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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date(2005-2016年考研英语一真题)2005-2016年历年考研英语一真题及答案详解(12年考研英语一真题官方最全)2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题2016 年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word
2、(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or Don the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, 1 those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his ow
3、n and then ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations, or the young mans parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child littleto say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5 aspouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure i
4、ts child is marrying 6 a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 co
5、tton threads soaked in holy water around the brides and grooms wrists, and 10 a candle around a circleof happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 . Newlyweds traditionally move inwith the wifes parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a new house nearby.Divorce is le
6、gal and easy to 14 , but not common. Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up: the divorced male doesnt have a waiting period
7、before he can remarry20 the woman must wait ten months.1. A by way ofB on behalf ofC as well asD with regard to2. A adapt toB provide forC compete withD decided on3. A closeB renewC arrangeD postpone4. A Above allB In theoryC In timeD For example5. A AlthoughB LestC AfterD Unless6. A intoB withinC f
8、romD through7. A sinceB butC orD so8. A copyB testC reciteD create9. A foldingB pilingC wrappingD tying10. A passingB lightingC hidingD serving11. A meetingB collectionC associationD union12. A growB partC dealD live13. A whereasB untilC ifD for14. A obtainB followC challengeD avoid15. A isolatedB p
9、ersuadedC viewedD exposed16. A whateverB howeverC wheneverD wherever-17. A changedB broughtCshapedD pushed18. A withdrawnB investedC donatedD divided19. A breaksB warnsC showsD clears20. A so thatB whileC onceD in thatSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions：Read the following four texts. A
10、nswer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave pr
11、eliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that incite excessive thinness by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined
12、by looks that end up impinging on health. Thats a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls,
13、about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like characte
14、r and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-define
15、d index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and sixmonths in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models a
16、nd fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.In contrast to Frances actions, Denmarks fashion industry agreed last month on rules andsanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: We are
17、aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people. The charters main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen FashionWeek(CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in genera
18、l it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be thebest step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21. According to the first paragr
19、aph, what would happen in France? A New runways would be constructed.B Physical beauty would be redefined. C Websites about dieting would thrive. D The fashion industry would decline.22. The phrase impinging on(Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to . A heightening the value ofB indicating the st
20、ate ofC losing faith inD doing harm to23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry? A New standards are being set in Denmark.B The French measures have already failed. C Models are no longer under peer pressure. D Its inherent problems are getting worse.24. A designer is most likely to
21、 be rejected by CFW for . A pursuing perfect physical conditionsB caring too much about models characterC showing little concern for health factorsD setting a high age threshold for models25. Which of the following may be the best title of the text? A A Challenge to the Fashion Industrys Body Ideals
22、B A Dilemma for the Starving Models in FranceC Just Another Round of Struggle for BeautyD The Great Threats to the Fashion IndustryText 2For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate the countrysid
23、e alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political traction.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save the beauty of natural places for everyone
24、forever. It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience a refreshing air. Hills pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They dont make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it. It needs constant
25、guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorising off-plan building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development
26、 has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planningwhere councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Nigel Farages speech this year to
27、the Campaign to Protect Rural Engandstruck terror into many local Conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half
28、 a million houses in the London area alone, with no intrusion on green belt. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.The idea that housing crisis equals concreted meadows is pure lobby talk. The issue isnot the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressur
29、e, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and r
30、espects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas in this way. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europes mostcrowded country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherenc
31、e, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this ratherthan promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26. Britains public sentiment about the countrysid
32、e _. A didnt start till the Shakespearean ageB has brought much benefit to the NHS C is fully backed by the royal family D is not well reflected in politics27. According to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust are now being . A gradually destroyedB effectively reinforced C largely ove
33、rshadowed D properly protected28. which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3? A Labour is under attack for opposing development.B The Conservatives may abandon off-plan building.C The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence. D Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservati
34、on.29. The author holds that George Osbornes Preference .A highlights his firm stand against lobby pressureB shows his disregard for the character of rural areas C stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis D reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas30. In the last paragraph, the autho
35、r shows his appreciation of . A the size of population in Britain.B the political life in todays BritainC the enviable urban lifestyle in BritainD the town-and-country planning in BritainText 3“There is one and only one social responsibility of business, wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning
36、economist. That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits. But even if you accept Friedmans premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders money, things may not be absolutelyclear-cut. New research suggests that C
37、SR may create monetary value for companiesat least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate last year by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways
38、. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a signal that a companys products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a companys products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse halo effect,whereby its good deeds earn it greate
39、r consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent paper attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under Americas Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues
40、that since prosecutors do not consume a companys products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out th
41、e possibility that it was firms political influence, rather than their CSR stance, that accounted for the leniency: companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the authors conclude that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits
42、, they do seem to be influenced by a companys record in CSR. We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate givingby about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribingforeign official
43、s, says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do -gooding policies. But at leas
44、t they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31. The author views Milton Friedmans statement about CSR with _.A toleranceB skepticismC uncertaintyD approval32. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a compan
45、y by_ . A winning trust from consumersB guarding it against malpractices C protecting it from being defamed D raising the quality of its products33. The expression more lenient (Line 2, Para. 4) is closest in meaning to . A more effectiveB less controversialC less severeD more lasting34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a companys CSR record . A has an impact on their decisionB comes across as reliable evidenceC increases the chance of being penalizedD constitutes part of the investigation35. Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the l