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1、1 一、 科普知识类 .- 1 - 二、 广告宣传类 .- 9 - 三、 政治经济类 .- 20 - 四、 人物传记类 .- 21 - 五、 文化教育类 .- 37 - 六、 社会生活类 .- 60 - 七、 环境保护类 .- 86 - 八、 文学艺术类 .- 93 - 考点考点 1 阅读理解阅读理解 一、一、 科普知识类科普知识类 (2016江苏卷江苏卷B) 话题:黑猩猩与人类词数:387难度: Chimps(黑猩猩)will cooperate in certain ways,like gathering in war parties to protect their territory.
2、But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings,they have little instinct( 本 能 )to help one another.Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves.Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children,who are able from a young age to gather their own food. In the laboratory,chimps
3、 dont naturally share food either.If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or,with no greater effort,a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage,he will pull at randomhe just doesnt care whether his neighbor gets fed or not.Chimps are truly s
4、elfish. Human children,on the other hand,are naturally cooperative.From the earliest ages,they desire to help others,to share information and to 2 participate in achieving common goals.The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young chil
5、dren.He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door,almost all will immediately try to help. There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help,inform and share are not taught,but naturally possessed in young children.One is that these in
6、stincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially.Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded.A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive(认知的)skills
7、,at least when compared with chimps.In tests conducted by Tomasello,the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world. The core of what childrens minds have and chimpsdont is what Tomasello calls shared intenti
8、onality.Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking.But beyond that,even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose.They actively seek to be part of a“we”,a group that intends to work toward a shared goal. 【文章大意】通过实验,对比黑猩猩与人类的主观能动性。 58.What can we learn
9、from the experiment with chimps? 3 A.Chimps seldom care about othersinterests. B.Chimps tend to provide food for their children. C.Chimps like to take in their neighborsfood. D.Chimps naturally share food with each other. 【解析】 选 A。 推理判断题。 由第二段.he just doesnt care whether his neighbor gets fed or not
10、.Chimps are truly selfish.可知黑猩猩很少去关心其他猩猩的利益。 59.Michael Tomasellos tests on young children indicate that they. A.have the instinct to help others B.know how to offer help to adults C.know the world better than chimps D.trust adults with their hands full 【解析】 选 A。细节理解题。由第三段最后一句 He finds that if babie
11、s aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door,almost all will immediately try to help.可知小孩有帮助别人的本能。 60.The passage is mainly about. A.the helping behaviors of young children B.ways to train childrens shared intentionality C.cooperation as a distinctive human nature D.
12、the development of intelligence in children 4 【解析】选 C。主旨大意题。文章通过人类与猩猩的比较得知,合作、相互帮助是人类的本性。 (2016浙江卷浙江卷C) 话题:儿童玩耍与科学家的研究词数:444难度: A scientist working at her lab bench and a six-month-old baby playing with his food might seem to have little in common.After all,the scientist is engaged in serious resear
13、ch to uncover the very nature of the physical world,and the baby is,well,just playing.right?Perhaps,but some developmental psychologists(心理学家)have argued that this“play”is more like a scientific investigation than one might think. Take a closer look at the baby playing at the table.Each time the bow
14、l of rice is pushed over the table edge,it falls to the groundand,in the process,it brings out important evidence about how physical objects interact(相互作用):bowls of rice do not float in mid-air,but require support to remain stable.It is likely that babies are not born knowing this basic fact of the
15、universe;nor are they ever clearly taught it.Instead,babies may form an understanding of object support through repeated experiments and then build on this knowledge to learn even more about how objects interact.Though their ranges and tools differ,the babys investigation and the scientists experime
16、nt appear to share the same aim(to learn about the natural world),overall 5 approach(gathering direct evidence from the world),and logic(are my observations what I expected?). Some psychologists suggest that young children learn about more than just the physical world in this waythat they investigat
17、e human psychology and the rules of language using similar means.For example,it may only be through repeated experiments,evidence gathering,and finally overturning a theory,that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has,for exa
18、mple,unlike the child,Mommy actually doesnt like Dove chocolate. Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn,but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike?Psychologists h
19、ave suggested that science as an effortthe desire to explore,explain,and understand our worldis simply something that comes from our babyhood.Perhaps evolution( 进 化 )provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds,and adult scientists simply make use of the same driv
20、e that served them as children.The same cognitive(认知的)systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists.As some psychologists put it,“It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.” 6 【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文
21、。文章主要介绍了孩子的玩耍和科学家的研究的共同之处。 50.According to some developmental psychologists,. A.a babys play is nothing more than a game B.scientific research into babiesgames is possible C.the nature of babiesplay has been thoroughly investigated D.a babys play is somehow similar to a scientists experiment 【解析】 选
22、D。细节理解题。根据第一段第三句,有些发展心理学家认为,玩耍比我们想象的更像是一次科学实验。 51.We learn from Paragraph 2 that. A.scientists and babies seem to observe the world differently B.scientists and babies often interact with each other C.babies are born with the knowledge of object support D.babies seem to collect evidence just as scie
23、ntists do 【解析】 选 D。推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句,尽管范围和工具不尽相同,婴儿的调查和科学家的实验看起来有同样的目标、总体方法以及逻辑,可知婴儿和科学家一样,都是在收集证据。 52.Children may learn the rules of language by. A.exploring the physical world B.investigating human psychology C.repeating their own experiments D.observing their parentsbehaviors 7 【解析】 选 C。细节理解题。根据第三
24、段第一句儿童通过这种方式(调查实验的方式)不仅了解了客观世界,同时也了解人类的心理和语言的规则。this way 和 similar means 都指上文的实验调查的方法。 53.What is the main idea of the last paragraph? A.The world may be more clearly explained through childrens play. B.Studying babiesplay may lead to a better understanding of science. C.Children may have greater ab
25、ility to figure out things than scientists. D.Ones drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows. 【解析】 选 B。主旨大意题。根据第四段,把童年的发展看成科学的研究阐明了儿童是如何学习的,但同时它也提供了一个新的角度去看待科学与科学家。科学家和婴儿都利用好奇心和天性去探究世界。由此可知,研究婴儿玩耍可能会对科学有更好的理解。 54.What is the authors tone when he discusses the connection between s
26、cientistsresearch and babiesplay? A.Convincing. B.Confused. C.Confident. D.Cautious. 【解析】选 D。观点态度题。纵观全文,尤其第一段最后一句,玩耍比我们想象的更像科学研究,第四段的 have suggested,perhaps,may have been adopted 可知,作者步步为营,小心求证儿童的玩耍和科学家实验的相似之处,论述的语气比较谨慎。 (2016四川卷四川卷阅读理解阅读理解 D) 话题:研究成果词数:248W难度: 8 A warm drink of milk before bed has
27、long been the best choice for those wanting a good nights sleep.But now a study has found it really does help people nod offif it is milked from a cow at night. Researchers have discovered that“night milk”contains more melatonin(褪黑激素),which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxie
28、ty. The study,by researchers from Seoul,South Korea,involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night. Those given night milk,which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin,were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected
29、during daytime,according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food. Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer. While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now,taking melatonin drugs has been suggested t
30、o those who are struggling to fall asleep at night. Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content,which helps people to relax. Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists 9 recommending skimmed milk as the best choic
31、e before bed as it is the least fattening.The more fat you take in before bedtime,the greater burden you will put on your body at night. 【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文,文章通过一项研究成果向读者证明夜晚挤的牛奶因其含有更多的褪黑激素,更有助于人们的睡眠。 32.According to the text,the mice fed with daytime milk. A.started sleep more easily B.were more anxious
32、 C.were less active D.woke up later 【解析】 选 B。细节理解题。根据第四段 Those given night milk.were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime 可知,the mice fed with daytime milk 会比 the mice given night milk 更加 anxious。 33.Which of the following is true of melatonin according
33、to the text? A.Its been tested on mice for ten times. B.It can make people more energetic. C.It exists in milk in great amount. D.Its used in sleeping drugs. 【解析】选 D。推理判断题。根据第六段 taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night 可知,褪黑激素类药物对晚上入睡困难的人有帮助,而据此推知
34、,褪黑激素可用来制作安眠药。 34.What can be a suitable title for the text? 10 A.Night Milk and Sleep B.Fat Sugar and Health C.An Experiment on Mice D.Milk Drinking and Health 【解析】 选 A。主旨大意题。通读全文可知,文章用一项研究成果向我们说明夜晚挤下的牛奶因为含有更多的褪黑激素,更有助于我们的睡眠。 35.How does the author support the theme of the text? A.By giving example
35、s. B.By stating arguments. C.By explaining statistical data. D.By providing research results. 【解析】 选 D。篇章结构题。通读全文可知,文章主要通过用白天和夜晚挤的牛奶对老鼠所做的实验结果证明夜晚挤的牛奶更有助于睡眠。 二、二、 广告宣传类广告宣传类 (2016江苏卷江苏卷A) 话题:电子学习词数:189难度: e-Learning: An Alternative Learning Opportunity Day School Program Secondary students across To
36、ronto District School Board(TDSB)are invited to take one or two e-Learning courses on their day school 11 timetable.Students will remain on the roll at their day school. The on-line classroom provides an innovative,relevant and interactive learning environment.The courses and on-line classroom are p
37、rovided by the Ministry of Education. These on-line courses: are taught by TDSB secondary school teachers; are part of the TDSB students timetable;and, appear on the students report upon completion. Benefits of e-Learning Include: access to courses that may not be available at his or her TDSB school
38、; using technology to provide students with current information;and, assistance to solve timetable conflicts. Is e-Learning for You? Students who are successful in an on-line course are usually: able to plan,organize time and complete assignments and activities; capable of working independently in a
39、 responsible and honest manner;and, able to regularly use a computer or mobile device with internet 12 access. Students need to spend at least as much time with their on-line course work as they would in a face-to-face classroom course. 【文章大意】 文章主要介绍电子学习的课程内容、 好处以及适宜人群。 56.E-Learning courses are dif
40、ferent from other TDSB courses in that. A.they are given by best TDSB teachers B.they are not on the day school timetable C.they are not included on studentsreports D.they are an addition to TDSB courses 【解析】选 D。细节理解题。由第一、二段可知,这些课程是对 TDSB课程的补充,故选 D。由 These on-line courses are taught by TDSB secondar
41、y school teachers,可知并没提到是最好的老师,故 A 错误。由.are part of the TDSB students timetable,可知 B 错误;由.appear on the students report upon completion,可知 C 错误。 57.What do students need to do before completing e-Learning courses? A.To learn information technology on-line. B.To do their assignments independently. C.
42、To update their mobile devices regularly. D.To talk face to face with their teachers. 【解析】选 B。细节理解题。由文章最后一部分可知学生需要独立完成任务。 13 (2016天津卷天津卷A) 话题:语言学习词数:311难度: A Language Programme for Teenagers Welcome to Teenagers Abroad!We invite you to join us on an amazing journey of language learning. Our Courses
43、Regardless of your choice of course,youll develop your language ability both quickly and effectively. Our Standard Course guarantees a significant increase in your confidence in a foreign language,with focused teaching in all 4 skill areasspeaking,listening,reading and writing. Our Intensive Course
44、builds on our Standard Course,with 10 additional lessons per week,guaranteeing the fastest possible language learning(see table below). Course Type Days Number of Lessons Course Timetable Standard Course Mon-Fri 20 lessons 9:0012:30 20 lessons 9:0012:30 Intensive Course Mon-Fri 10 lessons 13:0014:30
45、 Evaluation Students are placed into classes according to their current language skills.The majority of them take an online language test before starting 14 their programme.However,if this is not available,students sit the exam on the first Monday of their course. Learning materials are provided to
46、students throughout their course,and there will never be more than 15 participants in each class. Arrivals and Transfer Our programme offers the full packagestudents are taken good care of from the start through to the very end.They are collected from the airport upon arrival and brought to their ac
47、commodation in comfort.We require the students full flight details at least 4 weeks in advance. Meals/Allergies(过敏)/Special Dietary Requirements Students are provided with breakfast,dinner and either a cooked or packed lunch(which consists of a sandwich,a drink and a dessert).Snacks outside of mealt
48、imes may be purchased by the student individually. We ask that you let us know of any allergies or dietary requirements as well as information about any medicines you take.Depending on the type of allergies and/or dietary requirements,an extra charge may be made for providing special food. 【文章大意】文章主
49、要介绍了青少年语言学习的一些项目。 36.How does Intensive Course differ from Standard Course? A.It is less effective. B.It focuses on speaking. 15 C.It includes extra lessons. D.It gives you confidence 【解析】 选 C。细节理解题。根据关键词“Intensive Course”和“Standard Course”到文章中准确定位,由标题 Our Courses 下第三段第一句“Our Intensive Course builds
50、 on our Standard Course,with 10 additional lessons per week.”可知选 C。 37.When can a student attend Standard Course? A.13:0014:30 Monday. B.9:0012:30 Tuesday C.13:0014:30 Friday. D.9:0012:30 Saturday. 【解析】选 B。细节理解题。根据文中表格里的时间 Standard Course时间为 MonFri,9:0012:30。 38.Before starting their programme,stude