《新时代交互英语读写译3、4级中国文化.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《新时代交互英语读写译3、4级中国文化.pdf（16页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、TraditionalTraditionalChinese festivalChinese festivalTraditional Chinese festivals are usually fixed according to theLunar calendar. January 1st on lunar calendar has been designatedas the Spring Festival (generally referred to as guonian). There areseveral customs during the Spring Festival, such
2、as praying for agood harvest, etc. The Spring Festival is the most ceremonioustraditionalfestivalinChinaandsymbolizesunityandprosperity.Some other significant Chinese festivals include theLantern Festival, the Pure Bright Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival,theDouble-seventhFestival,theMid-AutumnFest
3、ival,theDouble-Ninth Festival, the Winter Solstice, and the Eighth Day of theTwelfth Lunar Month, etc.Each festival has its ownunique originand custom.These Chinese festivals that follow the Lunar calendarare different from the 24 Solar Terms in the Lunar calendar. Theyembody Chinas cohesion and vit
4、ality.中国传统节日以中国的农历为依据。 农历年的岁首称为春节，俗称“过年” ，有祈年等多种习俗，是中国人民最隆重的传统节日， 象征团结兴旺。 其他主要的节日有元宵节、 清明节、 端午节、七夕节、中秋节、重阳节、冬至节、腊八节等等。各个节日都有其来源讲究和风俗习惯。农历节日与农历中的二十四节气不同。农历节日是中华民族凝聚力和生命力的表达。Chinese tea cultureChinese tea cultureAs a traditional drink for Chinese people, Chinese tea isbelieved to have first started wi
5、th Chinese Emperor Shen Nong, andflourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties (618AD -1279AD).Makingtea was considered one of the seven basic daily necessities alongwith fuel, rice, oil, salt, soy sauce and vinegar, while drinking tea isan apt portrayal of daily life in China.Tea culture is the extensi
6、on andgeneralization of the science and the humanities character of tea.InChina, the tea spirit blends the thoughts of Confucianism, Buddhismand Taoism, and it aims to help people cultivate both mind andbody, comprehend the truth, and elevate the realm of life throughthe art of drinking tea.茶是中华民族的举
7、国之饮，发端于神农，兴盛于唐宋6181279 。开门七件事，柴米油盐酱醋茶，是中国人日常生活的写照。茶文化是茶的自然和人文双重属性的引申与概括。中国的茶道精神将儒释道三教融入其中， 其主要目的是借助饮茶艺术来修炼身心，体悟大道，提升人生境界。Traditional Chinese paintingTraditional Chinese paintingThe four art forms in ancient China are guqin, chess,penmanship, and painting. And painting particularly refers totradition
8、al Chinese painting.Traditional Chinese painting is donewith a brush dipped into black or colored ink and is painted on silkor xuan paper. In ancient China, it was called “ink-painting”. In orderto distinguish it from Western oil-paintings, the Chinese peopleterm their works “traditional Chinese pai
9、nting” (abbreviated to“Chinese painting”).The subject matters of Chinese paintings aretypically figures, landscapes, birds and flowers. The drawing skillsand techniques employed by the Chinese painters can be dividedinto two forms: fine brushwork and free-hand brushwork.Theartistic characteristics l
10、ie in “the writing brush and ink”. Chinesepainting emphasizes using the shape to convey the feelings of thepainter. Even though a painting is a finished product, it endlesslyconveys a meaning.In terms of the artistic creation, traditionalChinese painting is a reflection of the aesthetic consciousnes
11、s andartistic sentiment of the Chinese people.中国画中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“画”特指中国画。其绘画形式是用毛笔蘸水、墨、颜料作画于绢、帛、宣纸之上，古代称之为水墨丹青。为区别于西方的油画而称之为“中国画” ， 简称“国画” 。其题材有人物、山水、花鸟等。技法可分为工笔和写意。 国画的艺术特质在于“笔墨” ， 强调以形写神， 画尽意在。国画在艺术创作上反映了中华民族的审美意识和情趣。Chinese wine and spirits cultureChinese wine and spirits cultureChina is the home
12、 of wine and spirits. The functions of wineand spirits were classified by the ancients into three kinds: treatingpatients, keeping in good health, and showing politeness andrespect to others. Chinas wine and spirits culture is an importantpart of Chinese food culture, and it embodies its values in m
13、anyaspects, such as in social and political life, literature and art, lifephilosophies, aesthetics and so on. There is an old saying whichgoes, “It is not a banquet without wine”. Under the custom ofhaving dinner together in China, drinking games were thereforeintroduced. There are many kinds of ban
14、quet betting and drinkinggames, like morra (a finger-guessing game) , wine/spirits words,wine/spiritschips(adrinkinggame),allwithrichculturalconnotations. In reality, it is difficult to win unless you have a cardup your sleeve.中国是酒的故乡。古人将酒的作用归纳为治病、养生、礼仪三类。酒文化是中华饮食文化的重要组成部分，它的精神文化价值表达在社会政治生活、文学艺术乃至人生
15、态度、审美情趣等诸多方面。无酒不成宴，酒筹文化是中国合餐制的产物。宴席上的酒令五花八门，猜拳、文字令、筹令等都富有丰厚的文化内涵，假设胸中无数，则难以自如应对。Chinese grottoesChinese grottoesChinese grottoes mainly reflect the art of Buddhist culture.InChina, there are four major art landscapes of grottoes: the MogaoGrottoes at Dunhuang, the Yungang Grottoes at Datong, theLong
16、men Grottoes at Luoyang, and the Maijishan Grottoes atTianshui.Carved and painted on mountains, the Buddhist grottoesmingle both sublimity and secular feelings together, presenting us avivid and natural appearance. They embody the systematiccombination of both the exceptional artistry of great natur
17、e and theextremely fine craftsmanship of mankind. The Chinese Buddhistgrottoes are regarded as a profound and stunning general art gallery,which are composed of architecture, painting, sculptures, etc. Theartistic achievements of Chinese grottoes have attracted theattention of the world, and have be
18、come important internationalcultural heritage.中国石窟主要反映的是佛教文化艺术。敦煌莫高窟、大同云冈石窟、洛阳龙门石窟、天水麦积山石窟，号称中国四大石窟艺术景观。佛教石窟随山雕凿、彩绘，形象生动自然，将崇高美与世俗情融为一体，把天然造化与人工创造有机结合，是由建筑、绘画、雕塑等组成的博大精深、绚丽夺目的综合艺术殿堂。其艺术成就为世界所瞩目，已成为重要的世界文化遗产。Chinese classical literatureChinese classical literatureChinese classical literature includes
19、 poetry, prose, fiction and ci(new lyrics written to pre-existing tunes), fu (“descriptive poems” ofprose-poetry), qu (a freer form based on the new popular songs anddramatic arias), and many other styles. Its artistic expressions arevarious in technique. Four classics of Chinese literature are“ Rom
20、ance of the Three Kingdoms,” “Water Margin,” “Journey tothe West,” and “Dream of Red Mansions,” which have extensive andfar-reaching significance both on a national and internationallevel.Through reading “the four famous novels” carefully, you canexperience traditional Chinese society and human cult
21、ure, andfolklore customs. And it is an important way to absorb thequintessence of the traditional Chinese culture as well as to pick upstrategies and wisdom on how to get along with others.中国古典文学包括诗歌、散文、小说以及词、赋、曲等多种文体，艺术表现手法丰富各异。而小说中的三国演义 、 水浒传 、 西游记 、 红楼梦则被称为中国四大古典文学名著，至今在国内外都有着广泛而深远的影响。 研读四大名著能够了解
22、中国传统人文社会、民俗之心理，是汲取古代文明精粹、处事为人策略与智慧的重要途径。ChinesePorcelainPorcelainisregardedasoneofChinasoutstandingcontributions to the worlds civilization.As early as the Neolithic Ageabout 8,000 years ago, the Chinese ancestors invented and began touse pottery. Proto-porcelain was invented in the mid-Shang Dynast
23、y(1600BC-1046BC). Celadon was moulded in the late Han Dynasty(206BC-220AD). From then on, porcelain was introduced by Chinato the rest of the world. China was therefore dubbed the “porcelaincountry.”In English, the word “china” has become a word thatrepresents “China.”瓷器是中华民族对世界文明的伟大奉献。 早在八千年前的新石器时代
24、，中国的先民就发明使用了陶器。商代前 1600前1046中期创造出了原始瓷器。汉代前 206公元 220末期烧制出成熟的青瓷。以后瓷器由中国传播到世界各地，中国也博得了“瓷之国”的称号。英文中“瓷器china ”一词已成为“中国”的代名词。Unit 6 Book3中国古典文学名著中国古典文学包括诗歌、散文、小说以及词、赋、曲等多种文体，艺术表现手法丰富各异。而小说中的三国演义 、 水浒传 、 西游记 、 红楼梦则被称为中国四大古典文学名著，至今在国内外都有着广泛而深远的影响。 研读四大名著能够了解中国传统人文社会、民俗之心理，是汲取古代文明精粹、处事为人策略与智慧的重要途径。Chinese C
25、lassical LiteratureChinese classical literature includes poetry, prose, fiction andci(newlyrics written to pre -existing tunes), fu(“descriptive poems” ofprose poetry), qu(a freer form based on the new popular songs anddramatic arias), and many other styles. Its artistic expressions arevarious in te
26、chnique. Four classics of Chinese literature areRomance of the Three kingdoms, Water Margin, Journey to theWest, and Dream of the Red Mansions, which have extensive andfar-reaching significance both on a national and international level.Through readi g “the four famous novels”carefully, you canexper
27、ience traditional Chinese society and human culture andfolklore customs. And it is an important way to absorb thequintessence of the traditional Chinese culture as well as to pick upstrategies and wisdom on how to get along with others.Unit 1 Book 4剪纸剪纸又叫刻纸、 窗花或剪画。 剪纸在纸的发明之前就已流行，当时人们运用金箔、绢帛、皮革等片状材料，
28、通过镂空雕刻的技法制成工艺品。汉代 前 206公元 220 ，纸张的发明促使了剪纸的发展与普及。民间剪纸的题材多来源于现实生活，充满纳福迎祥的主题，表达对美好生活的向往。Paper-cuttingPaper-cutting (otherwise known as jianzhi) is also called kezhi,chuanghua orjianhua. Paper-cutting was popular even beforepaper was invented. When there was no paper, people carved ongold leaf, sick, fe
29、athers, and so on, with a carving technique knownashollow-cuttingtomakehandicrafts.IntheHanDynasty(206BC220AD), the invention of paper promoted thedevelopment and popularity of paper-cutting. The folk themes ofthe paper-cutting are rooted in real life, filling with the themes ofenjoying a life of ea
30、se and comfort, and expressing the desire for ahappy life.Unit2book4儒家思想Confucius thought, also called Confucianism, was establishedby Confucius, a great thinker and educator who lived in the lateSpring and Autumn Period (770BC -476BC).Some representatives ofConfucianism throughout Chinese history i
31、nclude Mencius, DongZhongshu,Zhuxi,andWang Yangming.The mainclassicsofConfucianism are Four Books (The Great Learning, The Doctrine ofthe Mean, The Analects of Confucius, and Mencius) and The FiveClassics (Zhouyi, Shangshu (Collection of Ancient Texts), The Book ofSongs, The Rites, and The Spring an
32、d Autumn Annals). TheConfucian school regards “benevolence, righteousness, propriety,wisdom and fidelity” as being at the core of its ethical system.Confucianism was the main ideology of the feudal society for morethan 2,000 years in China.儒家思想也称为儒学，由春秋 前 770 年前 476 年末期伟大的思想家、教育家孔子所创立。历代代表人物有孟子、董仲舒、
33、朱熹、王阳明等。主要经典有：四书 大学 、 中庸 、论语 、 孟子 ，五经 周易 、 尚书 、 诗经 、 礼记 、春秋 等。儒家学派以“仁、义、礼、智、信”为核心内容，构成了其伦理思想体系， 是中国古代长达两千余年封建社会的主流意识。Unit 3 Book4中国象棋中国象棋早在战国时期前 475前 221就有记载，最初称为六博，用象牙做成，到了北宋9601127末期定型为近代模式。棋盘为九竖十横线画成的长方形平面，是中国封建社会制度和文化的缩影-有中军帐九宫 、士位士、仕 、文官象、相 、武将车、马、炮 、士兵兵、卒 。是世界四大棋类中国围棋、中国象棋、国际象棋、日本将棋之一。Chinese
34、ChessThe earliest records of Chinese chess can be traced back to theWarring States Period (475BC221BC). The early-stage Chinesechess was composed of six pieces carved out of ivory, and wastherefore called “Six Boxing”. Its final form of play was fixed at theend of Northern Song Dynasty (960AD1127AD)
35、 after a long periodof development. The chessboard is a rectangular board that is 9lines wide by 10 lines long. Composed of marshal or general,advisors (scholar or official), civil officials (elephant or minister),military officers (chariots, horses, and cannons), and soldiers(soldiers or pawns), Ch
36、inese chess is Chinese social institution andculture in miniature. It is also one ofthe four most popular chessgames in the world, the other three being the Chinese Weiqi, thegame of chess, and shogi (or generals chess).二十四节气二十四节气中国古代的先民们，根据太阳在黄道即地球绕太阳公转的轨道上的位置，将一年均分为二十四个等分，并分别赋予具有特定含义的专有名称，如春分、清明等，
37、这便是二十四节气。二十四节气以黄河流域气候为背景， 把自然季节现象与农事活动的相互联系作为内容列入历法，用以指导农业生产。它是中国古代先民们独特而伟大的历法。The ancient Chinese divided a year into 24 equal segmentsaccording to the positions of the sun on the ecliptic. Names weregiven with special connotations for these segments; such as vernalequinox (Occurs on March 20 or 21
38、) and pure brightness (occurs onApril 4, 5 or 6); and hence they are called the 24 Solar Terms.Originating from the Reaches of Yellow River, the 24 Solar Terms arebasically a calendar to govern agricultural arrangements which takesinto account of the changes in climates and the practical agricultura
39、lneeds. The 24 Solar Terms are considered a great and uniquecreation of the ancient Chinese.中国书法中国书法中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“书”特指书法。它是用毛笔书写篆、隶、楷、行、草等各体汉字的艺术。中国书法在技法上讲究笔法、墨法、章法等，其艺术的和谐之美表达在字里行间。隶书的蚕头燕尾，楷书的中规中矩，草书的龙飞凤舞，行书的潇洒飘逸，可谓异彩纷呈，千姿百态。中国书法表达了中华民族豪爽大气、端庄含蓄的特点。The four ancient Chinese artistic forms are call
40、ed guqin, chess,penmanship and painting; and penmanship particularly refers toChinese calligraphy. Chinese calligraphy is a kind of art using a brushto write seal script, official script, regular script, cursive script, grassscript and other various writing styles of Chinese characters.Thewriting te
41、chniques of Chinese calligraphy are highlighted by themanner of using a brush, the way ink is used, the art of composition,and so on. Its harmonious beauty of art is reflected in between thelines.Chinese calligraphy exhibits its beauty in different poses, suchas the uniqueness of official scripts “s
42、ilkworm head and swallowtail,” the regular scripts requirement to “stick to the norm andrules,” the characteristic of grass scripts “flying dragons anddancing phoenixes,” and the distinctive “natural grace” of thecursive script. Indeed, Chinese calligraphy reflects the personality ofChinese peoples
43、straightforwardness, dignity, and reticence.中国古琴中国古琴中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“琴”特指古琴，亦称瑶琴、玉琴、七弦琴，是中国古老的一种弹拨乐器。据史记记载， 琴的出现不晚于尧舜时期。 为区分于西方乐器， 现被称作 “古琴” 。古琴依凤之身形而制并命名各部位，反映出儒家的礼乐思想及中国人所重视的和合性。As one of the four art forms (namely guqin, chess,penmanship and painting) in ancient China, guqin is a kind ofplucked st
44、ring instrument which is also known as yaoqin, yuqin andqixian qin.According to the Chinese history book Shih Chi, qinappeared no later than the Yao and Sun eras. In order to bedistinguished it from similar musical instruments of the West, it wascalled guqin.The guqins design imitates the shape of a
45、 phoenix.People also named different parts of guqin after the names ofvarious body parts of the phoenix. This naming method reflectsConfuciuss thoughts on music and the ideology of harmony thatChinese people value.十二生肖十二生肖十二生肖是中国用十二种动物所组成的记年方法。 我国自古就有“干支记年法” ，而我国西北地区游牧的少数民族则以动物记年， 两种记年法相互融合， 形成了现在的十
46、二生肖， 即： 子鼠、丑牛、寅虎、卯兔、辰龙、巳蛇、午马、未羊、申猴、酉鸡、戌狗、亥猪。属相的基本意义在于使人们圆融通达、和衷共济。The Chinese Zodiac is the Chinese way of numbering the years. Itattributes an animal to each year, according to a 12-year cycle.Since ancient times, the Chinese people began to use HeavenlyStems and Earthly Branches to recordthe passi
47、ng of years. At thesame time, Chinese nomadic people who lived in the northwestChina instead used animals to number the years. The two ways ofnumbering the years were smoothly integrated, and the ChineseZodiac took shape.The 12 animals in the Chinese Zodiac are: rat, ox,tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake,
48、 horse, ram, monkey, rooster, dog andpig.The meaning of the symbolic animal of the birth year is that itcan make people magnanimous and be of one mind in times ofdifficulty.唐诗宋词唐诗宋词唐诗代表了中华诗歌的最高成就。知名诗人多假设星辰，李白、杜甫、白居易都是世界闻名的伟大诗人。唐诗分为古体诗、律诗、绝句，又有五言、七言之分，其题材广泛，数量庞大，风格和流派多样。 宋词是继唐诗之后中国古代文学史上的又一座高峰，历来与唐诗并
49、称双雄。宋词以长短句为主，依词牌填词，豪放派和婉约派词风各异，主要代表有辛弃疾、苏轼、柳永、李清照等。Tang Poetry represents the highest achievement of theChinese poetry. There were many distinguished poets in the TangDynasty, including Li Bai, Du Fu, and Bai Juyi, who are world-famous.There are various forms of Tang Poetry, such as pre-Tang poetry,
50、regular poems, short poems. Regular poems and short poemscan also be divided into pentasyllabic and heptasyllabic according tothe characters contained in each line. There is an enormouscollection of Tang Poetry, with a wide range of subjects, styles, andschools. Its artistic charm touches everyone d