As towns gradually expanded, water was brought from increasingly remote sources, leading to sophisticated engineering efforts such a
30、s dams and aqueducts. At the height of the Roman Empire, nine major systems, with an innovative layout of pipes and well-built sewers, supplied the occupants of Rome with as much water per person as is provided in many parts of the industrial world today.B During the industrial revolution and popula
31、tion explosion of the 19th and 20th centuries, the demand for water rose dramatically. Unprecedented construction of tens of thousands of monumental engineering projects designed to control floods, protect clean water supplies, and provide water for irrigation and hydropower brought great benefits t
32、o hundreds of millions of people. 22Food production has kept pace with soaring populations mainly because of the expansion of artificial irrigation systems that make possible the growth of 40 % of the worlds food. Nearly one fifth of all the electricity generated worldwide is produced by turbines sp
33、un by the power of falling water.C Yet there is a dark side to this picture: despite our progress, half of the worlds population still suffers, with water services inferior to those available to the ancient Greeks and Romans. As the United Nations report on access to water reiterated in November 200
34、1, more than one billion people lack access to clean drinking water; some two and a half billion do not have adequate sanitation services. Preventable water-related diseases kill an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 children every day, and the latest evidence suggests that we are falling behind in efforts
35、to solve these problems.D The consequences of our water policies extend beyond jeopardising human health. Tens of millions of people have been forced to move from their homes often with little warning or compensation to make way for the reservoirs behind dams. More than 20 % of all freshwater fish s
36、pecies are now threatened or endangered because dams and water withdrawals have destroyed the free-flowing river ecosystems where they thrive. Certain irrigation practices degrade soil quality and reduce agricultural productivity. Groundwater aquifers* are being pumped down faster than they are natu
37、rally replenished in parts of India, China, the USA and elsewhere. And disputes over shared water resources have led to violence and continue to raise local, national and even international tensions.* underground stores of waterE At the outset of the new millennium, however, the way resource planner
38、s think about water is beginning to change. The focus is slowly shifting back to the provision of basic human and environmental needs as top priority ensuring some for all, instead of more for some. Some water experts are now demanding that existing infrastructure be used in smarter ways rather than
39、 building new facilities, which is increasingly considered the option of last, not first, resort. This shift in philosophy has not been universally accepted, and it comes with strong opposition from some established water organisations. Nevertheless, it may be the only way to address successfully th
40、e pressing problems of providing everyone with clean water to drink, adequate water to grow food and a life free from preventable water-related illness.F Fortunately and unexpectedly the demand for water is not rising as rapidly as some predicted. As a result, the pressure to build new water infrast
41、ructures has diminished over the past two decades. 24Although population, industrial output and economic productivity have continued to soar in developed nations, the rate at which people withdraw water from aquifers, rivers and lakes has slowed. And in a few parts of the world, demand has actually
42、fallen.G What explains this remarkable turn of events? Two factors: people have figured out how to use water more efficiently, and communities are rethinking their priorities for water use. Throughout the first three-quarters of the 20th century, the quantity of freshwater consumed per person double
43、d on average; in the USA, water withdrawals increased tenfold while the population quadrupled. But since 1980, the amount of water consumed per person has actually decreased, thanks to a range of new technologies that help to conserve water in homes and industry. In 1965, for instance, Japan used ap
44、proximately 13 million gallons* of water to produce $1 million of commercial output; by 1989 this had dropped to 3.5 million gallons (even accounting for inflation) almost a quadrupling of water productivity. In the USA, water withdrawals have fallen by more than 20 % from their peak in 1980.H On th
45、e other hand, dams, aqueducts and other kinds of infrastructure will still have to be built, particularly in developing countries where basic human needs have not been met. But such projects must be built to higher specifications and with more accountability to local people and their environment tha
46、n in the past. And even in regions where new projects seem warranted, we must find ways to meet demands with fewer resources, respecting ecological criteria and to a smaller budget.Questions 21-26Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 21-26 on your
47、 answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVENif it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this21 Water use per person is higher in the industrial world than it was in Ancient Rome.22 Feeding increasing populations is possible due primarily to improved irrigation systems.23 Modern water systems imitate those of the ancient Greeks and Romans.24 Industrial growth is increasing the overall demand for water.25 Modern technologies have led to a reduction in domestic water consumpti