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1、如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流土木工程专业英语第二版(段兵延)Lesson13【精品文档】第 20 页UndergroundSpaceUtilization地下空间的利用Therapidgrowthof world civilization will have a significant impact ontheway humans live inthefuture. Astheglobal population increases and more countries demand a higher standard of livingthedifficulty of doing
2、this is compounded by three broad trends:theconversion of agricultural land to development uses the increasing urbanization oftheworlds population and growing concern for the maintenance and improvement oftheenvironment especially regarding global warming andtheimpact of populationgrowth.Underground
3、spaceutilizationas this chapter describes offers opportunities for helping address these trends. 全球城市化进程的加快将会对人类将来的生存方式产生重大影响。随着全球人口的增长以及更多国家要求提高生活水平，世界必须提供更多食物，能源以及矿物资源来维持此增长趋势。解决这一难题的办法有三大渠道复合而成：农业用地的保护从而得到更深入的利用；日益增长的全球城市人口；对保护和改善环境日益增长的关注，特别是关于全球气候变暖以及人口增长带来的影响。地下空间的利用，作为本章要描述的内容，将提供针对这些趋势的解决办法。
4、 By moving certain facilities and functionundergroundsurface land in urban areas can be used more effectively thus freeingspacefor agricultural and recreational purpose. Similarlytheuse of terraced earth sheltered housing. Using underground space also enables humans to live more comfortably in dense
5、ly populated areas while improvingthequality of live.通过将特殊器材设备置于地下，城市地表可被更有效地利用，这样就可释放出空间供农业和娱乐使用。类似的，在陡峭的山坡上使用阶地掩土住宅会有助于在多山地区保护宝贵的可耕平地。利用地下空间也可以提高人们在人口高密集去的居住舒适度，改善生活质量。 On an urban or local leveltheuse ofundergroundfacilities is rising to accommodatethecomplex demands of todays society while impro
6、ving the environment . For example both urban and rural areas are requiring improved transportation utility and recreational services.Thestate of traffic congestion in many urban areas oftheworld is at a critical level forthesupport of basic human living and it is difficult if not impossible to add
7、new infrastructure at ground level without causing an unacceptable deterioration ofthesurface environment or an unacceptable relocation of existing land uses and neighborhoods. 以城市或当地水准，地下设施的利用正日益满足当今社会对于改善环境的需求。例如不论城市还是农村都需要提高运输，实用以及娱乐服务。世界上许多城市的交通堵塞问题已经处在满足人类基本生存需求的临界点上，并且在不破坏地表环境的基础上不增加新设施或是不重新规划
8、现有土地及周边地带上的建筑的基础上想要解决这一难题是十分困难的。 On a national level in countries aroundtheworld global trends are causing the creation and extension of mining developments and oil or gas recovery at greater depths and in more inaccessible or sensitive locations. Three trends have also led to the developments of im
9、proved designs for energy generation and storage systems as well as national facilities for dealing with hazardous waste including chemical biological and radioactive waste and improved high-speed national transportation systems .All these developments involve use oftheunderground.以世界上许多国家的国家水平，全球化的
10、趋势导致对煤炭，石油，天然气的开采已达到更深的地层以下，触及更难以让人接受或是更敏感的区域。这些趋势同样导致针对能源繁衍存贮系统以及用于处理危险废料（包括化学，生物以及放射性废料）的国家设施设计的改善和提高，同样也改善了国家高速运输体系。所有这些发展均涉及地下工程。 Land Use Pressures Placing facilitiesundergroundis a promising method for helping ease land use pressures caused bythegrowthand urbanization oftheworlds population. A
11、lthough the average population density intheworld is not largethedistribution of population is very uneven. A map of population density intheworld is not large areas of the world are essentially uninhabited . These areas are forthemost part deserts mountainous regions or regions of severe cold that
12、do not easily support human habitation. 用地压力 将设施置于地下是缓解由于世界人口增长所带来的城市化问题的一种有希望的办法。虽然世界平均人口密度并不大，但人口分布却极不均匀。世界人口密度图显示世界上大部分地方根本不适合居住。这些大方大部分是沙漠山区，或是极度严寒地带等人类不易居住区。 If one examines China for exampletheaverage population density is approximately 100 persons per square kilometer butthevat majority ofthe
13、one billion-plus population lives on less than 20 percent oftheland area. this isthefertile land that can support food production. However due to population growth urbanization and economicgrowththis same land must now support extensive transportation systems industrial and commercial development an
14、d increasing demands for housing Asthepopulation and economy growtheland available for agriculture shrinks andtheproblems of transporting food and raw materials to an urban population increase. Bytheyear 2000 it is estimated that 70 percent of the worlds population will inhabit urban areas.以中国为例，平均人
15、口密度大概是每平方公里 100 人，但是 10 亿多的绝大部分人口居住在少于 20的国土上。这是那些可以提供粮食产品的肥沃土地。然而，由于人口增长和城市化，这些土地同样要被用于创建更广阔的运输系统，被用于工商业的发展，以及日益增长的住房需求。随着人口和经济的增长，农业用地减少，向城市人口运送食物和原材料的问题日益增长。据估计，到 2000 年，世界人口的 70将居住在城市。 Thesame trend are evident in Japan where approximately 80 percent ofthe land area is mountainous90 percent ofth
16、epopulation lives onthecoastal plains and economic development is concentrated in relatively few economic development is concentrated in relatively few economic centers .Theflat-lying land is generally the most fertile and is historicallytheregion of settlement . Other factors adding to population d
17、ensity includethetraditional building style which is low-rise and Japanese law that contain strong provisions for maintenance of access to sunlight .Also to retain domestic food production capabilitytheJapanese government has protected agricultural land from development.Thecombination of these histo
18、rical and political factors together with a strong migration of businesses and individuals totheeconomic centers has created enormous land use pressure. The result is an astronomically high cost of land in city centers as high as US 50000 per square meter and difficulty in an providing housing trans
19、portation and utility services forthepopulation. Typical business employees cannot afford to live near the city center where they work and may have to commute one to two hours each way from an affordable area. To servicetheexpanding metropolitan area public agencies must upgrade roads and build new
20、transit lines and utilizes. Land costs for such work are so high that in central Tokyo thecost of land may represent over 95 percent of the total cost of a project.同样的问题在日本也很明显，大约 80的土地是山区，90的人口居住在海边平原经济发展集中在几个相关的经济中心。平原通常是最肥沃的土地，从历史上看也是人类的定居地。其他附加于人口密度的因素包括：传统低层的建筑模式，而且日本法律规定必须建造靠近阳光的坚固的维护设施。同样，为了保
21、护家庭粮食生产能力，日本政府保护农业用地。这些历史，政策因素导致大量商业，个人向经济中心移民造成了巨大的土地使用压力。结果是市中心土地价格惊人昂贵（高达 50 万美圆/平米）并且很难为人们提供住房，交通，设施服务。普通公司雇员无法承担住在他们工作的市中心附近而不得不搭乘公汽单程花 1.2 个小时从他们负担的起的住处到公司。为了为日益扩大的大城市区域提供服务，市政当局必须升级道路并且兴建新的交通线和设施。东京市中心的土地价格如此昂贵以至于用于购买土地的花费可能会占到工程总花费的 95。 Theproblem of land use pressures and related economic e
22、ffects of high land prices are of great interest inthestudy ofthepotential uses of undergroundspace. When surfacespaceis fully utilizedundergroundspacebecomes one ofthefew development zones available. It offersthepossibility oftheadding needed facilities without further degradingthe surface environm
23、ent. Without high land prices however the generally higher cost of constructing facilitiesundergroundis a significant deterrent to their environmental or social grounds-luxuries which many developing nation cannot afford at present and which developed nations are reluctant to undertake except in are
24、as of special significance. 土地使用压力和由于高土地使用价格带来的相关经济影响使得对地下空间的潜在利用的研究变得相当有趣。当地表土地已被利用殆尽，地下空间将变成可开发的区域之一。这为不需深度破坏地表环境而附加需要设备提供了一种可能。虽然没有高额地价，但是建造地下设施的高额花费将是地下空间利用的一大拦路虎。因为地下设施不具有经济竞争力，因此在考虑建造前必须在美学，环境或者是社会效应方面给予综合评估，除非是一些有特殊标志性意义的设施否则将会造成现阶段国家无法承担或是很勉强承担的奢侈浪费。Planning ofUndergroundSpaceEffective plann
25、ing forundergroundutilizationshould be an essential precursor to the development of majorundergroundfacilities. This planning must consider long-term needs while providing a framework for reforming urban areas into desirable and effective environments in which to live and work. If underground develo
26、pment is to providethemost valuable long-term benefit possible then effective zones beneath public rights-of-way in older cities aroundtheworld. The tangled web of utilities commonly found is due to a lack of coordination and the historical evolution in utility provision and transit system developme
27、nt.地下空间规划 对地下空间利用的有效规划是发展地下设施的前奏。这个计划必须是为长远考虑的，并根据人们理想的工作和居住环境重构城市建筑格局。如果地下空间开发可以提供最具价值的长期效益，那么对这些资源的有效计划就应得以实施。不幸的是，在世界范围内，靠公众权力来开发近地表空间已经太迟了。紊乱的设施网络司空见惯归咎于缺乏协调以及使用设施的历史性变革以及交通系统的发展。 Theundergroundhas several characteristics that make good planning especially problematical: l Once undergroundexcava
28、tions are madetheground is permanently altered.Undergroundstructures are not as easily dismantled as surface buildings. l Anundergroundexcavation may effectively reserve a large zone ofthestability of theexcavation.l Theundergroundgeologic structure greatly affectsthetype size and costs of facilitie
29、s that can be constructed buttheknowledge of a regions can only be inferred from a limited number of site investigation borings and previous records. l Largeundergroundprojects may require massive investments with relatively high risks of construction problem delay and cost overruns.l Traditional pl
30、anning techniques have focused on two-dimensional representations of regions and urban areas . This is generally adequate for surface and aboveground construction but it is not adequate forthecomplex three-dimensional geology and built structures often foundunderground. Representation of this three-
31、dimensional information in a form that can readily be interpreted for planning and evaluation is very difficult. l 地下空间具有如此特征导致要做一个好的规则需要特别注意一些问题l 1.一旦开始地下开挖，土地将被永久改变。地下建筑不象表面建筑那样容易拆掉。l 2.开挖一片地下空间需要一大片土地作为开挖加固区。l 3.土地的地理构成极大地影响了地下设施的种类，形式以及开销。但现有关于地表建筑的知识仅有很有限的内容与此相关，因此需要查阅钻探资料和以前的记录。l 4.大型地下工程需要大量调
32、查，涉及更大的建造问题，工期拖延以及预算超支等风险。l 5.传统规则技术主要侧重于对于城市地形区域的二维描述。这基本上仅适合地表及上部结构但并不适合建造在处于复杂三维地理环境中的地下结构。用同一种模式来描述这种三维信息并立刻反映到规则评估中是件非常困难的事 In Tokyo for examplethefirst subway line Ginza Line was installed as a shallow line 10 meters deep immediately beneaththeexisting layer of surface utilities. As more subwa
33、y lines have been added uncluttered zones can only be found atthedeeperundergroundlevels.Thenew Keiyo JR line in Tokyo is 40 meter deep. A newundergroundsuper highway from Marunouchi to Shinjuku has been proposed at a 50-meter depth. For comparisonthedeepest installations in London are at approximat
34、ely a 70-meter depth althoughthemain complex of works and sewers is at less than 25 meters. Compounding these issues of increasing demand isthefact newer transportation services such astheJapanese Shinkansen bullet trains orthe French TGV often require larger cross-section tunnels straighter alignme
35、nts and flatter grades. Ifspaceis not reserved for this type of use very inefficient layouts ofthebeneath urban areas can occur. 例如，在东京，第一条地铁（Ginza 线）是在现存地表层设施下作为一个影子工程线路（10m 深）建成的。随着填加更多的地铁线，在更深土层中才会发现比较规整的区域。在东京，新的KEIYO JR线深达40M。一条从M带S的高速干线已经被设计到50M深。作为比较窄伦敦最深的设施大约70米深，其主要的复杂部分以及排水设施至少超过25m综合日益增长的
36、需要，有一个事实就是这类新型运输服务（例如日本的新干线子弹头列车或是法国的TGV）通常需要大量交叉隧道，笔直的队列以及平坦性。如果地下空间不是此类用途，那么城市下面将会产生非常无效率的布局。Environmental Benefits 环境效益Another major trigger for under groundspaceusage isthegrowing international concern overtheenvironment which has led to attempts to rethinkthefuture of urban and industrial devel
37、opment.Themajor concerns in balancing economic development versus environmental degradation and world natural resource limitations revolve around several key issues. These are:地下空间利用的另一个主要产物是引来国际上对环境越来越多的关注，它导致人们试图重新思考城市和工业发展的未来。对平衡经济发展对抗环境的降级和世界自然资源限制的主要关注是以几个关键问题为中心。它们是：l Theincreasing consumption
38、 of energy compared tothelimited reserves of fossil fuels available to meet future demand.l 越来越多的能源的消耗与能满足将来需求的化石燃料的有限储备量之间的矛盾。l Theeffect ontheglobal climate of burning fossil fuels.l 燃烧化石燃料对全球气候的影响。l Thepollution oftheenvironment fromtheby-products of industrial developmentl 工业发展的副产品带来的环境污染。l Thes
39、afe disposal of hazardous wastes generated by industrial and military activites. l 由工业和军事活动产生的有害废物的安全处置。Preservingtheenvironment and extending the life of the worlds resources while promoting economic growth and maintaining individual life styles will be complex if not impossible. However a high sta
40、ndard of living and high gross domestic product do not have to be proportionately dependent on resource consumption and environmental degradation.促进经济增长和保持个人生活方式的同时，要保护好环境和延续世界资源的生存，如果可能的话，也是很复杂的。然而，一个高标准的生活和高的国内生产总值却不必要相应地依靠资源消耗和环境降级。Undergroundspaceutilizationcan help solvetheenvironmental/resourc
41、e dilemma in several ways .Undergroundfacilities are typically energy conserving in their own right. More importantly by using underground space,higher urban densities can be supported with less impact on the local environment.In addition totheobvious benefit of preserving greenspaceand agricultural
42、 land there is strong evidence that higher urban density can lower fuel resource consumption地下空间利用能在一些方面帮助解决环境/资源的困境。典型的是，地下设施凭其本身的质量可做到能源节省。更重要的是，通过使用地下空间，在对当地环境产生较少的影响下就能支撑较高的城市密度。除了保护绿色空间和农业土地这明显的好处外，有更强烈的迹象表明较高的城市密度能降低燃料资源的消耗。TheFuture ofUndergroundSpaceDevelopment Although existingundergroundfa
43、cilities throughouttheworld provide some models for future development they are all limited in scale ,in use,or in their lack of a comprehensive vision forthetotal city environment. As a complement to more detailed planning and research studies it is useful to examinethevisions of extensive undergro
44、und complexes even entire cities that have been proposed by futuristic planners and designers. 虽然全世界已有的地下设施提供了未来发展的一些模式，但是它们在规模上，在使用上，或者在对于整个城市环境缺乏综合的远见上都是受限的。作为对更详细的规划和调查研究的补充，调查庞大的地下综合设施甚至整座城市的远景是有用的，这已经被未来的规划者和设计者提出来了。Geotech90 a conference and exhibition held in Tokyo in April 1990 was a major f
45、orum fortheundergroundindustry in Japan. More than a dozen underground concepts were displayed ranging fromthetypical transit and utility uses to underground corridors that are envisioned as places for a communication network protected during disasters. Such corridors could also effectively transpor
46、t both waste and energy between substations inthecity and central generation and disposal sites outsidethecity. This approach not only relieves congestion but also can provide more efficient energy generation and recycling of waste materials. These concepts are all intended to permit a major upgrade
47、 ofthecity infrastructure that will eventually enablethesurface to be rebuilt with more openspace and a more efficient attractive overall environment. 1990年4月在东京举行的一个会议和展览Geotech90是日本地下工业的一个重要的会议。有超过一打的地下观念被展出，范围从典型的公共交通和公用事业使用到灾难期间被想象作为交通设施场地的地下走廊。这些走廊还能够有效地在城内的变电所和城外的总生产和处理场所之间输送废物和能源。这种方法不仅能缓解拥挤而
48、且能提供更有效的能源生产和废弃材料的再利用。这些观念都将容许城市基础设施的一次重要升级，最后使地表能被重建得具有更开阔的空间和更有效，更吸引人的全面的环境When completely new cities are envisioned forthefuturetheundergroundoften is a major component as illustrated bythework ofthearchitect Paolo Soleri over the ast 30 years. In science fiction future cities often are depicted as self-contained.climate-controlled units frequently locatedundergroundfor protection from the elements and possibly from a hazardous or polluted environment. In this case underground