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1、management systems and measures established by, and a number of pragmatic, combined part-time workforce education information, the protection of the digital campus construction and sustainable development. Six Bureau attaches great importance to information technology security, information technolog
2、y security, entrust XX City Center for educational information and equipment dedicated to the work. Network security leading group was set up, chaired by the Education Bureau Chief, head, for XX education Metro-network and information security emergency response leadership. Deputy group leader for X
3、X educational metropolitan area network and information security emergency response coordination, command. The team assist leader and deputy leader, responsible for network XX network security and information . Team. Information security work Conference held each semester, and deployment of informat
4、ion security of documents issued on a regular basis. Information security assessment is included in the annual index. Strictly implement the information security budget to ensure information security of investment. By XX, education information and equipment Centre XX network network security and inf
5、ormation security. According to the information technology security requirements, issued a document requires schools (units) implement, defined the information security guidelines, specific work practices, procedures, and requirements. Clear industry information security incidents (accidents) to det
6、ect, report and disposal processes. According to self-examination, the school (units) basic established has network security management system; the school (units) according to this units actual, established has units personnel management, information system room management, and equipment management,
7、 and media management, and network security construction management, and shipped dimension management, and service outsourcing, management system; developed has computer and the network of network security responsibility held system, signed has network security responsibility; website of information
8、 management personnel is responsible for confidential management, password management, on computer enjoys independent right, User name and password of the computer for its proprietary, and release of provisions is prohibited, such as leaks, investigated for responsibility. According to who is in cha
9、rge of whos in charge, who is running and who is responsible for, who uses principles of who is in charge of management schools (units) defined the roles and responsibilities of information security, assurance responsibilities to schools. XX city schools (units) total site 20, 19 of which were not c
10、lassified security protection assessment, of which 1 (XX education and resource network) for classified security protection levels, without third-level information systems. Total education information systems 1 (XX education cloud platform), contains features with e-Government, resource library, tes
11、t database, mail services, such as e-books, all intranet services. No for grade protection grading record and evaluation of school (units), requirements the school (units) according to information security grade protection about policy and standard, organization carried out information security grad
12、e protection security management system construction, and technology measures construction and grade evaluation, implementation grade protection system of the requirements, makes information system security management level obviouslyfacility up to 160 million Yuan, according to the standard, high qu
13、ality planning XX educational metropolitan area network realizes Wan Zhaokuan to schools, hundreds of megabytes of broadband to the table, wire (ie: Web, video, audio) to the target, electronic whiteboards, multimedia classrooms, remote interactive video teaching system of modern educational equipme
14、nt in the classroom. . With Intel company on XX Education City domain network of topic case design, relies on Cisco company thought Shu aid chuan project staff free provides has three years technology support, from 2009 began, according to high standards, and high of work thought, and manpower plann
15、ing, and points step implementation, using school earthquake Hou reconstruction of opportunities, again planning elementary and middle schools campus network and education city domain network, and local broadcasting network company cooperation, using broadcast TV network, will physical fiber laying
16、to each school, to minimum of cost achieved has physical fiber school school pass; Each school construction standards of campus network and network access to all rooms; XX education metropolitan area network center machine room equipment in the Ministry of education standardization management platfo
17、rm, the Central Library of audio-visual education resources, set up a Chinese teacher education cloud platform, implemented links the two platforms. At present, the citys primary and middle school students to computer 3198, vitality than 10:1; 809 equipment classes through the classroom (primary and
18、 secondary); 36 of the campus network. The establishment of an advanced, practical Gigabit educational metropolitan area network, the citys schools have access to educational metropolitan area network, schools have computer networks, closed-circuit television network, broadcast networks into the cla
19、ssrooms, realize the triple play. Schools share Internet bandwidth, can meet the needs of teaching of the school office and at any time. According to Ministry of education on full started implementation teaching points digital education resources full cover project of notification (taught technical
20、letter (2012) 74th,) and XX Province Department of education on issued XX province teaching points digital education resources full cover project implementation views of notification (chuan taught letter (2013) 18th,) requirements, I city 6 a teaching points implementation teaching points digital ed
21、ucation resources full cover project, combined I city specific situation, developed issued has XX City Bureau on teaching points digital resources full cover project of implementation programme, Established XX, full coverage of digital resources in modern distance education teaching project leading
22、group, XX, chaired the Secretary for education. Established, digital resources in modern distance education teaching, XX full coverage project group, XX, Director of the Center for educational information and equipment chaired Zhu Guiyan, responsible for distance education digital resources covering
23、 project work. Projects in XX city school digital resources in modern distance education teaching full-coverage project leading group, digital resources in modern distance education teaching, and XX full coverage project group leadership and organization, in accordance with the unified arrangement o
24、f the whole province, responsible for university education digital resources covering project management and implementation. According to provinces arrangements, I Center has arrangements Gong气硬性胶凝材料 知识点1石灰、石膏、水玻璃的特性及应用。2以上三种气硬性胶凝材料的凝结硬化原理。 要求掌握:1石灰、石膏的技术要求、特性、应用及保管。2水玻璃的特性及工程中的应用。了解:1胶凝材料的分类。2石灰、石膏
25、、水玻璃的生产工艺及对性能的影响。在建筑工程中,把经过一系列的物理、化学作用后,由液体或膏状体变为坚硬的固体,同时能将砂、石、砖、砌块等散粒或块状材料胶结成具有一定机械强度的整体的材料,统称为胶凝材料。胶凝材料品种繁多,按化学成分可分为有机胶凝材料和无机胶凝材料两大类,其中无机胶凝材料按硬化条件又可分为水硬性胶凝材料和气硬性胶凝材料两类。所谓气硬性胶凝材料,是指只能在空气中硬化并保持或继续提高其强度的胶凝材料,如石灰、石膏、水玻璃等。气硬性胶凝材料一般只适合用于地上或干燥环境,不宜用于潮湿环境,更不可用于水中。水硬性胶凝材料是指不仅能在空气中硬化,而且能更好地在水中硬化并保持或继续提高其强度的
26、胶凝材料,如水泥。水硬性胶凝材料既适用于地上,也适用于地下或水中。3.1 石灰石灰是建筑工程中使用较早的矿物胶凝材料之一。由于其原料来源广泛,生产工艺简单,成本低廉,具有其特定的工程性能,所以至今仍广泛应用于建筑工程中。3.1.1 石灰的生产1.原料生产石灰的原料有两种:一是天然原料,以碳酸钙为主要成分的矿物、岩石(如石灰岩、白云岩)或贝壳等;一是化工副产品,如电石渣(是碳化钙制取乙炔时产生的,其主要成分是氢氧化钙)。而主要原料是天然的石灰岩。2.生产过程将主要成分为碳酸钙和碳酸镁的岩石经高温锻烧(加热至900以上),逸出CO2气体,得到的白色或灰白色的块状材料即为生石灰,其主要化学成分为氧化
27、钙和氧化镁。CaCO3 CaO + CO2在上述反应过程中,CaCO3、CaO、CO2的质量比为1005644,即质量减少44%,而在正常煅烧过程中,体积只减少约15%,所以生石灰具有多孔结构。石灰的生产过程中,对质量有影响的因素有:煅烧的温度和时间、石灰岩中碳酸镁的含量及黏土杂质含量。碳酸钙在900时开始分解,但速度较慢。所以,煅烧温度宜控制在10001100左右。温度较低、煅烧时间不足、石灰岩原料尺寸过大、装料过多等因素,会产生欠火石灰。欠火石灰中CaCO3尚未完全分解,未分解的CaCO3,没有活性,从而降低了石灰的有效成分含量;温度过高或煅烧时间过长时,则会产生过火石灰。因为随煅烧温度的
28、提高和时间的延长,已分解的CaO体积收缩,毛体积密度增大,质地致密,熟化速度慢。若原料中含有较多的SiO2和Al2O3等黏土杂质,则会在表面形成熔融的玻璃物质,从而使石灰与水反应的速度变得更慢(需数天或数月)。过火石灰如用于工程上,其细小颗粒会在已经硬化的浆体中吸收水分,发生水化反应而体积膨胀,引起局部鼓泡或脱落,影响工程质量。在石灰的原料中,除主要成分碳酸钙外,常含有碳酸镁。MgCO3 MgO + CO2煅烧过程中碳酸镁分解出氧化镁,存在于石灰中。根据石灰中氧化镁含量多少,将石灰分为钙质石灰、镁质石灰。镁质石灰熟化较慢,但硬化后强度稍高。用于建筑工程中的多为钙质石灰。3.1.2 石灰的熟化1
29、.熟化过程块状生石灰在使用前都要加水消解,这一过程称为“消解”或“熟化”,也可称之为“淋灰”,经消解后的石灰称为“消石灰”或“熟石灰”,其化学反应式为CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 + 64.88J生石灰在熟化过程有二个显著的特点:一是体积膨胀大(约12.5倍);二是放热量大,放热速度快。煅烧良好、氧化钙含量高、杂质含量小的生石灰,其熟化速度快,放热量和体积增大也多。此外,熟化速度还取决于及熟化池中的温度,温度高,熟化速度快。2.熟化方法(1)经过筛与陈伏后制成石灰膏石灰中不可避免含有未分解的碳酸钙及过火的石灰颗粒。为消除这类杂质的危害,石灰膏在使用前应进行过筛和陈伏。即在化灰池或熟化机中
30、加水,拌制成石灰浆,熟化的氢氧化钙经筛网过滤(除渣)流入储灰池,在储灰池中沉淀陈伏成膏状材料,即石灰膏。为保证石灰充分熟化,必须在储灰池中储存半个月后再使用,这一过程称为陈伏。陈伏期间,石灰膏表面应保留一层水,或用其它材料覆盖,避免石灰膏与空气接触而导致碳化。一般情况下,1kg的生石灰约可化成1.53L的石灰膏。石灰膏可用来拌制砌筑砂浆、抹面砂浆,也可以掺入较多的水制成石灰乳液用于粉刷。(2)制成消石灰粉将生石灰淋以适当的水,消解成氢氧化钙,再经磨细、筛分而得干粉,称为消石灰粉或熟石灰粉。消石灰粉也需放置一段时间,待进一步熟化后使用。由于其熟化未必充分,不宜用于拌制砂浆、灰浆。消石灰粉常用于拌
31、制石灰土、三合土。3.1.3 石灰的硬化石灰浆在空气中的硬化是物理变化过程干燥结晶,和化学反应过程碳化硬化两个同时进行的过程。1.干燥结晶过程石灰膏中的游离水分一部分蒸发掉,一部分被砌体吸收。氢氧化钙从过饱和溶液中结晶析出,晶相颗粒逐渐靠拢结合成固体,强度随之提高。2.碳化硬化过程氢氧化钙与空气中的二氧化碳反应生成不溶于水的、强度和硬度较高的碳酸钙,析出的水分逐渐蒸发,其反应式为Ca(OH)2 + CO2 + nH2O CaCO3 + (n+1)H2O这个反应实际是二氧化碳与水结合形成碳酸,再与氢氧化钙作用生成碳酸钙。如果没有水,这个反应就不能进行。碳化过程是由表及里,但表层生成的碳酸钙结晶阻
32、碍了二氧化碳的深入,也影响了内部水分的蒸发,所以碳化过程长时间只限于表面。氢氧化钙的结晶作用则主要发生在内部。石灰硬化过程的二个主要特点是:一是硬化速度慢;二是体积收缩大。从以上的石灰硬化过程可以看出,石灰的硬化只能在空气中进行,也只能在空气中才能继续发展提高其强度,所以石灰只能用于干燥环境的地面上建筑物、构筑物,而不能用于水中或潮湿环境中。3.1.4 石灰的分类1.根据成品加工方法不同分块状生石灰:原料经煅烧而得到的块状白色原成品(主要成分CaO)。生石灰粉:以块状生石灰为原料,经研磨制得的生石灰粉(主要成分CaO)。消石灰粉:以生石灰为原料,经水化和加工制得的消石灰粉主要成分Ca(OH)2
33、。2.按化学成分(MgO含量)分根据石灰中MgO含量,可分为钙质石灰与镁质石灰,见表3.1。表3.1 MgO含量钙 质镁 质钙 质镁 质生石灰5%5%消石灰粉4%4%24%生石灰粉白云石消石灰粉24%30%3.按熟化速度分熟化速度是指石灰从加水起到达到最高温度所经的时间。快熟石灰:熟化速度在10min以内。中熟石灰:熟化速度在1030min。慢熟石灰:熟化速度在30min以上。熟化速度不同,所采用的熟化方法也不同,如快熟石灰应先在池中注好水,然后慢慢加入生石灰,以免池中温度过高,既影响熟化石灰的质量,也易对施工人员造成伤害。而慢熟石灰则应先加生石灰,再慢慢向池中注水,以保持池中有较高的温度,从
34、而保证石灰的熟化速度。3.1.5 石灰的技术性能及标准建筑生石灰根据有效氧化钙和有效氧化镁的含量、二氧化碳含量、未消化残渣含量以及产浆量划分为优等品、一等品和合格品。各等级的技术要求见表3.2。表3.2 建筑生石灰的技术指标(JC/T479-1992)项 目钙质生石灰粉镁质生石灰粉优等品一等品合格品优等品一等品合格品CaO+MgO含量 /%,908580858075未消化残渣含量(5mm圆孔筛余) /%,5101551015CO2含量 /%,5796810产浆量 /L/,2.82.32.02.82.32.0建筑生石灰粉根据有效氧化钙和有效氧化镁含量、二氧化碳含量及细度划分为优等品、一等品和合格
35、品。各等级的技术要求见表3.3。表3.3 建筑生石灰粉的技术指标(JC/T480-1992)项 目钙质生石灰粉镁质生石灰粉优等品一等品合格品优等品一等品合格品CaO+MgO含量 /%,858075807570CO2含量 /%,791181012细 度0.9mm筛筛余 /%,0.20.51.50.20.51.50.125mm筛筛余 /%,7.012.018.07.012.018.0建筑消石灰粉根据有效氧化钙和有效氧化镁含量、游离水量、体积安定性及细度划分为优等品、一等品和合格品。各等级的技术要求见表3.4。表3.4 建筑消石灰粉的技术指标(JC/T 481-1992)项目钙质生石灰粉镁质生石灰粉
36、白云石消石灰粉优等品一等品合格品优等品一等品合格品优等品一等品合格品CaO+MgO含量 /%,706560656055656055游离水(%)0.42体积安定性合格合格合格细度0.9mm筛筛余/%,000.5000.5000.50.125mm筛筛余/%,3101531015310153.1.6 石灰的性能石灰与其他胶凝材料相比具有以下特性:1.保水性、可塑性好生石灰熟化为石灰浆时,能自动形成颗粒极细的呈胶体分散状态的氢氧化钙,表面吸附一层厚的水膜,因而保水性能好,且水膜层也大大降低了颗粒间的摩擦力。因此,用石灰膏制成的石灰砂浆具有良好的保水性和可塑性。在水泥砂浆中掺入石灰膏,可使砂浆的保水性和
37、可塑性显著提高。2.硬化慢、强度低石灰浆体硬化过程的特点之一就是硬化速度慢。原因是空气中的二氧化碳浓度低,且碳化是由表及里,在表面形成较致密的壳,使外部的二氧化碳较难进入其内部,同时内部的水分也不易蒸发,所以硬化缓慢,硬化后的强度也不高,如13石灰砂浆28天的抗压强度通常只有0.20.5MPa。3.体积收缩大体积收缩大是石灰在硬化过程中的另一特点,一方面是由于蒸发大量的游离水而引起显著的收缩;另一方面碳化也会产生收缩。所以石灰除调成石灰乳液作薄层涂刷外,不宜单独使用,常掺入砂,纸筋等以减少收缩、限制裂缝的扩展。4.耐水性差石灰浆体在硬化过程中的较长时间内,主要成分仍是氢氧化钙(表层是碳酸钙),
38、由于氢氧化钙易溶于水,所以石灰的耐水性较差。硬化中的石灰若长期受到水的作用,会导致强度降低,甚至会溃散。5.吸湿性强生石灰极易吸收空气中的水分熟化成熟石灰粉,所以生石灰长期存放应在密闭条件下,并应防潮、防水。3.1.7 石灰的应用1.拌制灰浆、砂浆如麻刀灰、纸筋灰,石灰砂浆、水泥石灰混合砂浆等,用于砌筑工程、抹面工程。2.拌制灰土、三合土利用石灰与粘性土可拌制成灰土;利用石灰、粘土与砂石或碎砖、炉渣等填料可拌制成三合土或碎砖三合土;利用石灰与粉煤灰、粘性土可拌制成粉煤灰石灰土;利用石灰与粉煤灰、砂、碎石可拌制成粉煤灰碎石土等等,大量应用于建筑物基础、地面、道路等的垫层,地基的换土处理等。为方便
39、石灰与粘土等的拌合,宜用磨细的生石灰或消石灰粉,磨细的生石灰还可使灰土和三合土有较高的紧密度,较高的强度和耐水性。3.建筑生石灰粉将生石灰磨成细粉,即建筑生石灰粉。建筑生石灰粉加入适量的水拌成的石灰浆可以直接使用,主要是因为粉状石灰熟化速度较快,熟化放出的热促使硬化进一步加快。硬化后的强度要比石灰膏硬化后的强度高。4.制作碳化石灰板材碳化石灰板是将磨细的生石灰掺30%40%的短玻璃纤维或轻质骨料加水搅拌,振动成形,然后利用石灰窑的废气碳化1224小时而成的一种轻质板材。它能锯、能钉,适宜用作非承重内隔墙板、天花板等。5.生产硅酸盐制品将磨细的生石灰或消石灰粉与天然砂或粒化高炉矿渣、炉渣、粉煤灰
40、等硅质材料配合均匀,加水搅拌,再经陈伏(使生石灰充分熟化)、加压成形和压蒸处理可制成蒸压灰砂砖。灰砂砖呈灰白色。如果掺入耐碱颜料,可制成各种颜色。它的尺寸与普通粘土砖相同,也可制成其它形状的砌块,主要用作墙体材料。3.1.8 石灰的验收、储运及保管建筑生石灰粉、建筑消石灰粉一般采用袋装,可以采用符合标准规定的牛皮纸袋、复合纸袋或塑料编织袋包装,袋上应标明厂名、产品名称、商标、净重、批量编号。运输、储存时不得受潮和混入杂物。保管时应分类、分等级存放在干燥的仓库内,不宜长期存储。运输过程中要采取防水措施。由于生石灰遇水发生反应放出大量的热,所以生石灰不宜与易燃易爆物品共存、运,以免酿成火灾。存放时
41、,可制成石灰膏密封或在上面覆盖砂土等方式与空气隔绝,防止硬化。包装重量:建筑生石灰粉有每袋净重40kg、50kg两种,每袋重量偏差值不大于1kg;建筑消石灰粉有每袋净重20kg、40kg两种,每袋重量偏差值不大于0.5kg、1kg。3.2 石膏石膏在建筑工程中的应用也有较长的历史。由于其具有轻质、隔热、吸声、耐火、色白且质地细腻等一系列优良性能,加之我国石膏矿藏储量居世界首位(有南京石膏矿,大波口石膏矿,平邑石膏矿等),所以石膏的应用前景十分广阔。石膏的主要化学成分是硫酸钙,它在自然界中以两种稳定形态存在于石膏矿石中;一是天然无水石膏(CaSO4),也称生石膏、硬石膏;一是天然二水石膏(CaS
42、O42H2O),也称软石膏。天然无水石膏只可用于生产石膏水泥,而天然二水石膏可制造各种性质的石膏。3.2.1 建筑石膏的生产将天然二水石膏(或主要成分为二水石膏的化工石膏)加热,由于加热方式和温度不同,可生产不同性质的石膏品种:温度为6575时,开始脱水,至107170时,脱去部分结晶水,得到型半水石膏(CaSO40.5H2O),即建筑石膏。当加热温度为170200时,石膏继续脱水,成为可溶性硬石膏,与水调和后仍能很快凝结硬化;当加热温度升高到200250时,石膏中残留很少的水,凝结硬化非常缓慢;当加热高于400,石膏完全失去水分成为不溶性硬石膏,失去凝结硬化能力,成为死烧石膏;当温度高于80
43、0时,部分石膏分解出的氧化钙起催化作用,所得产品又重新具有凝结硬化性能。当温度高于1600时,CaSO4全部分解为石灰。建筑石膏(型半水石膏)呈白色粉末状,密度为2.602.75g/cm3,堆积密度为8001000kg/m3。型半水石膏中杂质少、色白的,可作为模型石膏,用于建筑装饰及陶瓷的制坯工艺。若将二水石膏置于蒸压釜中,在0.13Mpa的水蒸汽中(124)脱水,得到的是晶粒较型半水石膏粗大、使用时拌和用水量少的半水石膏,称为型半水石膏。将此熟石膏磨细得到的白色粉末称为高强石膏。由于高强石膏拌和用水量少(石膏用量的35%45%),硬化后有较高的密实度,所以强度较高,7d可达1540Mpa。3
44、.2.2 建筑石膏的凝结与硬化建筑石膏遇水将重新水化成二水石膏,反应式为CaSO40.5H2O +1.5 H2O CaSO42H2O建筑石膏与适量的水混合成可塑的浆体,但很快就失去塑性、产生强度,并发展成为坚硬的固体。石膏的凝结硬化是一个连续的溶解、水化、胶化、结晶的过程。半水石膏极易溶于水,加水后很快达到饱和溶液而分解出溶解度低的二水石膏胶体。由于二水石膏的析出,溶液中的半水石膏转变为非饱和状态,这样,又有新的半水石膏溶解,接着继续重复水化、胶化的过程,随着析出的二水石膏胶体晶体的不断增多,彼此互相联结,使石膏具有了强度。同时溶液中的游离水分不断蒸发减少,结晶体之间的摩擦力、粘结力逐渐增大,
45、石膏强度也随之增加,至完全干燥,强度停止发展,最后成为坚硬的固体。浆体的凝结硬化是一个连续进行的过程。从加水开始拌合到浆体开始失去可塑性的过程称为浆体的初凝,对应的这段时间称为初凝时间;从加水开始拌合开始到浆体完全失去可塑性,并开始产生强度的过程称为浆体的终凝,对应的时间称为浆体的终凝时间。建筑石膏凝结硬化较快,一般初凝不早于6min,终凝不迟于30min。3.2.3 建筑的石膏的技术性能根据规定,建筑石膏按其凝结时间、细度、强度指标分为三级,即优等品、一等品、合格品。各项技术指标见表3.5。表3.5 建筑石膏的技术指标(GB9776-88)指标优等品一等品合格品细度/(%)(孔径0.2筛的筛
46、余量)5.010.015.0抗折强度/MPa(烘干至质量恒定后)2.52.11.8抗压强度/MPa(烘干至质量恒定后)4.93.92.9凝结时间/min初凝不早于6终凝不迟于30注:指标中有一项不符合者,应予降级或报废。3.2.4 建筑石膏的特点及应用1.孔隙率大、强度较低为使石膏具有必要的可塑性,通常加水量比理论需水量多得多(加水量为石膏用量的60%80%,而理论用水量只为石膏用量的18.6%),硬化后由于多余水分的蒸发,内部的孔隙率很大,因而强度较低。2.硬化后体积微膨胀石膏在凝结过程中体积产生微膨胀,其膨胀率约1%。这一特性使石膏制品在硬化过程中不会产生裂缝,造型棱角清晰饱满,适宜浇铸模
47、型,制作建筑艺术配件及建筑装饰件等。3.防火性好,但耐火性差由于硬化的石膏中结晶水含量较多,遇火时,这些结晶水吸收热量蒸发,形成蒸汽幕,阻止火势蔓延,同时表面生成的无水物为良好的绝缘体,起到防火作用。但二水石膏脱水后强度下降,故耐火性差。4.凝结硬化快建筑石膏在10min内并可初凝,30min可终凝。因初凝时间较短,为满足施工要求,常掺入缓凝剂,以延长凝结时间。可掺入石膏用量0.1%0.2%的动物胶,或掺入1%的亚硫酸盐酒精废液,也可以掺入硼砂或柠檬酸。掺缓凝剂后,石膏制品的强度有所下降。若需加速凝固可掺入少量磨细的未经煅烧的石膏。5.保温性和吸声性好建筑石膏孔隙率大,且孔隙多呈微细的毛细孔,所以导热系数小,保温、隔热性能好。同时,大量开口的毛细孔隙对吸声有一定的作用,因此建筑石膏具有良好的吸声性能。6.具有一定的调温、调湿性由于建筑石膏热容量大,且多孔而产生的呼吸功能使吸湿性增强,可起到调节室内温度、湿度的作用,创造舒适的工作和生活环境。7.耐水性差由于硬化后建筑石膏的孔隙率