初中英语语法动词.ppt

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1、动词的构成动词的构成1. be 动词动词2. 助动词助动词3. 情态动词情态动词4. 系动词系动词5. 实义动词实义动词 be 动词be动词的几种形式动词的几种形式1) am is are2) was were3) being4) been be动词的用法1. 与名词、数词、形容词、介词连用与名词、数词、形容词、介词连用1) I am a doctor.2) He is ten.3) They are tired.4) The cat is under the table. be动词的用法 2.There be 句型句型1) 用于不可数名词和可数名词单数之前用于不可数名词和可数名词单数之前Th

2、ere is a pen on the desk.There is some water in the glass.2) 用于复数名词之前用于复数名词之前There are some sheep in the hill.3) 用于一般将来时用于一般将来时There is going to be a film in our school next Sunday.4) 用于一般过去时用于一般过去时There was a book on the desk yesterday. There used to be (过去常过去常)a tall tree here.be动词的用法3.Be 动词在时态中的运

3、用动词在时态中的运用1) 在现在进行时中在现在进行时中 We are talking (交谈)(交谈)now.2) 在过去进行时中在过去进行时中 We were talking (交谈)(交谈) at this time yesterday. 助动词 助动词的几种形式助动词的几种形式1) do /dont 2) does/ doesnt3) did/ didnt4) will /wont5) have, havent /has, hasnt/had hadnt 助动词的用法 1. 对句子进行否定和疑问对句子进行否定和疑问1) Do you get up early every day?2) I

4、 didnt (没)(没)have lunch yesterday.3) Will you be back soon?4) He hasnt (没)(没)finished the work yet.2. 在反意疑问句中在反意疑问句中1) He works in a school, doesnt he?2) She has never been there,has she?3. 在倒装句中在倒装句中1) They helped the farmers , so did we.2) I wont visit the famous singer,neither will he.情态动词1. 共同特点

5、共同特点1) 情态动词后面跟动词原型情态动词后面跟动词原型2) 无论否定、疑问、倒装句、或反意疑无论否定、疑问、倒装句、或反意疑问句都用情态动词问句都用情态动词3) 只有时态变化,没有人称变化只有时态变化,没有人称变化 情态动词 2. 解释解释1) can / could在表示请求允许的时候两者和互换,在表示请求允许的时候两者和互换, could比比can语气更委婉。语气更委婉。Can I help you?Could you open the window?在表示有能力作某事时,在表示有能力作某事时,could是是can的的过去式。过去式。I can swim.I could swim at

6、 the age of five.情态动词 2) Must /have toMust 表示主观意愿,否定句用表示主观意愿,否定句用Mustnt,否,否定回答用定回答用needntI must go now.You mustnt play in the street.Must I clean the room now?No,you neednt.have to表示客观条件的限制的表示客观条件的限制的“不得不不得不”,它有时态和人称变化,需要助动词来否定和它有时态和人称变化,需要助动词来否定和疑问。疑问。I dont have to carry the big box.He had to wash

7、 his clothes.情态动词2.解释解释3) May 表示请求别人允许。表示请求别人允许。May I use your bike?表示可能性。表示可能性。He may be a teacher.He may live in this building. 系动词 1.我们所学过的系动词是我们所学过的系动词是1) 变成类变成类get,turn,become,make2) 感观动词感观动词look,sound,smell,taste,feel3) 似乎类似乎类 seem appear4) 保持类保持类stay keep2.系动词只和形容词连用,构成系表结构系动词只和形容词连用,构成系表结构1)

8、 I feel hungry.2) The day gets longer and longer.3) He looked happy.实义动词1. 实义动词指的是有具体行为意思的动实义动词指的是有具体行为意思的动词。词。2. 实义动词在句中可以做谓语动词和非实义动词在句中可以做谓语动词和非谓语动词。谓语动词。3. 做谓语动词的用法做谓语动词的用法 动词会有四种形式:单三,现在分词,动词会有四种形式:单三,现在分词,过去式,过去分词过去式,过去分词 实义动词注意:掌握四种形式的变化规律1)He works in the office.2)We are dancing together.3)I

9、caught a cold last week.4)She has watered the flower. 实义动词4. 做非谓语动词的用法(指出现在谓语动词做非谓语动词的用法(指出现在谓语动词之后的动词,它受前面谓语动词的限制)之后的动词,它受前面谓语动词的限制) 动词会有三种形式:动词会有三种形式:1) 原型原型(do)2) 动名词动名词(doing)3) 不定式不定式(to do) 实义动词1) 用原型:用原型:a) let sb. dob) make sb. doc) help sb.(to) dod) had better do 实义动词2) 用动名词:用动名词:a) like do

10、ingb) enjoy doingc) finish doingd) 介词之后用动名词介词之后用动名词 be good at doingwhat about doingthank you for doing 实义动词 3) 用不定式:用不定式:a) want to dob) decide to doc) plan to dod) would like to doe) learn to dof) tell sb. ( not) to dog) ask sb. (not) to do实义动词 注意下列词不同形式的不同用法: remember doing/to do forget doing/to

11、do stop doing/to do go on doing/to do 现在进行时现在进行时: Present Progressive概念概念: 表示现在正在发生的动作表示现在正在发生的动作结构结构: be (is, am, are) + doing标志语:标志语: Look! 、 Listen! 、now一般在动词原形后一般在动词原形后+ing以不发音的以不发音的e结尾结尾的,去的,去e,+ing重读闭音节以一个重读闭音节以一个辅音字母结尾的,辅音字母结尾的,双写这一字母双写这一字母+ing动词动词-ing形式的构成:形式的构成:writingtakinggettingrunningsw

12、imminggoinggoaskwritetakegetrunswimasking1.The twins _(wash) the clothes now.2.Look! He _ (play) basketball over there.3.Listen! _ Sally _(sing)?are washingis playingIssinging 不用进行时的动词不用进行时的动词 1) 事实状态的动词事实状态的动词have, belong to, cost, own, exist, include, matter, weigh, continueI have two brothers.Thi

13、s house belongs to my sister.2) 心理状态的动词心理状态的动词Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hateI need your help.He loves her very much.3 ) 瞬间动词瞬间动词 accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.I

14、 accept your advice.4) 系动词系动词seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turnYou seem a little tired.一般现在时一般现在时: Present Simple概念概念: 表示习惯、经常性的动作表示习惯、经常性的动作结构结构: do、 does标志语:标志语:usually、often、never、 sometimes、once a week、 twice a month、every year客观事实,普遍真理客观事实,普遍真理The earth goes aro

15、und the Sun.主将从现主将从现If it rains tomorrow, we wont go to the park.When I grow up, I will go to America.一般现在表正在一般现在表正在 There goes the bell.一般现在时3. 动词碰到第三人称单数时,要加动词碰到第三人称单数时,要加 “s”1) work - works2) 辅音字母和辅音字母和“y”结尾的词,如结尾的词,如carry -carries3) 以以s、x、ch、sh结尾的加结尾的加“es”,如,如wash - washes4) go - goes5) do - doe

16、s6) have - has 一般现在时4. 例句1) He goes (去去)to school on foot every day.2) We often have(吃)(吃) supper at home.3) She doesnt do (不做)(不做)her work every Sunday. 1.The twins _(wash) the clothes every day.2.Sometimes he _ (play) basketball over there.3.How often _ Sally _(sing)?washplaysdoessing一般过去时一般过去时: P

17、ast Simple概念概念: 表示过去发生的动作表示过去发生的动作结构结构: did标志语:标志语:yesterday、. ago、 in 1992、 last week/month 1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。状态。 时间状语有:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。等。 Where did you go just now?2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。动作。 When I was

18、a child, I often played football in the street. Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 比较:比较:Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.( 含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能

19、指刚离去) 注意:注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。1)动词)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。等。Did you want anything else?I wondered if you could help me.2)情态动词)情态动词 could, would.Could you lend me your bike?动词动词-ed形式的构成:形式的构成:在动词后加在动词后加-ed以字母以字母e 结尾的动结尾的动词,只词,只+d“ 辅音字母辅音字母+y ” ,变变y 为为i, 再再+ed重读闭音节以一个重读闭音

20、节以一个辅音字母结尾的,辅音字母结尾的,双写双写+edwantanswermovediecarrycrystopplanwantedmoveddiedcarriedcriedstoppedplannedansweredgetgoeataredocutsaygot gottenwent goneate eatencut cutwere beendid donesaid saidtakeswimdrinkhavecomeputseetook takenswam swumdrank drunkput puthad hadcame comesaw seen1.The twins _(wash) the

21、 clothes yesterday.2.The day before yesterday he _ (play) basketball over there.3._ Sally _(sing) two hours ago?washedplayedDidsing现在完成时现在完成时: Present Perfect概念概念: 表示已经发生的动作表示已经发生的动作结构结构: has done、 have done标志语:标志语:already、 yet、ever、 never、since、for、助动词助动词have (has) + 动词的动词的过去分词过去分词注:注:has 用于第三人称单数,

22、用于第三人称单数,have 用于其他所有人用于其他所有人称。称。 (1)现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一)现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。通常与表示包括动作对现在造成的影响或结果。通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词现在在内的时间副词just,already, before, yet, never, ever等状语连用。例如:等状语连用。例如: I have never(从未)(从未) heard of that before. Have you ever(曾)(曾) ridden a horse? She has already(已)(已) finishe

23、d the work. Have you milked the cow yet(还)(还)? Yes, I have done that already. Ive just(刚)(刚) lost my science book. (2)现在完成时表示过去已经开始,持续到现在)现在完成时表示过去已经开始,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去的动作或状态。可以和表示从也许还会持续下去的动作或状态。可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在(包括现在在内)的一过去某一时刻延续到现在(包括现在在内)的一段时间的状语连用。段时间的状语连用。 如:如:for和和since,以及,以及 so far, now, today

24、, this week(month, year) 等。等。 I havent seen her these days(这些天)(这些天). She has learnt English for 3 years(三年)(三年). They have lived here since 1990(自(自1990). What has happened to the USA in the last 350 years(在过去的(在过去的350年)年)?注意:表示短暂时间动作的词,如注意:表示短暂时间动作的词,如come, go, die, marry, buy等的完成时不能与等的完成时不能与for,

25、since等表示一段时间的短语连用。等表示一段时间的短语连用。 Ill go to your home when I have finished my homework. If it has stopped snowing in the morning, well go to the park. have / has been (to) 表示表示“曾经去过曾经去过”某地,说话时此人很可能某地,说话时此人很可能不在那里,已经回来。侧重指经历。不在那里,已经回来。侧重指经历。have / has gone (to) 表示某人表示某人“已经去了已经去了”某地,说话时此人在某地,说话时此人在那里,或可

26、能在路上,反正不在这里。那里,或可能在路上,反正不在这里。 He has been to Beijing. 他曾去过北京。他曾去过北京。 (人已回来,可能在这儿)(人已回来,可能在这儿) He has gone to Beijing. 他已经去了北京。他已经去了北京。 (人已走,不在这儿)。(人已走,不在这儿)。 1)过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述)过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。响。 2)过去时常与具体的时间

27、状语连用,而现在完)过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语有:一般过去时的时间状语有:yesterday, last week,ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的具体的时间状语。时间状语。 共同的时间状语有:共同的时间状语有:this morning, tonight, this April, now, once,before, already, recently,lately等。等。 现在完成时的时间状语有:现在完成时的时间状语有:for,

28、since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always, 等不确定的时间状语。等不确定的时间状语。 I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了。)(强调看的动作发生过了。) I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。)(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。) She has returned from Paris.(她已从巴黎回来了。)(她已从巴黎回来了。) She returned yester

29、day. (她是昨天回来了。)(她是昨天回来了。) He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续在团内的状态可延续) He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入团,三年前入团,joined为短暂行为。为短暂行为。)注意:注意:句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如 yesterday, last week, in 1960)时,不能使用现)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。例如:在完成时,要用过去时。例如:(错)(错)Tom has written a lette

30、r to his parents last night.(对)(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 延续动词表示经验、经历;延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。 He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果表结果) Ive known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历表经历) 延续动词用于肯定句,表示延续动词用于肯定句,表示“做做直

31、直到到” ;瞬间动词用于否定句,表示;瞬间动词用于否定句,表示“到到,才才”。 He didnt come back until ten oclock. 他到他到10 点才回来。点才回来。 He slept until ten oclock. 他一直睡到他一直睡到10点。点。将暂短性动词改为相应的延续性动词或短语和一将暂短性动词改为相应的延续性动词或短语和一段时间连用,其常用的方法有:段时间连用,其常用的方法有:a.用相应的延续性动词替换的主要有:用相应的延续性动词替换的主要有:buy have borrow keep come/go/become be catch/get a cold ha

32、ve a cold get to know knowb. be+名词名词 join the Party be a Party member go to school be a studentc. be+形容词形容词/副词副词 leave be away (from) die be dead put on be on finish/end be over begin/start be on come be here/in fall asleep be asleep go out be outd. be+介词短语介词短语 go to school be in/at school join the

33、Army be in the Armye.去掉短语中的暂短性动词去掉短语中的暂短性动词 come to work work begin to study studyB. 把误句中表示一段时间的状语改为表示过把误句中表示一段时间的状语改为表示过去时间的状语,原动词的完成时改为过去去时间的状语,原动词的完成时改为过去时时He come here three months ago.C.用用 “It is/ has been +一段时间一段时间 +since(一一般过去时般过去时)”结构。结构。It is/ has been three months since he came here.D. 用用“

34、多长时间多长时间+has passed + since(一般一般过去时过去时)”结构:结构: Three months has passed since he came here.3) 暂短性动词现在完成时的否定式,已成为一种暂短性动词现在完成时的否定式,已成为一种可以延续的状态,因此可以和表示一段时间的可以延续的状态,因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如:状语连用。如:I havent heard form him for two weeks.He hasnt left here since 1990.4)暂短性动词的否定式同暂短性动词的否定式同until一起连用,构成一起连用,构成 “ n

35、ot until”结构,表示这个动作直到结构,表示这个动作直到until所所表达的时间到来时才发生。如:表达的时间到来时才发生。如:We wont go to visit the Great Wall until the rain stops. - When did you go to bed last night?-I didnt go to bed until my father got home.5) 在在while(表示表示一段时间一段时间)引导的从句中,不引导的从句中,不能用暂短性动词,但能用暂短性动词,但when可以,因为可以,因为when可表可表示时间点,也可表示时间段示时间点,

36、也可表示时间段误:误:While I got to the village, it was dark.正:正:When I got to the village, it was dark.6)暂短性动词的肯定式的完成时不能和暂短性动词的肯定式的完成时不能和how long连连用。如:用。如:误:误:How long have you borrow the book?正:正:How long have you kept the book? 正:正:When did you borrow the book?2.延续性动词的用法延续性动词的用法1)延续性动词可以用于现在完成时,可以与时间段延续性动词

37、可以用于现在完成时,可以与时间段连用:连用:I have waited for him for nearly two hours.2)延续性动词不可以与时间点连用延续性动词不可以与时间点连用误:误: It rained at eight yesterday morning.正:正: It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.3) 在在until引导的时间状语中,若主句的谓语动词引导的时间状语中,若主句的谓语动词是延续性动词,既可以用肯定形式,也可以用是延续性动词,既可以用肯定形式,也可以用否定形式,但句子含义不同:否定形式,但句子含义不同:She

38、listened to the radio until her father came back.She didnt listen to the radio until her father came back.1. You dont need to describe her. I _ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet ;首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不;首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,用描述。再次,several times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在告知为反

39、复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。完成时。2. - Im sorry to keep you waiting.- Oh, not at all. I _ here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be ; 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。 1.The twins _(wash) the clothes for an hour.2.He _ (play) basketball since three years ago.3.How long _

40、 Sally _(sing) yet?have washedhas playedhassung1、概念:表示过去的过去。、概念:表示过去的过去。 -|-|-|- 那时以前那时以前 那时那时 现在现在 2、过去完成时的用法:、过去完成时的用法: (1)过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或者某一动作之前完成的动)过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或者某一动作之前完成的动作或状态;句中常用作或状态;句中常用by, before, until, when等词引导的时间状语。等词引导的时间状语。 By the end of last year we had built five new houses. I had le

41、arnt 5000 words before I entered the university. (2)过去完成时的动词还可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动)过去完成时的动词还可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或者状态持续到过去某个时间或者持续下去。作或者状态持续到过去某个时间或者持续下去。 Before he slept, he had worked(已工作)(已工作) for 12 hours. (3)在)在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。等动词后的宾语从句。 She said (that) she had never(从未)(从未) be

42、en to Paris. (4)在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完)在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away(逃跑)(逃跑). (5)表示意向的动词,如)表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示等,用过去完成时表示原本原本,未能,未能 We had hoped that you would come, but you

43、didnt. (6)过去完成时的时间状语)过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 He said that he had learned(学)(学) some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to(开始)(开始) make a living by himself.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left(离开)(离开) when he arrived at th

44、e party. 1) 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but 等连词时,多用一般过去时。等连词时,多用一般过去时。When she saw the mouse,she screamed.My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.2) 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。When I heard the news, I was very excited.3) 叙述历史事实,可不用过

45、去完成时,而只用一般过去叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。时。Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.1. The old man _ two days after he had been sent to hospital. A. died B. would die C. had died D. has died 2. Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but soon _ to his old ways. A. returned B. retur

46、ns C. was returning D. had returned 3. I _ my son _ a doctor, but he wasnt good enough at science. A. hoped; would become B. had hoped; would become C. had hoped; will become D. hope; will become 4. I _ to take a good holiday this year, but I wasnt able to get away. A. hope B. have hoped C. had hope

47、d D. hoped 5. Helen _ her key in the office so she had to wait until her husband _ home. A. has left; comes B. left; had come C. had left; came D. had left; would come 过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或存过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。它是一个相对的时态,即立足于过去某时,从在的状态。它是一个相对的时态,即立足于过去某时,从过去的某一时间看即将发生的事情就要用这一时态。过去的某一时间看即

48、将发生的事情就要用这一时态。 1) He said his mother would buy a bike for him 2) My brother told me he wouldnt believe Jack any more. 3) Would it be all right if he knew his illness? wouldshould动词原形动词原形(其中(其中 would 用于各种人称,用于各种人称, should 常用于第一人常用于第一人称)。称)。They were sure they would win the final victory他们坚信会赢得最后胜利。他们

49、坚信会赢得最后胜利。 He didnt expect that we should(would)all be there他没想到我们都在那里。他没想到我们都在那里。 He said he was going to try 他说他准备试试。他说他准备试试。 They said the railway was to be opened to traffic on May Day 他们说这条铁路将在五一节通车。他们说这条铁路将在五一节通车。 We were about to go out when it began to rain 我们正要出去天(突然)下起雨来。我们正要出去天(突然)下起雨来。 I

50、 didnt know when they were coming again 我不知道他们什么时候再来。我不知道他们什么时候再来。 1在时间和条件状语从句中,常用一般过去时来表示过去将来时。在时间和条件状语从句中,常用一般过去时来表示过去将来时。例如:例如: He said he would come to see you when he had time 他说他有时间就来看望你。他说他有时间就来看望你。 2“would动词原形动词原形”可表示过去习惯性的动作。此时,不管可表示过去习惯性的动作。此时,不管什么人称,都可用什么人称,都可用would。 When he was a child h

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