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1、v Cultural NoteThe Historical Overviews of English Vocabulary The primitive inhabitant: Celts. They spoke Celtic. 55B.C. Julius Caeser led Romans invaded the British Isles and occupied the land until 410.Old English(450-1150)The Anglo-Saxon PeriodvAfter Romans, the Germanic tribes called Angles, Sax
2、ons, and Jutes came in great numbers. Soon they took permanent control of the land, which was to be called English. Their language, historically known as Anglo-Saxon, dominated and almost totally blotted out the Celtic. Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as Old English.l(1) Christianity The i
3、ntroduction of Christianity had a great impact on the English vocabulary. l(2) Invasion In the 9th century the land was invaded again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings. With the invaders, many Scandinavian words came into the English language.lOld English has a vocabulary of about 50,000-60,000 words.
4、 Middle English(1150-1500)vThe Norman Conquest in 1066 started a continual flow of French words into English. Norman French became the polite speech. But by the end of the 13th century, English gradually came back. During this period, Britain had trade relations with Holland and, as a result, as man
5、y as 2,500 words of Dutch origin found their way into English.Modern English(1500-)(1) Renaissance Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England. During the Renaissance, enormous numbers of Latin words became part of English vocabulary.l(2) Bourgeois Revolution & Industrial Revo
6、lution In the mid-seventeenth century, British tentacles began stretching out to every corner of the globe, thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world. l(3) World War II Since the beginning of 20th century, thousands of new words have been created to express new idea
7、s, inventions, and scientific achievements.The Main Idea of the text AlBecause of its tolerance for outside influences, English has become a great language.The Structure of the textn1. The text can be divided into three parts.nPart 1 (Paras1-3) nMassive borrowing from other languages is a major feat
8、ure of the English language.nPart 2 (Paras4-16) nTells about the history of the English language from the Indo-European parent language to modern English.nPart 3 (Paras17-19) Tolerance, love of freedom, and respect for the rights of othersthese qualities in the English-speaking people explain the ri
9、chness of their language.n2. List, in order of the time, the important historical events mentioned in part 2 that have had a great impact on the formation of today s English nParas 4-9 nThe introduction of the Indo-European language the parent language of English.nParas 10-11n Germanic tribes came t
10、o settle in Britain and brought Anglo-Saxon words Old English.nPara 12 nThe Christian religion enriched English with words from Greek and Latin.nPara 13 nThe Vikings from Scandinavia came with words from Old Norse. nPara 14 nThe Norman Conquest French influence.nPara 15 nThe European Renaissance and
11、 the printing press brought many new words from Latin and Greek.nPara 16 The American revolution the emergence of a new variety American English.Part I Rhetorical Device: Oxymoron: An oxymoron puts two contradictory terms together to puzzle the readers, luring them to pause and explore why.矛盾修饰法是指修饰
12、语和被修饰语之间矛盾修饰法是指修饰语和被修饰语之间看来似乎是矛盾，但实则相辅相成。看来似乎是矛盾，但实则相辅相成。 eg. soursweet days苦涩而甜苦涩而甜蜜的岁月蜜的岁月 creative destruction 创造创造性的破坏性的破坏 poor rich men 贫穷的富人贫穷的富人 living death 死一般的活着死一般的活着 Interpretation of the text The title, The Glorious Messiness of English offers a good example of oxymoron. “ Glorious” is
13、a commendatory term,while “ messiness” is derogatory. Why do they stand next to each other ? Then, as the reader reads on, he/she will find out that the title is actually a thesis statement :Yes, English is messy, but the messiness reflects some commendable qualities of English, such as tolerance, t
14、he love of freedom, and the respect for others rights. At this point the reader cannot but admire the authors ingenuity. QuestionsnWhy does English today have a much large vocabulary than any other living language? How large is it?What is the attitude of the French toward borrowing from other langua
15、ges? A. glad to accept B. unpleasant to absorb C. indifferentWhat do they do to preserve the purity of their language?nbe supposed to : have a duty or responsibility to do sth. 理应，理应，应当，按理应当，按理.- He is supposed to be there on time.- We are supposed to help each other. Language Studyn(Line 7) corrupt
16、 (vt.): n1. cause errors to appear in(讹用，使变得不标准） - Has Japanese been corrupted by the introduction of foreign words? - These jargons may corrupt your good English. 2. bribe 贿赂 她因向警察行贿而被送进监狱 She was sent to prison for trying to corrupt a policeman.n【记忆法】cor (together) + rupt (break): 一起弄坏，引申为腐败。n派生词
17、corruption n. 腐败；corruptor n.腐败分子。n【考点】fight corruption 与腐败作斗争；political corruption 政治腐败ncorrupt nbankruptndisruptnInterruptneruptn【典型考题】典型考题】Money _ many persons, even some children.nA. rusts B. destroys n C. corrodesD. corruptsn【答案】Dn【解析】A. rust意为“使金属等生锈”；B. destroy 指“毁灭、毁坏”；C. corrode指“慢慢的腐蚀金属和产生
18、破坏作用”；D. corrupt“腐蚀，使堕落”，指原来的品质、思想受到坏的影响；因而D项最符合题意。n译文：金钱腐蚀了很多人，甚至包括孩子。n(Line 8) ban (banned, banning) vt. forbid(sth.) officially 禁止，取缔禁止，取缔 （used in the pattern:ban sth. ban sb. from sth./doing sth. - The treaty bans underground nuclear tests. 那条约禁止地下核试验。那条约禁止地下核试验。-他被禁止开车。他被禁止开车。 He was banned fr
19、om driving. n. ban + on.- The government is considering a total ban on cigarette advertising.n考点】考点】announce/declare/lay a ban on 宣布宣布对对禁令；禁令；lift/remove/withdraw a ban from取消对取消对禁令；禁令；exercise/impose a ban against/on 实施对实施对的禁令；的禁令；n【典型考题】Because of the shortage of water there is a _ on the use of h
20、osepipes.nA. ban B. vetoC. tabooD. boycottn【答案】An【解析】A. ban 强调通过法律或权威的规章禁止，常接介词on; B. veto 指“否决权”；C. taboo 意思是“禁忌”；D. boycott 意为“抑制”。n译文：因为缺水，禁止使用水龙软管。n(Line 15) tolerance (n.)n容忍，忍耐（力），宽容容忍，忍耐（力），宽容n- I think tolerance between students is extremely necessary since they live and study together.nHuma
21、n beings have limited tolerance of noise. nhave/display/show/exhibit tolerance for sth.有有/表示宽容表示宽容Part IInRhetorical Devices: Metaphor(暗喻暗喻)：暗喻是间接地把一：暗喻是间接地把一物同与其某种相似点的另一物相比较，物同与其某种相似点的另一物相比较，不用比喻词。不用比喻词。 In this text the English language is compared to plants, and the various culture influencing it
22、 are compared to the soil, while users of English are compared to gardeners. nFor example, ncore of English（英语的核心）（英语的核心） (Line 23), na common parent language（共（共同的母语）同的母语）(Line 43), nanother flood of new vocabulary（另一次新词的大量涌入）（另一次新词的大量涌入）(Line 68) Parallelism（排比）：排比是（排比）：排比是用一连串内容相关，结构类似用一连串内容相关，结构
23、类似的句子成分或句子来表示强调的句子成分或句子来表示强调和一层层的深入。和一层层的深入。Eg. “We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender.” (Line 29)- Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. 读书足以怡情，
24、足以博采，读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才。足以长才。 Personification（拟人）：拟（拟人）：拟人是把非人的事物当作人来写，人是把非人的事物当作人来写，把人的特点赋予事物或某种抽把人的特点赋予事物或某种抽象概念，用本来只适用于人的象概念，用本来只适用于人的名词，形容词，动词来描写事名词，形容词，动词来描写事物，使其具有人的物，使其具有人的 某种属性某种属性。 eg. There is personification in the sentence. “Translations of Greek and Roman classics were poured onto the pri
25、nted page”（Line 80) -“希腊罗马经典著作的译文纷纷希腊罗马经典著作的译文纷纷印成印成书册书册” Metonymy（转喻）：转喻也叫换（转喻）：转喻也叫换喻，即借用与某物相关或相连的东喻，即借用与某物相关或相连的东西代称某物。西代称某物。 eg. There is metonymy in the sentence “The country now had three languages: French for the nobles, Latin for the churches and English for the common people .”Here the word
26、 “churches ”stands for religious institutions and those who are involved in the religious practices. (Line 69)这时英语三种语言并用：贵这时英语三种语言并用：贵族使用法语，教会使用拉丁语，平民族使用法语，教会使用拉丁语，平民使用英语。使用英语。- The kettle boils.壶开了壶开了.(the kettle=the water in the kettle) - Gray hairs should be respected. (gray hair=old people)Relat
27、ed questionsRelated questions 1. What makes up the core of the English language? A. Old English B. Anglo-Saxon English C. Old English or Anglo-Saxon English D. Indo-European parent language 2.What is the characteristic of those words that form the core of English?A. odd B. long C. complicated D. sho
28、rt 3.What is the function of old English used by great speakers? A. to show their knowledge B. to encourage their audience C. for the things that really matter to us. D. to stir up the listeners feelings. Language Studyn(Line 22)necessity (n.):1)sth. you must have in order to live properly or do sth
29、.( + of/for + n.)必要的东西，必须品Water is a basic necessity of life.n2) the state of being necessary 需要，必要性( + of/for + n.)- Necessity is the mother of invention.（谚）需要是发明之母。【考点】by/of necessity 无法避免，不得已；out of necessity 出于需要，必定 in necessity 急需的，贫穷的n【记忆法】necessary a. 必要的，必须的；必然的，不可避免的 nnecessities n. 生活必需品；n
30、necessarily ad. 必要地；必然地；nnecessitate vt. 使成为必要。n例：Its an unpopular measure, but the situation necessitates it.这种方法不太常见，但形势使然，不得已而为之。n(Line26)arouse(vt.): provoke (a particular feeling or attitude)唤唤起，激起起，激起- The speaker aroused (the anger of) the audience.演讲者激演讲者激起了听众（的怒气）。起了听众（的怒气）。n【考点】arouse ange
31、r/suspicions/discontent引起愤怒/怀疑/不满 n【典型考题】Our hopes _ and fell in the same instant.n A. aroused B. aroseC. raised D. rosen【答案】Dn【解析】arouse 意为“激起，唤起”，常作及物动词；arise为不及物动词，常表示“出现”、“产生”；raise 是及物动词，表示“举起”，rise 为不及物动词，表示 “升起、上升”；该句中由and 表对称和并列原则，可以判定应为rise。n译文：我们希望刚刚燃起就破灭了。surrendern1) vi. to give oneself
32、up, as to an enemy投降，屈服：(与to 连用)屈从于n【经典例句】We advised the hijackers to surrender themselves to the police.n我们劝那些劫持者向警察投案。n2)vt. to give up or abandon放弃或抛弃n【经典例句】You must surrender your old passport when applying for a new one.n你申请新护照时，必须交出旧护照。n注意surrender ones right to sth. 放弃对的权利；surrender to sb. 对投
33、降；surrender unconditionally 无条件投降n【典型考题】We love peace, yet we are not the kind of people to yield _ any military threat. (CET-4, 1998.1)nA. up B. to C. in D. atn【答案】Bn【解析】固定搭配 yieldto，所以选B。n译文：我们热爱和平，但我们是一个不会对任何军事威胁屈服的民族。n(Line 42) resemble (vt.):be like or similar to 与与相似（不可用被相似（不可用被动态，进行式）动态，进行式）-
34、She resembles her mother in character but not in appearance.她的性格像母亲，但外表并不像。她的性格像母亲，但外表并不像。-He resembles his father closely. n(Line 43)descend(vi.):come down (from a source); go down(起源于；下来)-The elevator descended slowly.电梯慢慢地下降。-The path descended sharply.这条小路下斜坡度很陡。-These ideas descend from those o
35、f the ancient philosophers. 【考点】descend from 从下来，是的后裔，源于；descend into 堕落到；descend (up)on降临，突然袭击n【典型考题】【典型考题】We managed to reach the top of the mountain, and half an hour later we began to _ .(CET-6, 1997.1)nA. ascendB. descend C. declineD. plungen【答案】【答案】Bn【解析】【解析】A. ascend上升，攀登；与题意不符；上升，攀登；与题意不符；B.
36、 descend 下降，是正确答案；下降，是正确答案；C. decline 也也有由高到低之意，但主要是数目的减少力量的有由高到低之意，但主要是数目的减少力量的减弱，另外还有拒绝之意；减弱，另外还有拒绝之意；D. plunge 意为即将意为即将冲下。冲下。n译文：我们成功到达了由顶，半小时后我们译文：我们成功到达了由顶，半小时后我们开始下山。开始下山。Drift viDrift vinmove or go somewhere in a slow causal way Right after Spring Festival, millions of young people_ ( (从农村流入城
37、市务工从农村流入城市务工) ) The boat drifted out to the sea. Drift n 1. There are driftsdrifts of dead leaves and branches in the street. 2. We must stop this drift drift towardstowards war. 3. I cant quite catch the drift of what you are saying. A. 大意，主旨 B.漂流物 C. 趋势，转移collocationnDrift through life 虚度年华nDrift
38、with the current/tide 随波逐流nDrift from to 从到nSynonyms: float, flow v trend, tendency nn(Line 56) pass (sth.) on to (sb.): hand or give (sth.) on (sb.)将将付给付给-When you have finished reading the novel, please pass it on to Laura.-Her grandma passed on much of her fortune to her.n(Line 73)alternative(n.)
39、: one of two or more possibilities(followed by to)供选择的东西供选择的东西-I had no money, so I had no alternative to staying (no alternative but to stay) at home.我因为没有钱，所以除了待在家里别我因为没有钱，所以除了待在家里别无选择。无选择。 (used in the pattern: + of)-We took the alternative of walking.我们选择步行。我们选择步行。n(Line 76) modify (vt.) : chang
40、e slightly 修改，更改修改，更改-The terms of the transaction can be modified.交易的条件可以修改。交易的条件可以修改。-The government authorities modify the original plan.n(Line 82)habitual:done as a habit,regular,usual惯常的惯常的-a habitual later comer 惯常迟惯常迟到的人。到的人。-sit in ones habitual place 坐坐在某人习惯坐的地方。在某人习惯坐的地方。n(Line 83)catastro
41、phe(n.):a sudden great disaster大灾大灾难难- Tidal waves, the catastrophe in which many people died.很多人很多人死于海啸，这场大灾难中。死于海啸，这场大灾难中。n(Line 89) put into practice:将将付诸实施付诸实施-How will you put your plan into(in) practice ?-They werent allowed to put into practice in their daily lives the teachings they received
42、.Part IIInRhetorical Device: Metaphor(暗喻暗喻) the cultural soil(Line95)文文化土壤化土壤 the first shoots sprang up(Line97)最初的根芽萌发最初的根芽萌发 grew stronger(Line 97)生长生长壮大壮大 build fences around their language(Line 97)建立语言保建立语言保障障 the special preserve of grammarians(Line 100)语法学语法学家的特殊领域家的特殊领域QuestionsnWhat do you t
43、hink of Jespersens remark “The English language would not have been what it is if the English had not been for centuries great respecters of the liberties of each individual”?Give reasons.nWhat do you think has made English “the first truly global language”?Language Studyn(Line 94) strike out : star
44、t being independent 开始独开始独立，自谋生计立，自谋生计-After working for his father for about ten years, he decided to strike out on his own.nThe town Council spent a lot of money preserving the old castle and other places of historic interest.nIce helps to preserve food.nPreserved eggs are her fathers favorite foo
45、d.w腌制w保存w维护preservenPreserver n 保护者nPreservation n.保存，保持nPreservative n.防腐剂n【记忆法】pre(beforehand) + serve (to keep) 事先保存（引申为）保护，维持；易混词conserve v. 保存，保护；reserve v. 保留，预定n. 预留物n【考点】preserve ones dignity 维护尊严；preserve customs/ tradition 保持风俗习惯preserve one reputation 保全名誉；preserve ones right to维护权利conser
46、ve, preserve, reservenconserve 意为“保护、保存”，往往指对某种珍贵的物品进行保存，并含有一旦用完将很难找到替代品之义；宾语多为能源、资源、力量等，但不以钱财为宾语；该词也可表示以糖渍的方法对食品进行保存。npreserve 正式用词，意为“收藏、保存”，指为了防止损害，变质或腐烂而进行保存、深藏，强调使之完好或质量不变，其宾语往为文献、食品、生命等；表示保存食品时，该词所包含的保存方法比conserve多，如腌制、装罐等；nreserve 意为“保留、留存”，表示为了特定目的而将某物留存一段时间，宾语可为钱财、房间、座位、资金、原料等, 相当于预定。 n【典型考
47、题】In spite of failing to save every endangered species, we may preserve the majority _ extinction.nA. against B. with C. beyond D. fromn【答案】Dn【解析】preservefrom保护，保藏以免。n译文：虽然我们不能拯救濒临危险的每一个物种，但我们可以保护大多数免于灭绝。Part III Post-ReadingUseful Phrasesn排行榜n严格地说n对我们真正重要的事n发表演说n加强效果n系统的研究n起源于n提出n向西漂流n流传给我们1nEnjoy
48、oneselfnRear a childnCommon peoplenA printing pressnA wealth of new thinkingnThe European RenaissancenBe out of controlnPut into practicenA respecter of the liberties of each individualn过得开心n抚养孩子n平民n印刷机n大量新思想n欧洲文艺复兴n失控n付诸实施n个人自由的崇尚者n开拓新思路n培育准则n人权n知识精英nStrike out new pathsnNourish the principles ofnRights of mannAn intellectual elite